Therapists in Knoxville, TN

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Photo of Katherine Hatcher, Marriage & Family Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Katherine Hatcher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
There are many challenges we face throughout our lives that impact our ability to function and manage daily tasks. They may affect our personal self-care, interpersonal and family relationships, and work/academic responsibilities. These difficulties can leave us feeling confused, anxious, isolated, etc. As a therapist, I want to walk alongside you and provide the support needed to help on your journey towards healing and find what works best for your personal experience.
There are many challenges we face throughout our lives that impact our ability to function and manage daily tasks. They may affect our personal self-care, interpersonal and family relationships, and work/academic responsibilities. These difficulties can leave us feeling confused, anxious, isolated, etc. As a therapist, I want to walk alongside you and provide the support needed to help on your journey towards healing and find what works best for your personal experience.
(865) 269-9502 View (865) 269-9502
Photo of Kim Sprague Lcsw, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Kim Sprague Lcsw
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Life can get really hard. I am a compassionate and qualified therapist, who can come alongside you. If you are struggling with emotions, relationships or past hurts, it is important to recognize the root issue, and work through the pain, learning new patterns of communication, boundaries and coping. Together we will build up your strengths, which will allow you to overcome your weaknesses.
Life can get really hard. I am a compassionate and qualified therapist, who can come alongside you. If you are struggling with emotions, relationships or past hurts, it is important to recognize the root issue, and work through the pain, learning new patterns of communication, boundaries and coping. Together we will build up your strengths, which will allow you to overcome your weaknesses.
(865) 217-0813 View (865) 217-0813
Photo of Amanda Surdock, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Amanda Surdock
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist specializing in assessment and evaluation across the lifespan. I enjoy working with people of all ages, and I specialize in diagnosis and treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety and depression.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist specializing in assessment and evaluation across the lifespan. I enjoy working with people of all ages, and I specialize in diagnosis and treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety and depression.
(865) 321-1076 View (865) 321-1076
Photo of Tara Burgess, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Tara Burgess
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Hello! I am a graduate intern currently pursuing my master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Johnson University. I graduated from the University of Tennessee in 2021 with a bachelor’s in Psychology. My desire to help and care for others has made me passionate about the therapeutic relationship and counseling profession. I typically see children ages 4-10, but also see clients ages 10 and older. I focus on phase of life issues, peer relationships, emotional regulation, stress management, and much more.
Hello! I am a graduate intern currently pursuing my master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Johnson University. I graduated from the University of Tennessee in 2021 with a bachelor’s in Psychology. My desire to help and care for others has made me passionate about the therapeutic relationship and counseling profession. I typically see children ages 4-10, but also see clients ages 10 and older. I focus on phase of life issues, peer relationships, emotional regulation, stress management, and much more.
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Photo of Stefanie Hynds, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Stefanie Hynds
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about helping people through periods of emotional difficulties. It takes courage and strength to recognize when you need help. I believe strongly in building a partnership based on trust, genuine compassion, and understanding. I strive to create a supportive and welcoming environment to work toward long lasting change together. I provide a safe place to be heard without judgement while working through any issues you may face.
I am passionate about helping people through periods of emotional difficulties. It takes courage and strength to recognize when you need help. I believe strongly in building a partnership based on trust, genuine compassion, and understanding. I strive to create a supportive and welcoming environment to work toward long lasting change together. I provide a safe place to be heard without judgement while working through any issues you may face.
(865) 217-7614 View (865) 217-7614
Photo of Cindy Jobe-Yago, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Cindy Jobe-Yago
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Hi, my name is Cindy Jobe-Yago, MA and I love working with people who are ready to make changes. It takes courage to consider therapy and I would be happy to walk alongside you throughout the process. My main objective is to help others reach their goals and experience the life they want. Currently I am working toward my LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor) and am under supervision by Ryan Peters, LPC-MHSP, ACS, NCC and Azmat Moinuddin, LPC-MHSP.
Hi, my name is Cindy Jobe-Yago, MA and I love working with people who are ready to make changes. It takes courage to consider therapy and I would be happy to walk alongside you throughout the process. My main objective is to help others reach their goals and experience the life they want. Currently I am working toward my LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor) and am under supervision by Ryan Peters, LPC-MHSP, ACS, NCC and Azmat Moinuddin, LPC-MHSP.
(865) 338-5384 View (865) 338-5384
Photo of Matthew Gumb, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Matthew Gumb
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP, LCMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Waitlist for new clients
Matthew Gumb brings years of experience in his counseling work with adults, children, and adolescents. Working to help individuals and families that suffer with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, anxiety, anger management, inattentive/impulsive behavior, as well as other issues. His primary theoretical approaches are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), as well as Existentialism and Person-Centered. Matthew also has trained in Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) and Inference Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (I-CBT) for assisting individuals with OCD.
Matthew Gumb brings years of experience in his counseling work with adults, children, and adolescents. Working to help individuals and families that suffer with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, anxiety, anger management, inattentive/impulsive behavior, as well as other issues. His primary theoretical approaches are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), as well as Existentialism and Person-Centered. Matthew also has trained in Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) and Inference Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (I-CBT) for assisting individuals with OCD.
(865) 674-4914 x813 View (865) 674-4914 x813
Photo of Misty Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Misty Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
The decision to enter into therapy can be a difficult one. When you have tried everything you can think of to feel better but nothing seems works, it can be disheartening. I will work with you collaboratively so you can become more proactive and can start living your life on purpose. I often work with clients that feel stuck or just tried of walking through the day to day routine of their life without experiencing joy. Therapy is a confidential place to explore and process what is emotionally affecting you, to understand your roadblocks, and ultimately to discover a better path forward.
The decision to enter into therapy can be a difficult one. When you have tried everything you can think of to feel better but nothing seems works, it can be disheartening. I will work with you collaboratively so you can become more proactive and can start living your life on purpose. I often work with clients that feel stuck or just tried of walking through the day to day routine of their life without experiencing joy. Therapy is a confidential place to explore and process what is emotionally affecting you, to understand your roadblocks, and ultimately to discover a better path forward.
(865) 234-3226 View (865) 234-3226
Photo of Ashleigh Hyatt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Ashleigh Hyatt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
When you feel like you are sinking, it's hard to believe you can get your head above water. It would be my privilege to help you re-discover your own resiliency and strength. I believe in having a client-centered approach to treatment as YOU are an expert on YOU. I believe with the right support and tools, everyone has the ability to heal. I enjoy working with clients to overcome: anxiety, depression, mood swings, low self-esteem, anger management, phase of life issues, past trauma (physical, sexual, emotional), stress management, disability/loss, and grief. Please note: phone number listed routes to my office not my work cell.
When you feel like you are sinking, it's hard to believe you can get your head above water. It would be my privilege to help you re-discover your own resiliency and strength. I believe in having a client-centered approach to treatment as YOU are an expert on YOU. I believe with the right support and tools, everyone has the ability to heal. I enjoy working with clients to overcome: anxiety, depression, mood swings, low self-esteem, anger management, phase of life issues, past trauma (physical, sexual, emotional), stress management, disability/loss, and grief. Please note: phone number listed routes to my office not my work cell.
(865) 730-2616 View (865) 730-2616
Photo of Aleana Marie Krupinsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Aleana Marie Krupinsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37932  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
If you want to feel more connected to others and more in control of your body. If you're looking for stress management skills, recovery from trauma or struggling with addiction, I see you and want to support you. Mental Health Matters.
If you want to feel more connected to others and more in control of your body. If you're looking for stress management skills, recovery from trauma or struggling with addiction, I see you and want to support you. Mental Health Matters.
(865) 424-6944 View (865) 424-6944
Photo of Roberta Wilbanks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Roberta Wilbanks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37917
Life can feel like a struggle sometimes. We may have had negative experiences, and may find ourselves stuck in certain patterns or ways of reacting. As a therapist my goals are to explore and validate my clients’ experiences, help them better understand where our patterns come from and help to empower my clients to find new ways to move forward.
Life can feel like a struggle sometimes. We may have had negative experiences, and may find ourselves stuck in certain patterns or ways of reacting. As a therapist my goals are to explore and validate my clients’ experiences, help them better understand where our patterns come from and help to empower my clients to find new ways to move forward.
(865) 685-9875 View (865) 685-9875
Photo of Tony D. Weaver, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Tony D. Weaver
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Tony is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has extensive experience treating both first responders and military personnel and their dependents for trauma-related issues as well as a host of other concerns. Tony and his family reside in West Knoxville and he is well versed in the Tennessee culture having been raised in East Tennessee. In addition to an M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Tony earned a Master of Divinity and served for over 15 years in the pastoral setting. From his broad academic and experiential background he brings to the clinical setting a wealth of wisdom and skill with a unique perspective.
Tony is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has extensive experience treating both first responders and military personnel and their dependents for trauma-related issues as well as a host of other concerns. Tony and his family reside in West Knoxville and he is well versed in the Tennessee culture having been raised in East Tennessee. In addition to an M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Tony earned a Master of Divinity and served for over 15 years in the pastoral setting. From his broad academic and experiential background he brings to the clinical setting a wealth of wisdom and skill with a unique perspective.
(865) 234-3426 View (865) 234-3426
Photo of Rachel Cox, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Rachel Cox
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! Helping individuals to heal from their pasts and grow into the best version of themselves is something I truly love. Today, we know that trauma settles into our brains and bodies in ways that time cannot fully heal (despite the old adage, “time heals everything”) . Would you like to be more present in your daily life, have a healthier relationship to yourself and others? I would love to work together to help you heal from your past, so that you can live life more fully today.
Hello! Helping individuals to heal from their pasts and grow into the best version of themselves is something I truly love. Today, we know that trauma settles into our brains and bodies in ways that time cannot fully heal (despite the old adage, “time heals everything”) . Would you like to be more present in your daily life, have a healthier relationship to yourself and others? I would love to work together to help you heal from your past, so that you can live life more fully today.
(865) 328-9538 View (865) 328-9538
Photo of Holly Christianson, Licensed Master Social Worker in Knoxville, TN
Holly Christianson
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
As a therapist with a passion for attachment, child development and family support, I understand the importance of early interventions and nurturing connections within the family. My child-centered, play-based approach is grounded in evidence-based techniques tailored to meet the unique needs of your family. Whether you're experiencing challenges related to behavior, emotional regulation, parent-child interactions or trauma, I'm here to provide guidance and support every step of the way.
As a therapist with a passion for attachment, child development and family support, I understand the importance of early interventions and nurturing connections within the family. My child-centered, play-based approach is grounded in evidence-based techniques tailored to meet the unique needs of your family. Whether you're experiencing challenges related to behavior, emotional regulation, parent-child interactions or trauma, I'm here to provide guidance and support every step of the way.
(865) 351-2948 View (865) 351-2948
Photo of Hannah Cole, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Hannah Cole
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
"I don't need to talk about it." This may be what you have always believed, but life keeps happening and now you don't know what else to do. "It" could be that you feel like no one has ever really understood you or accepted you as you are. "It" could be something hurtful or traumatic that happened to you. "It" might be a relationship with someone you really love, but you just can't seem to make it work. "It" could also be the shame you feel after turning to substances or addictive behaviors to fill the emptiness. At some point, everything that used to work stops working and you wonder if you will ever be happy again.
"I don't need to talk about it." This may be what you have always believed, but life keeps happening and now you don't know what else to do. "It" could be that you feel like no one has ever really understood you or accepted you as you are. "It" could be something hurtful or traumatic that happened to you. "It" might be a relationship with someone you really love, but you just can't seem to make it work. "It" could also be the shame you feel after turning to substances or addictive behaviors to fill the emptiness. At some point, everything that used to work stops working and you wonder if you will ever be happy again.
(865) 328-9368 View (865) 328-9368
Photo of Dr. Chandra Feltman, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Dr. Chandra Feltman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37917
Being human is hard. It’s messy. And it can feel totally overwhelming at times. However, when we learn to give voice to these inner experiences, they start to become more manageable. We begin to realize the feelings and symptoms we experience aren’t random, they’re telling us something. As your therapist, I can help you learn how to better connect with, understand, and express painful emotions, while also providing tools to help you cope. Through it all, I will offer you compassion, warmth, empathy - maybe even a well timed curse word if necessary. I’ll bring my whole authentic self to the therapy room and invite you to do the same.
Being human is hard. It’s messy. And it can feel totally overwhelming at times. However, when we learn to give voice to these inner experiences, they start to become more manageable. We begin to realize the feelings and symptoms we experience aren’t random, they’re telling us something. As your therapist, I can help you learn how to better connect with, understand, and express painful emotions, while also providing tools to help you cope. Through it all, I will offer you compassion, warmth, empathy - maybe even a well timed curse word if necessary. I’ll bring my whole authentic self to the therapy room and invite you to do the same.
(865) 412-4138 View (865) 412-4138
Photo of Mattie Sauer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Mattie Sauer
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
It takes courage to ask for help and start the healing process. I commend you for your work and desire to ask for help. When we experience loss, anger, depression, anxiety, or a loss of identity it can be discouraging. I work with clients to decompress and unravel such feelings to then enter the healing process. The healing process starts with you, and your commitment to your wellness. If this is something you struggle with, sustainable wellness, I am here to help. I consider it a privilege to walk alongside you, in this time.
It takes courage to ask for help and start the healing process. I commend you for your work and desire to ask for help. When we experience loss, anger, depression, anxiety, or a loss of identity it can be discouraging. I work with clients to decompress and unravel such feelings to then enter the healing process. The healing process starts with you, and your commitment to your wellness. If this is something you struggle with, sustainable wellness, I am here to help. I consider it a privilege to walk alongside you, in this time.
(865) 737-2523 View (865) 737-2523
Photo of Amy Canfield, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Amy Canfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Not accepting new clients
Amy is a Licensed Professional Counselor/Mental Health Services Provider. For almost 20 years, she has worked with adults and teens in a variety of settings in Texas and Tennessee. Amy believes in the mind-body connection, and the fact that our bodies carry our stories. Amy has experience working with individuals who’ve experienced complex trauma and complicated family histories, and understands the complexity of these experiences. She also has experience working with individuals with relationship issues, anxiety and depression, and adjusting to life changes.
Amy is a Licensed Professional Counselor/Mental Health Services Provider. For almost 20 years, she has worked with adults and teens in a variety of settings in Texas and Tennessee. Amy believes in the mind-body connection, and the fact that our bodies carry our stories. Amy has experience working with individuals who’ve experienced complex trauma and complicated family histories, and understands the complexity of these experiences. She also has experience working with individuals with relationship issues, anxiety and depression, and adjusting to life changes.
(865) 672-0536 View (865) 672-0536
Photo of Hayden Chaple, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Hayden Chaple
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Waitlist for new clients
Life often presents us with challenges that outdo our ability to effectively cope. In such moments, seeking support becomes essential. Whether you're seeking assistance in navigating through life transitions, family/friend/academic/career stressors, major life decisions, overcoming trauma, or dealing with other distressing experiences, I'm here to lend a helping hand. If you find yourself battling daily depression or anxiety, grief, or feeling completely overwhelmed to the point where functioning seems near impossible, I seek to offer my support, compassion, and guidance. Together, let's work towards the positive future you deserve.
Life often presents us with challenges that outdo our ability to effectively cope. In such moments, seeking support becomes essential. Whether you're seeking assistance in navigating through life transitions, family/friend/academic/career stressors, major life decisions, overcoming trauma, or dealing with other distressing experiences, I'm here to lend a helping hand. If you find yourself battling daily depression or anxiety, grief, or feeling completely overwhelmed to the point where functioning seems near impossible, I seek to offer my support, compassion, and guidance. Together, let's work towards the positive future you deserve.
(865) 448-5091 View (865) 448-5091
Photo of Jenee Justice Tate, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Jenee Justice Tate
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
There is no greater pain than watching your child struggle. You've read the blogs, asked your doctor, consulted with friends, but you feel no closer to understanding what is going on or how to help. You need answers and you need a roadmap to stop the suffering and get things back on track. I'm here to guide you through the darkness and uncover what your child needs to achieve their true potential. My unique approach involves identifying your child's strengths in addition to their areas of vulnerability so you know exactly what they need to thrive.
There is no greater pain than watching your child struggle. You've read the blogs, asked your doctor, consulted with friends, but you feel no closer to understanding what is going on or how to help. You need answers and you need a roadmap to stop the suffering and get things back on track. I'm here to guide you through the darkness and uncover what your child needs to achieve their true potential. My unique approach involves identifying your child's strengths in addition to their areas of vulnerability so you know exactly what they need to thrive.
(865) 737-2787 View (865) 737-2787

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Knoxville, TN

700+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Knoxville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
65% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% Aetna
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Knoxville, TN see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Knoxville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.