Therapists in Council Bluffs, IA

Photo of Lisa Bellows, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Bellows
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
I have been providing mental health services for over 20 years. I often work with clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, and life changing events. I am taking new clients at Horizon Therapy Group, LLC, in Council Bluffs. I am licensed in Iowa and Nebraska.
I have been providing mental health services for over 20 years. I often work with clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, and life changing events. I am taking new clients at Horizon Therapy Group, LLC, in Council Bluffs. I am licensed in Iowa and Nebraska.
(712) 382-8857 View (712) 382-8857
Photo of Jackie Marcum, LMHC, RPT, Counselor
Jackie Marcum
Counselor, LMHC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy using my knowledge of human development and family systems to serve my clients' unique needs. In addition, my experience with children, adults and families helps to cultivate an environment of growth for my clients. I give unconditional regard to all of my clients, and walk with them on their individual journeys. Personal growth can sometimes be uncomfortable, but I assure you, you do not have to experience it alone. Going through discomfort is part of the growth process, and you will be stronger because of it! My hope is that each person I work with will gain insight from guided self-exploration and goal setting.
I enjoy using my knowledge of human development and family systems to serve my clients' unique needs. In addition, my experience with children, adults and families helps to cultivate an environment of growth for my clients. I give unconditional regard to all of my clients, and walk with them on their individual journeys. Personal growth can sometimes be uncomfortable, but I assure you, you do not have to experience it alone. Going through discomfort is part of the growth process, and you will be stronger because of it! My hope is that each person I work with will gain insight from guided self-exploration and goal setting.
(402) 415-2493 View (402) 415-2493
Photo of Alicia Roeder, LMHC, LIMHP, LPC, Counselor
Alicia Roeder
Counselor, LMHC, LIMHP, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Council Bluffs, IA 51503  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here, taking a meaningful step toward healing and self-discovery. As a therapist, I am dedicated to creating a compassionate, supportive space where adults and teens can feel safe and understood. Together, we’ll focus on your unique strengths and values, empowering you to navigate life’s challenges with greater clarity and confidence. In our work, I take a person-centered approach, which means I will listen deeply, offer empathy, and validate your experiences. You are not defined by your struggles; instead, we will explore how your inner strengths and resilience can guide you through tough moments.
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here, taking a meaningful step toward healing and self-discovery. As a therapist, I am dedicated to creating a compassionate, supportive space where adults and teens can feel safe and understood. Together, we’ll focus on your unique strengths and values, empowering you to navigate life’s challenges with greater clarity and confidence. In our work, I take a person-centered approach, which means I will listen deeply, offer empathy, and validate your experiences. You are not defined by your struggles; instead, we will explore how your inner strengths and resilience can guide you through tough moments.
(515) 676-0745 View (515) 676-0745
Photo of Lydia Kahn, MS, TMHC, PLMHP, Counselor
Lydia Kahn
Counselor, MS, TMHC, PLMHP
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
The world we live in can be a scary place all on its own. You are not alone. Recognizing the need for help and asking for it can be overwhelming and difficult. I know it was hard, but I'm so proud of you for taking that first step. A mentor once told me, “We walk alongside our clients on their journey, and our role is that of the lantern holder, shining light on the path in the dark.” This visual has become the foundation of my approach to therapy.
The world we live in can be a scary place all on its own. You are not alone. Recognizing the need for help and asking for it can be overwhelming and difficult. I know it was hard, but I'm so proud of you for taking that first step. A mentor once told me, “We walk alongside our clients on their journey, and our role is that of the lantern holder, shining light on the path in the dark.” This visual has become the foundation of my approach to therapy.
(712) 423-6278 View (712) 423-6278
Photo of Shelie Leighter, MA, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shelie Leighter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
Reaching out in times of difficulty can be hard, but I encourage you to have hope that things can get better. "Let your hopes, not your hurts, shape your future". (Robert Schuller) Being able to live a life full of happiness and contentment is so important, yet in today's world can be difficult. I believe that everyone has the potential to achieve emotional wellness and a sense of balance in life. I am dedicated to providing a therapeutic relationship that allows for a sense of safety, warm acceptance and empathy. I pride myself on being open-minded and nonjudgmental.
Reaching out in times of difficulty can be hard, but I encourage you to have hope that things can get better. "Let your hopes, not your hurts, shape your future". (Robert Schuller) Being able to live a life full of happiness and contentment is so important, yet in today's world can be difficult. I believe that everyone has the potential to achieve emotional wellness and a sense of balance in life. I am dedicated to providing a therapeutic relationship that allows for a sense of safety, warm acceptance and empathy. I pride myself on being open-minded and nonjudgmental.
(712) 574-8813 View (712) 574-8813
Photo of Erin Drake, tLMHC, Counselor
Erin Drake
Counselor, tLMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
I specialize in working with adults and adolescents dealing with depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, stress management, and trauma. I aim to offer attentive, empathetic, and reflective therapy, guiding you through a thoughtful exploration of your life. I focus on listening deeply, meeting you where you are, providing tools for progress, and supporting you on your path to feeling better.
I specialize in working with adults and adolescents dealing with depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, stress management, and trauma. I aim to offer attentive, empathetic, and reflective therapy, guiding you through a thoughtful exploration of your life. I focus on listening deeply, meeting you where you are, providing tools for progress, and supporting you on your path to feeling better.
(712) 412-4443 View (712) 412-4443
Photo of Mia Gilbert-Ingram, MA, NCC, TLMHC, Counselor
Mia Gilbert-Ingram
Counselor, MA, NCC, TLMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Council Bluffs, IA 51501
As your therapist, it is my job to meet you where you are in order to assist you to where you want to be. I believe that therapy is not "one size fits all" and should be individualized to meet a person’s needs. I have worked with a variety of clients who have experienced symptoms with; anxiety, depression, anger, traumatic experiences, suicidal ideation, etc. While in treatment, I utilize a Solution Focused approach throughout my sessions. My hope is that therapy will assist you in your journey to adopt healthy boundaries and mental health tools in order to become the best version of yourself.
As your therapist, it is my job to meet you where you are in order to assist you to where you want to be. I believe that therapy is not "one size fits all" and should be individualized to meet a person’s needs. I have worked with a variety of clients who have experienced symptoms with; anxiety, depression, anger, traumatic experiences, suicidal ideation, etc. While in treatment, I utilize a Solution Focused approach throughout my sessions. My hope is that therapy will assist you in your journey to adopt healthy boundaries and mental health tools in order to become the best version of yourself.
(712) 800-8643 View (712) 800-8643
Photo of Kate Kathleen LaRaine Cross, LMHC, LIMHP, EMDR, CPT-CBT, RPT, Counselor
Kate Kathleen LaRaine Cross
Counselor, LMHC, LIMHP, EMDR, CPT-CBT, RPT
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
I am licensed in Iowa and Nebraska. My theoretical orientation is empowered by Action Oriented Theories integrating; Scripture, Cognitive Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. By magnifying thoughts, beliefs, we work to enable healing, empowering self-awareness, acknowledgement, and honest portrait of reality. I welcome children-adolescents, women, seniors, and families. I have EMDR certification and utilize Play Therapy techniques. I specialize in relational communication, self-esteem, confidence, parenting, anxiety, depression, grief. I believe that the goal of the client is to seek resolutions for presenting problems. These often create despair which multiplies into a range of negative affects.
I am licensed in Iowa and Nebraska. My theoretical orientation is empowered by Action Oriented Theories integrating; Scripture, Cognitive Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. By magnifying thoughts, beliefs, we work to enable healing, empowering self-awareness, acknowledgement, and honest portrait of reality. I welcome children-adolescents, women, seniors, and families. I have EMDR certification and utilize Play Therapy techniques. I specialize in relational communication, self-esteem, confidence, parenting, anxiety, depression, grief. I believe that the goal of the client is to seek resolutions for presenting problems. These often create despair which multiplies into a range of negative affects.
(712) 587-8792 View (712) 587-8792
Lisa Crouse
Counselor, LMHC, CADC
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
I am a US Navy veteran who has several years of experience working with adults who are experiencing mental health or substance abuse concerns. I utilize a person centered, trauma informed approach in addition to CBT and I am trained in EMDR and Brainspotting. I have substantial training in crisis mitigation. My primary focus is working with adults and couples who are experiencing issues related to depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, and addictions.
I am a US Navy veteran who has several years of experience working with adults who are experiencing mental health or substance abuse concerns. I utilize a person centered, trauma informed approach in addition to CBT and I am trained in EMDR and Brainspotting. I have substantial training in crisis mitigation. My primary focus is working with adults and couples who are experiencing issues related to depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, and addictions.
(712) 625-5754 View (712) 625-5754
Photo of Rebecca Caldwell, MBS, MS, PLMHC, Counselor
Rebecca Caldwell
Counselor, MBS, MS, PLMHC
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
Navigating the complexities of daily life can often feel overwhelming, particularly when faced with unprocessed trauma, behavioral challenges in children, or a lack of support in relationships. In my practice, I strive to create a calm and supportive environment for women, children, couples, and families, fostering growth and resilience through person-centered therapy. My areas of expertise include anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, attachment, women’s issues, relationships, Adverse Childhood Experiences, family dynamics, and building resilience.
Navigating the complexities of daily life can often feel overwhelming, particularly when faced with unprocessed trauma, behavioral challenges in children, or a lack of support in relationships. In my practice, I strive to create a calm and supportive environment for women, children, couples, and families, fostering growth and resilience through person-centered therapy. My areas of expertise include anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, attachment, women’s issues, relationships, Adverse Childhood Experiences, family dynamics, and building resilience.
(712) 430-1874 View (712) 430-1874
Photo of Inga Eanes, MSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Inga Eanes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
Are you struggling with the pressures of life? Do you have strong, over whelming emotions that seem to come from out of nowhere? Do you feel angry, or irritable, most of the time and don’t know why? Perhaps you don’t feel anything at all, and wish there was more to life than what you are experiencing now. Perhaps you already have a mental health diagnosis or another diagnosis of infertility or cancer or are struggling with a chronic illness. Are you part of the military, or a military family member, and are struggling with all that comes with that role including traumatic experiences, secondary trauma, and stress from many moves?
Are you struggling with the pressures of life? Do you have strong, over whelming emotions that seem to come from out of nowhere? Do you feel angry, or irritable, most of the time and don’t know why? Perhaps you don’t feel anything at all, and wish there was more to life than what you are experiencing now. Perhaps you already have a mental health diagnosis or another diagnosis of infertility or cancer or are struggling with a chronic illness. Are you part of the military, or a military family member, and are struggling with all that comes with that role including traumatic experiences, secondary trauma, and stress from many moves?
(712) 423-6945 x7 View (712) 423-6945 x7
Photo of Jackie Marcum - Integrated Therapy Resources, LMHC, Counselor
Integrated Therapy Resources
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
We are excited to offer high-quality mental health counseling services in Iowa – Council Bluffs, Missouri Valley, and Atlantic. Our providers are trained and experienced in working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families.
We are excited to offer high-quality mental health counseling services in Iowa – Council Bluffs, Missouri Valley, and Atlantic. Our providers are trained and experienced in working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families.
(712) 581-7133 View (712) 581-7133
Photo of Molly Hauger, TLMHC, Counselor
Molly Hauger
Counselor, TLMHC
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
At times in life, we encounter difficult emotions and thoughts. These may stem from external circumstances or our own internal system. It can seem like these emotions and thoughts have taken over your life completely. The therapeutic process can help lead you to a place where you regain control of your thoughts and emotions. This will ultimately impact the way you experience your life and help to create lasting change.
At times in life, we encounter difficult emotions and thoughts. These may stem from external circumstances or our own internal system. It can seem like these emotions and thoughts have taken over your life completely. The therapeutic process can help lead you to a place where you regain control of your thoughts and emotions. This will ultimately impact the way you experience your life and help to create lasting change.
(712) 217-0135 x211 View (712) 217-0135 x211
Photo of Lisa Kee, LISW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Kee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, MSW
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
People are unique, and I help them make changes by entering into a relationship that honors who they are. This relationship fosters a safe place to heal old wounds, explore the vast realm of possibility, and reach a more peaceful state of mind, body, and spirit. To enhance our work together, I am experienced in many ways to communicate and integrate information. This may include traditional talk therapy, EMDR, play and art therapy techniques, and EMDR as a tool to enhance insight into oneself and a person's role in relationships and their environment.
People are unique, and I help them make changes by entering into a relationship that honors who they are. This relationship fosters a safe place to heal old wounds, explore the vast realm of possibility, and reach a more peaceful state of mind, body, and spirit. To enhance our work together, I am experienced in many ways to communicate and integrate information. This may include traditional talk therapy, EMDR, play and art therapy techniques, and EMDR as a tool to enhance insight into oneself and a person's role in relationships and their environment.
(712) 274-3572 View (712) 274-3572
Photo of Chad Richter, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Chad Richter
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
With more than 20 years experience, I have specialized in working with diverse populations including adolescents and adults. My core work focuses on depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety/panic attacks, physical/emotional abuse, anger problems, grief, self-esteem, ADHD, PTSD, work/vocational issues, school/truancy, and parenting difficulties.
With more than 20 years experience, I have specialized in working with diverse populations including adolescents and adults. My core work focuses on depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety/panic attacks, physical/emotional abuse, anger problems, grief, self-esteem, ADHD, PTSD, work/vocational issues, school/truancy, and parenting difficulties.
(402) 609-7183 View (402) 609-7183
Photo of Caitlin M Cool Kaufman, MS, LMHC, LIMHP, Counselor
Caitlin M Cool Kaufman
Counselor, MS, LMHC, LIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
"Don't start tomorrow, with the broken pieces of Yesterday". If you have felt this way, or are feeling this way please consider seeking out someone to talk with. I have over ten years experience in a therapeutic setting working with individuals with depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem, grief/loss, abuse, post partum depression, parenting relationship problems, school related problems, adjustment disorders and addictions. I have a special interest in working with adolescents and adults, but I do welcome all ages. I utilize a number of different techniques as I believe that no single person is the same.
"Don't start tomorrow, with the broken pieces of Yesterday". If you have felt this way, or are feeling this way please consider seeking out someone to talk with. I have over ten years experience in a therapeutic setting working with individuals with depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem, grief/loss, abuse, post partum depression, parenting relationship problems, school related problems, adjustment disorders and addictions. I have a special interest in working with adolescents and adults, but I do welcome all ages. I utilize a number of different techniques as I believe that no single person is the same.
(402) 835-5706 View (402) 835-5706
Photo of Janzie Mason, LMSW, CADC, PLMHP, PCSMW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janzie Mason
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CADC, PLMHP, PCSMW
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
Currently accepting new clients from Iowa and Nebraska. Immediate openings available. I am a Clinical Social Worker and Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I work with individuals ages 16 years or older experiencing substance use issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, life adjustments, and other mood related issues. I truly believe that everyone is doing the best they can, but sometimes we need help overcoming mental and emotional challenges.
Currently accepting new clients from Iowa and Nebraska. Immediate openings available. I am a Clinical Social Worker and Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I work with individuals ages 16 years or older experiencing substance use issues, trauma, anxiety, depression, life adjustments, and other mood related issues. I truly believe that everyone is doing the best they can, but sometimes we need help overcoming mental and emotional challenges.
(712) 430-7113 View (712) 430-7113
Photo of Miles Ludwigs, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Miles Ludwigs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
Waitlist for new clients
My goal as a Mental Health therapist is to assist individuals in finding a quality of life they are confident and comfortable with. I became a therapist with the intention to assist individuals in changing their lives for the better through the therapeutic process. I have been working in the mental health field for over three years. This also includes previous work experience with substance use and crisis intervention. While in therapy, I can assist you with building; coping skills, mindfulness, self-esteem, stress management, emotional regulation, decision making, and conflict resolution.
My goal as a Mental Health therapist is to assist individuals in finding a quality of life they are confident and comfortable with. I became a therapist with the intention to assist individuals in changing their lives for the better through the therapeutic process. I have been working in the mental health field for over three years. This also includes previous work experience with substance use and crisis intervention. While in therapy, I can assist you with building; coping skills, mindfulness, self-esteem, stress management, emotional regulation, decision making, and conflict resolution.
(712) 214-4484 View (712) 214-4484
Photo of Hailey Penrod, tLMHC, Counselor
Hailey Penrod
Counselor, tLMHC
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51501  (Online Only)
Hello! I work with individuals (13+) exclusively through telehealth; on many topics including; anxiety, depression, the stress of life, PTSD and trauma, ADHD, relationship concerns, body image, self-esteem struggles, and many other concerns. I am an EMDR-informed therapist, and provide EMDR through telehealth. My goal when meeting with you is to meet you where you are while offering you unconditional positive regard, support, and a non-judgmental space where we can explore any of the stresses, problems, trauma, or any other issues that you are be experiencing, while also working together to build up and celebrate you.
Hello! I work with individuals (13+) exclusively through telehealth; on many topics including; anxiety, depression, the stress of life, PTSD and trauma, ADHD, relationship concerns, body image, self-esteem struggles, and many other concerns. I am an EMDR-informed therapist, and provide EMDR through telehealth. My goal when meeting with you is to meet you where you are while offering you unconditional positive regard, support, and a non-judgmental space where we can explore any of the stresses, problems, trauma, or any other issues that you are be experiencing, while also working together to build up and celebrate you.
(712) 412-4692 View (712) 412-4692
Photo of Melissa Sperry, MS , LMHC, Counselor
Melissa Sperry
Counselor, MS , LMHC
Verified Verified
Council Bluffs, IA 51503
I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families on issues addressing PTSD, anxiety, depression, complex trauma, personality disorders, parenting styles, domestic abuse, anger management, self-esteem and sexual assault to name a few. Often, many clients reach out to me because they are struggling with with a difficult life change and just need the extra support.
I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families on issues addressing PTSD, anxiety, depression, complex trauma, personality disorders, parenting styles, domestic abuse, anger management, self-esteem and sexual assault to name a few. Often, many clients reach out to me because they are struggling with with a difficult life change and just need the extra support.
(712) 423-5927 View (712) 423-5927
1

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Council Bluffs, IA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Council Bluffs, IA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Self Esteem
77% Trauma and PTSD
75% Coping Skills
69% Relationship Issues
65% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
87% Aetna
78% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Council Bluffs, IA see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Council Bluffs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.