Therapists in Stockbridge, MA

Photo of Ariel E Katz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Ariel E Katz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSc Ed, RPT, SEP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Stockbridge, MA 01262
Currently accepting new clients! Have you noticed patterns in your life you'd like to change? Negative moods? Unexplained pain? Often these are signs of unresolved trauma. Therapy can help us understand and integrate the meaning enabling us to make changes to our behavior so that we are more successful in our personal and professional lives. I work with adults, children from as young as 2 yrs old, and families. My work is strength based, empowering people to meet personal goals, improve relationships and develop a more comfortable, meaningful life. I attend to the mind body connection. My approach is solution focused and playful.
Currently accepting new clients! Have you noticed patterns in your life you'd like to change? Negative moods? Unexplained pain? Often these are signs of unresolved trauma. Therapy can help us understand and integrate the meaning enabling us to make changes to our behavior so that we are more successful in our personal and professional lives. I work with adults, children from as young as 2 yrs old, and families. My work is strength based, empowering people to meet personal goals, improve relationships and develop a more comfortable, meaningful life. I attend to the mind body connection. My approach is solution focused and playful.
(413) 359-6793 View (413) 359-6793
Photo of Stephen A. Tournas, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Stephen A. Tournas, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW, MTS, EdM, PhD ABD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
After a twenty-year career in the education field, I am confident we can work together effectively on what has brought you to the point of reaching out for help. My style of counseling combines an awareness of how past experiences impact our thinking and behaviors with a mindfulness-based appreciation of our unchanging core. If you're in a troubling relationship I help to develop safe spaces to deepen connection and intimacy through deep listening and self-compassion. Families looking for help with teens can expect a variety of concrete approaches to engage them involving multiple family members as appropriate.
After a twenty-year career in the education field, I am confident we can work together effectively on what has brought you to the point of reaching out for help. My style of counseling combines an awareness of how past experiences impact our thinking and behaviors with a mindfulness-based appreciation of our unchanging core. If you're in a troubling relationship I help to develop safe spaces to deepen connection and intimacy through deep listening and self-compassion. Families looking for help with teens can expect a variety of concrete approaches to engage them involving multiple family members as appropriate.
(413) 239-3742 View (413) 239-3742
Photo of Dan Knauss, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Dan Knauss
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
Not accepting new clients
I provide psychotherapy focused on helping individuals better understand their struggles in an effort to create significant and meaningful change. I work collaboratively with patients to develop a treatment plan and goals for therapy that reflect the singular nature of their experience while providing a safe space to deepen their self-understanding and understanding of their relationships with others. I am primarily focused on the context for and meaning of an individual's struggles as they pursue health.
I provide psychotherapy focused on helping individuals better understand their struggles in an effort to create significant and meaningful change. I work collaboratively with patients to develop a treatment plan and goals for therapy that reflect the singular nature of their experience while providing a safe space to deepen their self-understanding and understanding of their relationships with others. I am primarily focused on the context for and meaning of an individual's struggles as they pursue health.
(413) 350-1081 View (413) 350-1081
Photo of Jane Seidlitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Jane Seidlitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262  (Online Only)
My work as an individual psychotherapist focuses on helping people develop greater self-esteem, more satisfying relationships, and greater ease and fulfillment in their lives. We work towards reducing distressing feelings, and identifying and resolving problems that stand in the way of your leading the life you would like to have. A deeper understanding of past experiences can be key to resolving unhealthy patterns of thinking and behavior. Bringing this understanding into the present, you then have tools to meet whatever occurs in daily life with greater clarity.
My work as an individual psychotherapist focuses on helping people develop greater self-esteem, more satisfying relationships, and greater ease and fulfillment in their lives. We work towards reducing distressing feelings, and identifying and resolving problems that stand in the way of your leading the life you would like to have. A deeper understanding of past experiences can be key to resolving unhealthy patterns of thinking and behavior. Bringing this understanding into the present, you then have tools to meet whatever occurs in daily life with greater clarity.
(413) 206-2258 View (413) 206-2258
Photo of Joanne Yurman, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Joanne Yurman
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
I am a clinical psychologist and a board certified psychoanalyst whose treatment focus is on empathy and in-depth appreciation of your unique experience. This creates an atmosphere of acceptance, compassion and collaboration, which helps foster a sense of trust and safety. In this environment we face your immediate concerns, as well as the repetitive patterns which may inhibit growth, satisfaction and reaching your potential. The work of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis is for us to understand and explain these themes to improve and enhance your emotional well being.
I am a clinical psychologist and a board certified psychoanalyst whose treatment focus is on empathy and in-depth appreciation of your unique experience. This creates an atmosphere of acceptance, compassion and collaboration, which helps foster a sense of trust and safety. In this environment we face your immediate concerns, as well as the repetitive patterns which may inhibit growth, satisfaction and reaching your potential. The work of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis is for us to understand and explain these themes to improve and enhance your emotional well being.
(413) 315-5164 View (413) 315-5164
Photo of Jonathan R Aronoff, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Jonathan R Aronoff
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
Integrating my training as a clinical psychologist and certified psychoanalyst with 3 decades of coaching & playing competitive soccer, I developed a unique style of integrating my passion for athleticism and team into my psychotherapy and coaching practice. While the quest for understanding the past is important to the process, achieving goals, identifying obstacles, considering options, and defining action steps is the essence of the work. "Trying" is understandable but "Doing" is essential! This approach has been particularly successful with adolescent and adult men.
Integrating my training as a clinical psychologist and certified psychoanalyst with 3 decades of coaching & playing competitive soccer, I developed a unique style of integrating my passion for athleticism and team into my psychotherapy and coaching practice. While the quest for understanding the past is important to the process, achieving goals, identifying obstacles, considering options, and defining action steps is the essence of the work. "Trying" is understandable but "Doing" is essential! This approach has been particularly successful with adolescent and adult men.
(413) 650-6168 View (413) 650-6168
Photo of Jacquelyn Harden, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Jacquelyn Harden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
If you find yourself wondering why you have the difficulties that you have and are at a loss for how to effect real change, you are not alone. Our symptoms are most often expressions of the best solutions we can find to cope with our deepest wounds. However, these solutions can become wounds of their own, and often draw us further from the sources of our suffering, leaving us feeling stuck, hopeless and confused.
If you find yourself wondering why you have the difficulties that you have and are at a loss for how to effect real change, you are not alone. Our symptoms are most often expressions of the best solutions we can find to cope with our deepest wounds. However, these solutions can become wounds of their own, and often draw us further from the sources of our suffering, leaving us feeling stuck, hopeless and confused.
(413) 369-7513 View (413) 369-7513
Photo of Amy Taylor, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Amy Taylor
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I take a developmental standpoint and work with my patients around where they have become stuck in their lives. My treatments are highly individualized based on what my patients wish to work on and what we negotiate together as treatment goals. I have experience working with a diverse range of people confronting issues such as major life transitions, experiences of adversity and trauma, and cultural adjustment.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I take a developmental standpoint and work with my patients around where they have become stuck in their lives. My treatments are highly individualized based on what my patients wish to work on and what we negotiate together as treatment goals. I have experience working with a diverse range of people confronting issues such as major life transitions, experiences of adversity and trauma, and cultural adjustment.
(413) 298-6513 View (413) 298-6513
Photo of Nancy Winston, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Nancy Winston
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262  (Online Only)
My ideal client is one who is curious about and interested in making the changes necessary to achieve their stated goals. I work with people who have reached the limits of their ways for navigating the relationships in life that are no longer satisfying, desireous or life enhancing.. These "stuck" points can be interpersonal, intrapersonal, and/or professional.
My ideal client is one who is curious about and interested in making the changes necessary to achieve their stated goals. I work with people who have reached the limits of their ways for navigating the relationships in life that are no longer satisfying, desireous or life enhancing.. These "stuck" points can be interpersonal, intrapersonal, and/or professional.
(646) 663-4509 View (646) 663-4509
Photo of Marc Aronoff, Counselor in Stockbridge, MA
Marc Aronoff
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
I believe everyone has the capacity to change and improve the quality of their life, no matter what has happened. My style of counseling combines working with insight and cognitive therapy, which explores past events in light of how the choices we now make affect well - being. I also utilize an awareness approach, whereby, getting in touch and releasing the feelings in the body helps to create a new sense of relief and empowerment.
I believe everyone has the capacity to change and improve the quality of their life, no matter what has happened. My style of counseling combines working with insight and cognitive therapy, which explores past events in light of how the choices we now make affect well - being. I also utilize an awareness approach, whereby, getting in touch and releasing the feelings in the body helps to create a new sense of relief and empowerment.
(413) 314-3539 View (413) 314-3539
Photo of Joanne Galatea Boelke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Joanne Galatea Boelke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWr, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262  (Online Only)
My desire is to help clients create a more positive and productive life experience in order to transform their lives and break the cycle of self-defeating behaviors. Life is not meant to be just endured, but enjoyed. We all deserve a chance to reach our fullest potential despite experiences which have created limited core beliefs and hold us back in self- destructive patterns of depression, anxiety, fear, and guilt. I believe that therapy should be a collaborative experience.
My desire is to help clients create a more positive and productive life experience in order to transform their lives and break the cycle of self-defeating behaviors. Life is not meant to be just endured, but enjoyed. We all deserve a chance to reach our fullest potential despite experiences which have created limited core beliefs and hold us back in self- destructive patterns of depression, anxiety, fear, and guilt. I believe that therapy should be a collaborative experience.
(413) 300-6106 View (413) 300-6106
Photo of Edward A Bevan, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Edward A Bevan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
Providing care for people encountering problems with substance use, anxiety, OCD, depression, and sleep issues. Psychological science combined with care and compassion can be very helpful in finding ways to move forward with these difficult experiences. Acceptance-based behavioral therapies focus on building skills and developing new patterns of behavior that can deepen a sense of meaning and engagement with life.
Providing care for people encountering problems with substance use, anxiety, OCD, depression, and sleep issues. Psychological science combined with care and compassion can be very helpful in finding ways to move forward with these difficult experiences. Acceptance-based behavioral therapies focus on building skills and developing new patterns of behavior that can deepen a sense of meaning and engagement with life.
(570) 795-5559 View (570) 795-5559
Photo of Valerie A Sheehan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Valerie A Sheehan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262  (Online Only)
Are you struggling just to get through the day? Do you look to others for approval? Do you feel uncomfortable in your own skin? Do you lack the courage to be your "authentic self"? Have you been acting "as if" you're okay, but really feel like you're "not good enough", "defective", and "unlovable"? Do you feel hopeless? I'd like to help. I am a compassionate and interactive therapist who will provide a safe, and non-judgemental environment where you can safely explore your feelings and develop curiosity about your life. Let me help you rediscover your strengths, your authentic self and your unique truth.
Are you struggling just to get through the day? Do you look to others for approval? Do you feel uncomfortable in your own skin? Do you lack the courage to be your "authentic self"? Have you been acting "as if" you're okay, but really feel like you're "not good enough", "defective", and "unlovable"? Do you feel hopeless? I'd like to help. I am a compassionate and interactive therapist who will provide a safe, and non-judgemental environment where you can safely explore your feelings and develop curiosity about your life. Let me help you rediscover your strengths, your authentic self and your unique truth.
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Photo of Michael Guthrie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Michael Guthrie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
Men and women who appear to benefit the most from working with me are those who arrive via their own motivation. They are clear that something is not working for them and they are open to investigating what might move them forward. Having curiosity as well as a willingness to expand their "comfort zone" contributes to a successful outcome. It is my intention to assist a client in expanding their understanding of their situation, others and themselves. Being "mindful" is more than a slogan; learning to be with things as they are or make changes adds greatly to well-being.
Men and women who appear to benefit the most from working with me are those who arrive via their own motivation. They are clear that something is not working for them and they are open to investigating what might move them forward. Having curiosity as well as a willingness to expand their "comfort zone" contributes to a successful outcome. It is my intention to assist a client in expanding their understanding of their situation, others and themselves. Being "mindful" is more than a slogan; learning to be with things as they are or make changes adds greatly to well-being.
(413) 931-3185 View (413) 931-3185
Photo of Donna Jacobs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Donna Jacobs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
Not accepting new clients
I've learned in over thirty-five years in the field that anyone who wants change can benefit from a therapy that is geared toward increased self-awareness. Psychotherapy is an empowering experience that helps people improve relationships, reach higher income, quality of life, and educational goals. Understanding the world we live in, and who we are, is a key to open those doors to greater satisfaction, fewer frustrations, and a greater sense of possibilites. Therapy can, and should produce answers to questions about why things are not working out, and what actually does work
I've learned in over thirty-five years in the field that anyone who wants change can benefit from a therapy that is geared toward increased self-awareness. Psychotherapy is an empowering experience that helps people improve relationships, reach higher income, quality of life, and educational goals. Understanding the world we live in, and who we are, is a key to open those doors to greater satisfaction, fewer frustrations, and a greater sense of possibilites. Therapy can, and should produce answers to questions about why things are not working out, and what actually does work
(413) 315-5103 View (413) 315-5103
Photo of Susan B Winston, Marriage & Family Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Susan B Winston
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
SHIFT HAPPENS. You cannot stop the changing tide . Follow your passion, change your career, rebuild self-esteem, strengthen relationships, control addiction, delete stress, find balance in your life. You need a therapist who has first hand experience and empathic approach to make you successful. There is no SINGLE method that works for all people. I focus on the individual needs and responses of my clients to ensure that they are free of cookie-cutter therapeutic approaches or psyhchobabble, where the individual always counts first. You owe it to yourself to experience the strength you can gain from the right guide.
SHIFT HAPPENS. You cannot stop the changing tide . Follow your passion, change your career, rebuild self-esteem, strengthen relationships, control addiction, delete stress, find balance in your life. You need a therapist who has first hand experience and empathic approach to make you successful. There is no SINGLE method that works for all people. I focus on the individual needs and responses of my clients to ensure that they are free of cookie-cutter therapeutic approaches or psyhchobabble, where the individual always counts first. You owe it to yourself to experience the strength you can gain from the right guide.
(818) 293-0114 View (818) 293-0114
Photo of Rachel E. Jadkowski, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Rachel E. Jadkowski
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Offering individual therapy sessions in Massachusetts and Vermont. Freud believed that the goal of psychoanalysis is to free a person to love and to work. Similarly, I see therapy as a process of liberation that frees one to love and contribute to the world. The liberation of one person, sparks liberation in the rest of the world too. I believe that each of us has a unique contribution to make in the world. I see therapy as a process of freeing people to love and contribute. By liberating ourselves, we liberate others.
Offering individual therapy sessions in Massachusetts and Vermont. Freud believed that the goal of psychoanalysis is to free a person to love and to work. Similarly, I see therapy as a process of liberation that frees one to love and contribute to the world. The liberation of one person, sparks liberation in the rest of the world too. I believe that each of us has a unique contribution to make in the world. I see therapy as a process of freeing people to love and contribute. By liberating ourselves, we liberate others.
(802) 552-8902 View (802) 552-8902
Photo of Cate Wolff in Stockbridge, MA
Cate Wolff
MEd , TCTSY-F
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
It is possible for all people to affect change in their lives, and to feel more contentment and empowerment, no matter your age or how long you have been struggling. Congratulations on having the courage to reach out. We all need support in navigating life and asking for help is the first step in that direction. The individuals and couples that are seeking my services are looking for guidance in communicating with family members and significant others, decision-making, coping with depression and anxiety, challenging patterns due to past trauma, and support in making changes in any area of life.
It is possible for all people to affect change in their lives, and to feel more contentment and empowerment, no matter your age or how long you have been struggling. Congratulations on having the courage to reach out. We all need support in navigating life and asking for help is the first step in that direction. The individuals and couples that are seeking my services are looking for guidance in communicating with family members and significant others, decision-making, coping with depression and anxiety, challenging patterns due to past trauma, and support in making changes in any area of life.
(413) 344-2209 View (413) 344-2209
Photo of Avery R Klotsche, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stockbridge, MA
Avery R Klotsche
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262  (Online Only)
Life transitions often lead us to feel overwhelmed. While people close to us may be supportive, we may not always feel able to share with them our doubts and discomfort. Whether we’re holding our own or a loved one's sexuality or gender identity; navigating changes in our primary relationships, or reflecting on adverse experiences, having a safe space to reflect and process is invaluable. My practice serves adult clients who have struggled with anxiety, live with trauma or grief, or who experience the world as members or allies of the LGBTQ+ community. My approach is conversational, strengths-based, and results-oriented.
Life transitions often lead us to feel overwhelmed. While people close to us may be supportive, we may not always feel able to share with them our doubts and discomfort. Whether we’re holding our own or a loved one's sexuality or gender identity; navigating changes in our primary relationships, or reflecting on adverse experiences, having a safe space to reflect and process is invaluable. My practice serves adult clients who have struggled with anxiety, live with trauma or grief, or who experience the world as members or allies of the LGBTQ+ community. My approach is conversational, strengths-based, and results-oriented.
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Photo of Richard Borofsky, Psychologist in Stockbridge, MA
Richard Borofsky
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
Stockbridge, MA 01262
A deep and enduring intimacy is one of life's greatest treasures. Richard Borofsky is a couples therapist whose special gift is to help couples learn how to consciously enter into the experience of being present in a way that makes it possible for them to reconnect, to open their hearts and to transform hurts, resentments and mistrust into a deeper, more compassionate and lasting connection. Along with his wife Antra Borofsky, his partner for over 50 years, he also offers retreats and workshops for couples called, "Being Together: The Art of Loving."
A deep and enduring intimacy is one of life's greatest treasures. Richard Borofsky is a couples therapist whose special gift is to help couples learn how to consciously enter into the experience of being present in a way that makes it possible for them to reconnect, to open their hearts and to transform hurts, resentments and mistrust into a deeper, more compassionate and lasting connection. Along with his wife Antra Borofsky, his partner for over 50 years, he also offers retreats and workshops for couples called, "Being Together: The Art of Loving."
(617) 682-9182 View (617) 682-9182

See more therapy options for Stockbridge

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Stockbridge, MA

20+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Stockbridge, MA who prioritize treating:

95% Relationship Issues
90% Anxiety
86% Depression
86% Grief
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Self Esteem
62% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

25 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
70% Optum

How Therapists in Stockbridge, MA see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

60% Female
35% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Stockbridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.