Photo of Megan Kossar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Megan Kossar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121
Using a non judgmental humanistic theory approach, we can work to reduce anxiety, anger, grief, and stress, and uncover a more fulfilling and rewarding path forward.
As a skilled psychotherapist, I understand the challenges and concerns that can arise when seeking therapy. That's why I accept insurance to make the process more accessible and affordable for those in need. Whether you're new to therapy or have sought help in the past, my goal is to empower you with the tools and insights necessary to manage life's difficulties and achieve healthy, meaningful relationships. With over 26 years of experience, I have worked extensively with clients facing chronic and terminal illnesses, as well as their support systems, helping to alleviate stress and promote positive coping strategies.
Using a non judgmental humanistic theory approach, we can work to reduce anxiety, anger, grief, and stress, and uncover a more fulfilling and rewarding path forward.
As a skilled psychotherapist, I understand the challenges and concerns that can arise when seeking therapy. That's why I accept insurance to make the process more accessible and affordable for those in need. Whether you're new to therapy or have sought help in the past, my goal is to empower you with the tools and insights necessary to manage life's difficulties and achieve healthy, meaningful relationships. With over 26 years of experience, I have worked extensively with clients facing chronic and terminal illnesses, as well as their support systems, helping to alleviate stress and promote positive coping strategies.
(628) 266-4342 View (628) 266-4342
Photo of Tiffany Franke-Brauer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Tiffany Franke-Brauer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94107
Greetings! My name is Tiffany Franke-Brauer, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who practices in California. I help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, more severe and persistent mental illnesses, generally strong emotions, and dual diagnoses (mental illness and addiction). I come from a Humanistic orientation; I acknowledge that our behaviors, thoughts, and emotions are strongly influenced by our environment, affecting how we learn to think and process what we see, do, and feel.
Greetings! My name is Tiffany Franke-Brauer, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who practices in California. I help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, more severe and persistent mental illnesses, generally strong emotions, and dual diagnoses (mental illness and addiction). I come from a Humanistic orientation; I acknowledge that our behaviors, thoughts, and emotions are strongly influenced by our environment, affecting how we learn to think and process what we see, do, and feel.
(714) 294-2771 View (714) 294-2771
Photo of Stephanie Weissman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Stephanie Weissman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131
We all need tools to help us navigate the difficulties of life. I am lucky to be in a position to help people gain these tools. I love working with my clients; I am always learning from them. I have a down-to-earth, accessible and active approach to my work. I draw from a variety of therapeutic techniques. I am sensitive to the interplay between social, economic, racial, emotional, and neurological factors. I continue to work in community and non-profit settings. In the Spring of 2016, I earned an Advanced Certificate from the Existential Humanistic Institute.
We all need tools to help us navigate the difficulties of life. I am lucky to be in a position to help people gain these tools. I love working with my clients; I am always learning from them. I have a down-to-earth, accessible and active approach to my work. I draw from a variety of therapeutic techniques. I am sensitive to the interplay between social, economic, racial, emotional, and neurological factors. I continue to work in community and non-profit settings. In the Spring of 2016, I earned an Advanced Certificate from the Existential Humanistic Institute.
(650) 489-5447 View (650) 489-5447
Photo of Jennifer Velasquez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jennifer Velasquez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
Hi there, I'm Jennifer! I am a licensed clinical social worker with 6 years of experience working in the mental health field providing individual and group therapy. My specialty is in working with self-esteem issues, life transitions, grief and loss, trauma, anxiety, depression, and spiritual crisis (spiritual awakening, shadow work, “dark night of the soul”). I operate from a humanistic theoretical framework; which just means, I focus on the Individual as a whole and their existing strengths and positive behaviors. I meet you where you are at and welcome you without judgment.
Hi there, I'm Jennifer! I am a licensed clinical social worker with 6 years of experience working in the mental health field providing individual and group therapy. My specialty is in working with self-esteem issues, life transitions, grief and loss, trauma, anxiety, depression, and spiritual crisis (spiritual awakening, shadow work, “dark night of the soul”). I operate from a humanistic theoretical framework; which just means, I focus on the Individual as a whole and their existing strengths and positive behaviors. I meet you where you are at and welcome you without judgment.
(415) 707-3214 View (415) 707-3214
Photo of Lester Wielstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lester Wielstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103
Les Wielstein, Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I believe that each person is entitled to live to their fullest potential and believe in a partnership to enable that. I utilize a Cognitive-Behavioral framework in therapy which is infused with Humanistic, Eastern, and Existential metaphors and stories to provide a caring, direct, and thoughtful approach. I am also Trauma-Informed and understand that by using both written and verbal activities I provide a pathway to a sensitive and meaningful understanding of this lived experience.
Les Wielstein, Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I believe that each person is entitled to live to their fullest potential and believe in a partnership to enable that. I utilize a Cognitive-Behavioral framework in therapy which is infused with Humanistic, Eastern, and Existential metaphors and stories to provide a caring, direct, and thoughtful approach. I am also Trauma-Informed and understand that by using both written and verbal activities I provide a pathway to a sensitive and meaningful understanding of this lived experience.
(415) 366-9419 View (415) 366-9419
Photo of Stephen Keenan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Stephen Keenan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
Hello. My name is Stephen Keenan. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in CA. I have worked with a wide range of clients, from poverty-stricken to affluent, depressed and suicidal to angry and homicidal, geriatric to pediatric. I can help with anxiety, coping skills, depression, psychosis, and more. I use a humanistic, strengths based, supportive therapy approach for solution focused results. Of course, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is key to reframe and see things from a different lens, i.e. "I never thought if it that way." Therapy is about getting you the help you need and helping you reach your goals in treatment.
Hello. My name is Stephen Keenan. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in CA. I have worked with a wide range of clients, from poverty-stricken to affluent, depressed and suicidal to angry and homicidal, geriatric to pediatric. I can help with anxiety, coping skills, depression, psychosis, and more. I use a humanistic, strengths based, supportive therapy approach for solution focused results. Of course, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is key to reframe and see things from a different lens, i.e. "I never thought if it that way." Therapy is about getting you the help you need and helping you reach your goals in treatment.
(415) 792-0504 View (415) 792-0504
Photo of Suangsmorn Stapatyanon, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Suangsmorn Stapatyanon
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I utilize a humanistic and integrative approach to therapy.
I specialize in working with adolescents (13-17) and emerging adults (18-29) who are struggling with relationship/peer, family, behavioral, emotional, self-esteem, academic, and career challenges. My clients and their families look for support to address different life changes and stressors, such as starting college, loss/grief, dating/relationships, navigating independence, and intergenerational family conflict. They are also looking for strategies to effectively manage symptoms related to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, ADD/ADHD, adjustment disorders, and trauma.
I utilize a humanistic and integrative approach to therapy.
I specialize in working with adolescents (13-17) and emerging adults (18-29) who are struggling with relationship/peer, family, behavioral, emotional, self-esteem, academic, and career challenges. My clients and their families look for support to address different life changes and stressors, such as starting college, loss/grief, dating/relationships, navigating independence, and intergenerational family conflict. They are also looking for strategies to effectively manage symptoms related to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, ADD/ADHD, adjustment disorders, and trauma.
(415) 728-0956 View (415) 728-0956
Photo of Dan Scharlack, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dan Scharlack
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
My approach involves Existential Humanistic therapy, relational and attachment theory, The Work of Byron Katie, and EMDR for trauma relief.
What is it you most deeply want? I can help you find your natural strengths and let go of old beliefs and painful emotions that stand in the way of you loving the life you live. Through a mindful and compassionate inquiry into places where you feel stuck, I help you to extinguish negative patterns and to recognize and express your true gifts in the world. Many of my clients are artists and creative professionals. My specialties include helping you to have more fulfilling relationships, expand your creativity, overcome addictive patterns, develop your self-esteem, and experience greater personal growth.
My approach involves Existential Humanistic therapy, relational and attachment theory, The Work of Byron Katie, and EMDR for trauma relief.
What is it you most deeply want? I can help you find your natural strengths and let go of old beliefs and painful emotions that stand in the way of you loving the life you live. Through a mindful and compassionate inquiry into places where you feel stuck, I help you to extinguish negative patterns and to recognize and express your true gifts in the world. Many of my clients are artists and creative professionals. My specialties include helping you to have more fulfilling relationships, expand your creativity, overcome addictive patterns, develop your self-esteem, and experience greater personal growth.
(415) 704-8638 View (415) 704-8638
Photo of Ilene Rich-Holtzberg Ph.D., Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Ilene Rich-Holtzberg Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
My focus is to develop a relationship with the client. This is called the two person model which is different than the old fashion practice where the doctor is one up and the client is one down. Rather, the two person model attempts to understand the client through questions and mutual discussion. I am not a silent therapist. I give feedback and remain fully engaged with the patient. Together we build a rapport. I adhere to a humanistic approach.
My focus is to develop a relationship with the client. This is called the two person model which is different than the old fashion practice where the doctor is one up and the client is one down. Rather, the two person model attempts to understand the client through questions and mutual discussion. I am not a silent therapist. I give feedback and remain fully engaged with the patient. Together we build a rapport. I adhere to a humanistic approach.
(415) 366-8999 View (415) 366-8999
Photo of Grechell Siy, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Grechell Siy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
My therapy approach is to prioritize my clients' physical and emotional safety using a humanistic approach.
My name is Grechell Siy, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California via telehealth. I primarily focused on working with individual adults struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, other relational trauma, grief, and chronic pain using a client-centered approach. I love working with individual adults who are ready to enrich their relationship with themselves due to the impact of relational or childhood trauma.
My therapy approach is to prioritize my clients' physical and emotional safety using a humanistic approach.
My name is Grechell Siy, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California via telehealth. I primarily focused on working with individual adults struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, other relational trauma, grief, and chronic pain using a client-centered approach. I love working with individual adults who are ready to enrich their relationship with themselves due to the impact of relational or childhood trauma.
(805) 749-2095 View (805) 749-2095
Photo of Sarah Flam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sarah Flam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105
My approach combines narrative, humanistic, mindfulness, somatic and expressive art therapies.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California with over 10 years of experience working with children, youth and families in therapeutic settings. I have worked with people with a wide range of concerns, including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting challenges, trauma, abuse, and aging.
My approach combines narrative, humanistic, mindfulness, somatic and expressive art therapies.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California with over 10 years of experience working with children, youth and families in therapeutic settings. I have worked with people with a wide range of concerns, including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting challenges, trauma, abuse, and aging.
(323) 205-7088 View (323) 205-7088
Photo of Monique Enriquez, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Monique Enriquez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103
I most frequently use a Humanistic approach in therapy as well as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy.
Hello, my name is Monique Enriquez, and I am an LMFT. I work with children, teens, and adults using a client-centered approach. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults and I am comfortable working with all ages. I typically support clients with symptoms of anxiety, and depression as well as working on self-esteem, self-determination, and healthier relationships. My communication style is calm, personable, and assertive. I support clients with feeling comfortable expressing their feelings and feeling heard through my communication style.
I most frequently use a Humanistic approach in therapy as well as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy.
Hello, my name is Monique Enriquez, and I am an LMFT. I work with children, teens, and adults using a client-centered approach. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults and I am comfortable working with all ages. I typically support clients with symptoms of anxiety, and depression as well as working on self-esteem, self-determination, and healthier relationships. My communication style is calm, personable, and assertive. I support clients with feeling comfortable expressing their feelings and feeling heard through my communication style.
(916) 915-0032 View (916) 915-0032
Photo of Christina Garcia, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Christina Garcia
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131
Christina Garcia, LMFT Client-Centered/ Humanistic Approach. I like to say, "We are all a little crazy in our own ways and need others to connect with". Being able to learn what makes you, "crazy" can be valuable to learn how to connect to your outer world. I use an eclectic model of therapy with my main focuses being Client-Centered/ Humanistic, CBT, and mindfulness.
Christina Garcia, LMFT Client-Centered/ Humanistic Approach. I like to say, "We are all a little crazy in our own ways and need others to connect with". Being able to learn what makes you, "crazy" can be valuable to learn how to connect to your outer world. I use an eclectic model of therapy with my main focuses being Client-Centered/ Humanistic, CBT, and mindfulness.
(909) 316-5834 View (909) 316-5834
Photo of Casey Mintz, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Casey Mintz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I also strongly believe in a humanistic approach.
Hello! My name is Casey Mintz, and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I believe in meeting with you exactly where you are at. My goal is to assist you to develop the tools you need in order to live a happier and more meaningful life. I will not push any agenda onto you. Rather, I will walk alongside you as you look to make improvements in your life, whatever that may look like to you.
I also strongly believe in a humanistic approach.
Hello! My name is Casey Mintz, and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I believe in meeting with you exactly where you are at. My goal is to assist you to develop the tools you need in order to live a happier and more meaningful life. I will not push any agenda onto you. Rather, I will walk alongside you as you look to make improvements in your life, whatever that may look like to you.
(626) 603-8743 View (626) 603-8743
Photo of Matthew Ortega, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Matthew Ortega
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94107
My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, dialectical behavioral, solution-focused, and motivational interviewing.
Hi, I am a Marriage & Family Therapist licensed in California with over 11 years of experience working as a mental health counselor, therapist, mentor to at-risk youth, and life coach. I have worked with clients (ages 4-70+) with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, personality disorders, relationship issues, career challenges, OCD, and ADHD. I also helped many people who have experienced anger control issues and eating disorders.
My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, dialectical behavioral, solution-focused, and motivational interviewing.
Hi, I am a Marriage & Family Therapist licensed in California with over 11 years of experience working as a mental health counselor, therapist, mentor to at-risk youth, and life coach. I have worked with clients (ages 4-70+) with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, personality disorders, relationship issues, career challenges, OCD, and ADHD. I also helped many people who have experienced anger control issues and eating disorders.
(323) 205-7088 View (323) 205-7088
Photo of At Home Ketamine Assisted Therapy (Instant Insurance Verification), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
At Home Ketamine Assisted Therapy (Instant Insurance Verification)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MD, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Integrative & Immersive Psychotherapy approach utilizing Psychedelic, EMDR, Transpersonal, Existential, Humanistic, Trauma, Relational & Integrative Therapies, Clinical Hypnotherapy, Somatic & Intuitive Therapy, EFT, Energy Psychology, ACT, IFS, DBT, MCBT & Life Coaching.
Feya Health is a woman-owned, Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy group practice, featured on MTV. Our Integrative approach helps clients address their self-destructive patterns by getting to the core and root of their issues. The result is a drastic reduction in the initial presenting symptoms over a short period of time. We offer a comprehensive, integrative & customizable approach to the Ketamine & Oxytocin Therapy Process and specialize in EMDR, PTSD, CPTSD, human optimization and Pharmaceutical Medication withdrawal.
Integrative & Immersive Psychotherapy approach utilizing Psychedelic, EMDR, Transpersonal, Existential, Humanistic, Trauma, Relational & Integrative Therapies, Clinical Hypnotherapy, Somatic & Intuitive Therapy, EFT, Energy Psychology, ACT, IFS, DBT, MCBT & Life Coaching.
Feya Health is a woman-owned, Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy group practice, featured on MTV. Our Integrative approach helps clients address their self-destructive patterns by getting to the core and root of their issues. The result is a drastic reduction in the initial presenting symptoms over a short period of time. We offer a comprehensive, integrative & customizable approach to the Ketamine & Oxytocin Therapy Process and specialize in EMDR, PTSD, CPTSD, human optimization and Pharmaceutical Medication withdrawal.
(929) 442-0715 View (929) 442-0715
Photo of Rowan Schuitevoerder, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Rowan Schuitevoerder
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
I draw from psychodynamic, humanistic, psychoanalytic, Jungian, and existential approaches.
Telehealth available in Oregon and California. The process of therapy is as unique and nuanced as the stories of each of our lives. Who we are and who we might discover ourselves to be are at the center of each therapeutic journey. I tailor my therapeutic approach to fit your unique story, the specific challenges you arrive with, and the goals you seek to reach. I offer a space free from judgment where you can speak openly, unhampered by social mores and conventional expectations. I work with individuals, couples, and teenagers. Telehealth available in Oregon and California.
I draw from psychodynamic, humanistic, psychoanalytic, Jungian, and existential approaches.
Telehealth available in Oregon and California. The process of therapy is as unique and nuanced as the stories of each of our lives. Who we are and who we might discover ourselves to be are at the center of each therapeutic journey. I tailor my therapeutic approach to fit your unique story, the specific challenges you arrive with, and the goals you seek to reach. I offer a space free from judgment where you can speak openly, unhampered by social mores and conventional expectations. I work with individuals, couples, and teenagers. Telehealth available in Oregon and California.
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Photo of Jaclyn Bauer, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Jaclyn Bauer
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94132
Hi! I am Dr. Jaclyn Bauer, but feel free to call me Jackie. I am a licensed clinical psychologist and I work within a variety of therapeutic modalities. I love working with people who are struggling in different phases of their life and working with them to help them "reach their full potential", feel how they want to feel, and live the life they want. I like to meet the client where they are at and we work together to determine what approach to therapy would be the best fit for them. I believe in a humanistic approach, which basically means that I look at the whole person and the personal agency that is unique to each person. I
Hi! I am Dr. Jaclyn Bauer, but feel free to call me Jackie. I am a licensed clinical psychologist and I work within a variety of therapeutic modalities. I love working with people who are struggling in different phases of their life and working with them to help them "reach their full potential", feel how they want to feel, and live the life they want. I like to meet the client where they are at and we work together to determine what approach to therapy would be the best fit for them. I believe in a humanistic approach, which basically means that I look at the whole person and the personal agency that is unique to each person. I
(408) 740-7821 View (408) 740-7821
Photo of Jessica Knott, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jessica Knott
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131
Jessica Knott, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in Humanistic, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Client-Centered approaches. In sessions, my communication style is empathetic, supportive, and non-judgmental. I create a safe and open environment where clients feel heard and understood. Working with me is collaborative, focused on your unique needs, and aimed at fostering a sense of empowerment and positive change.
Jessica Knott, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in Humanistic, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Client-Centered approaches. In sessions, my communication style is empathetic, supportive, and non-judgmental. I create a safe and open environment where clients feel heard and understood. Working with me is collaborative, focused on your unique needs, and aimed at fostering a sense of empowerment and positive change.
(510) 345-0750 View (510) 345-0750
Photo of Meghan Giles, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Meghan Giles
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94132
I like to utilize techniques and interventions from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused, Humanistic, and Trauma Informed practices.
Hello my name is Meghan Giles, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I am passionate about working collaboratively with individuals to help empower them to create lasting change. I have worked with adults, teens, and children that are experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, and communication difficulties. For the past 6 years I have treated children from 5-12 years of age in the school setting and virtually during COVID. Additionally I have treated adolescents struggling with stress, anxiety, and depression.
I like to utilize techniques and interventions from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused, Humanistic, and Trauma Informed practices.
Hello my name is Meghan Giles, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I am passionate about working collaboratively with individuals to help empower them to create lasting change. I have worked with adults, teens, and children that are experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, and communication difficulties. For the past 6 years I have treated children from 5-12 years of age in the school setting and virtually during COVID. Additionally I have treated adolescents struggling with stress, anxiety, and depression.
(424) 855-1028 View (424) 855-1028

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Humanistic Therapists

How does humanistic therapy work?

One tenet of humanistic therapy is that people are good. The humanistic approach is concerned with a person’s ability to accept oneself. It likewise encourages a person to overcome self-criticism and self-defeating tendencies, as well as disapproval from others. This approach also emphasizes self-actualization and treating an individual as a whole person. A foundation of this therapy type: The patient is the expert in their life, and treatment often takes the individual’s lead.

Is humanistic therapy evidence-based?

Humanistic therapy is an evidence-based practice. Research has found that humanistic therapy can lead to significant improvement, and for some people it can be just as effective as other therapies, such as Cognitive behavioral therapy. The benefits of humanistic therapy are enduring.

How long does humanistic therapy last?

The goal of humanistic therapy is to understand a person’s day-to-day experiences. While sessions can be short-term and last over a few months, therapy can sometimes continue beyond that and last up to a year or more. And because patients learn the theory behind humanistic therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have been completed.

Is humanistic therapy effective?

According to research, many patients find success with humanistic therapy. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in addressing poor self-esteem and self-sabotage, as well as improving conditions including anxiety and depression. Improvements in problem areas can be long standing, as individuals can continue working on themselves by using the tools they’ve learned during treatment.