Therapists in Mililani, HI

Photo of Gina Leong Samala - Mililani Psychology Group, Psychologist, PsyD
Mililani Psychology Group
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Mililani, HI 96789
We serve clients with a wide range of needs, ensuring specialized and integrated care given our experienced group of multidisciplinary providers. We serve those struggling with AD/HD, learning disorders, giftedness, adjustment stress, anxiety, trauma, and depression. We also offer brief workshops and therapies to provide targeted skills as needed (ADHD training, anxiety, EMDR, testing, medication).
We serve clients with a wide range of needs, ensuring specialized and integrated care given our experienced group of multidisciplinary providers. We serve those struggling with AD/HD, learning disorders, giftedness, adjustment stress, anxiety, trauma, and depression. We also offer brief workshops and therapies to provide targeted skills as needed (ADHD training, anxiety, EMDR, testing, medication).
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Photo of Maile Kimura Ho, Marriage & Family Therapist, NCC, CSAC, LMHC, LMFT, BCBA
Maile Kimura Ho
Marriage & Family Therapist, NCC, CSAC, LMHC, LMFT, BCBA
Verified Verified
Mililani, HI 96789
Hello! Thank you for stopping by. Taking the steps to identify the desire for support and to reach out to someone to seek guidance takes a lot of courage. Counseling can be intimidating; however, my goal is to provide a space that embodies safety, comfort, and growth. I view the therapeutic relationship as a collaborative one which requires active participation from all parties. My methodologies will vary based on individual needs.
Hello! Thank you for stopping by. Taking the steps to identify the desire for support and to reach out to someone to seek guidance takes a lot of courage. Counseling can be intimidating; however, my goal is to provide a space that embodies safety, comfort, and growth. I view the therapeutic relationship as a collaborative one which requires active participation from all parties. My methodologies will vary based on individual needs.
(808) 435-7129 View (808) 435-7129
Photo of Dawn Martin, Counselor, LCMHC
Dawn Martin
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Aloha! My name is Dawn Martin, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor here in Hawai'i. I work mostly with those needing support around trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship stress, and life stage transition. I would define my therapy approach to be a client centered holistic approach, incorporating psychedelic-assisted healing and integration as a tool towards transformation. I work mostly with adults, both individually and as couples, who are interested in self-discovery, shifting thought patterns, and/or searching for different ways to heal.
Aloha! My name is Dawn Martin, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor here in Hawai'i. I work mostly with those needing support around trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship stress, and life stage transition. I would define my therapy approach to be a client centered holistic approach, incorporating psychedelic-assisted healing and integration as a tool towards transformation. I work mostly with adults, both individually and as couples, who are interested in self-discovery, shifting thought patterns, and/or searching for different ways to heal.
(808) 736-1426 View (808) 736-1426
Photo of Tamickco Jackson, MA, LMHC
Tamickco Jackson
MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
With a passion for working with people, I welcome you to Mana'o Counseling Services. As a therapist, my goal is to help you navigate through obstacles that may be making it difficult for you to be your best self. My experience includes working with adults as they are maneuvering through difficult transitional stages. As a military veteran I am especially compassionate and familiar with the unique lifestyle that comes with serving our country. Additionally, as a long time Hawaii resident I am knowledgeable of some of the challenges that can sometimes come with living in Hawaii.
With a passion for working with people, I welcome you to Mana'o Counseling Services. As a therapist, my goal is to help you navigate through obstacles that may be making it difficult for you to be your best self. My experience includes working with adults as they are maneuvering through difficult transitional stages. As a military veteran I am especially compassionate and familiar with the unique lifestyle that comes with serving our country. Additionally, as a long time Hawaii resident I am knowledgeable of some of the challenges that can sometimes come with living in Hawaii.
(808) 400-9620 View (808) 400-9620
Photo of Alex Kiryakakis, Counselor, LCMHC
Alex Kiryakakis
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, I'm Alex Kiryakakis. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Hawaii. I've been working in the field of mental health for over fifteen years, with the last four spent in clinical practice. I enjoy addressing the overwhelm of life's normal, as well as unexpected, challenges, and finding ways to tackle big questions, as well as focus on solutions for the here and now. While taking from a variety of approaches, I most often work from an ACT, existential, and person-centered approach to therapy.
Hi, I'm Alex Kiryakakis. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Hawaii. I've been working in the field of mental health for over fifteen years, with the last four spent in clinical practice. I enjoy addressing the overwhelm of life's normal, as well as unexpected, challenges, and finding ways to tackle big questions, as well as focus on solutions for the here and now. While taking from a variety of approaches, I most often work from an ACT, existential, and person-centered approach to therapy.
(808) 353-5263 View (808) 353-5263
Photo of Robin Hall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Robin Hall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I work with people to over-come challenges associated with anxiety/depression, trauma, PTSD, ADD/ADHD, identity. Together we will discover your hopes and dreams and I will help you work towards letting go of what is holding you back so you are able to reach towards the life you dream of.
I work with people to over-come challenges associated with anxiety/depression, trauma, PTSD, ADD/ADHD, identity. Together we will discover your hopes and dreams and I will help you work towards letting go of what is holding you back so you are able to reach towards the life you dream of.
(808) 755-3477 View (808) 755-3477
Photo of Lingyi (Lexie) Zhu, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lingyi (Lexie) Zhu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
You crave intimacy, yet you are constantly feeling hurt and frustrated in relationships; You seek purpose in life, yet you feel empty and numb inside most of the time; You are trying to get rid of the past, yet the trauma legacy is haunting you to the present. You understand the benefits of psychotherapy, yet you want to make sure there is enough safety and stability in the therapy space before you start. If it sounds like you, I believe I can help.
You crave intimacy, yet you are constantly feeling hurt and frustrated in relationships; You seek purpose in life, yet you feel empty and numb inside most of the time; You are trying to get rid of the past, yet the trauma legacy is haunting you to the present. You understand the benefits of psychotherapy, yet you want to make sure there is enough safety and stability in the therapy space before you start. If it sounds like you, I believe I can help.
(808) 755-3713 View (808) 755-3713
Photo of Bridget Carranza, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, IMH-E®
Bridget Carranza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, IMH-E®
Verified Verified
Online Only
Life can be challenging and unpredictable. Experiences such as the loss of a loved one, parenting struggles, unwanted feelings and memories, difficult life transitions can leave us feeling overwhelmed. It can be hard to know where to start; and you do not have to do it alone. Therapy can be a meaningful and messy process, my goal in therapy is to establish a warm, safe, and supportive environment to work through it all. We will collaborate on goals that are meaningful for you, and I will provided resources and support to empower your achievement of goals.
Life can be challenging and unpredictable. Experiences such as the loss of a loved one, parenting struggles, unwanted feelings and memories, difficult life transitions can leave us feeling overwhelmed. It can be hard to know where to start; and you do not have to do it alone. Therapy can be a meaningful and messy process, my goal in therapy is to establish a warm, safe, and supportive environment to work through it all. We will collaborate on goals that are meaningful for you, and I will provided resources and support to empower your achievement of goals.
(808) 400-4182 View (808) 400-4182
Photo of Bridget Duncan, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Bridget Duncan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Aloha! I specialize in systemically focused treatment with individuals, couples, and families as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have excellent counseling abilities as well as an instinctive grasp of interpersonal familial dynamics, which has helped my clients get a deeper understanding of their behaviors and progress toward their therapeutic goals. I typically work with couples and individuals who are motivated to learn more about their behaviors and are motivated towards their healing. I work well with clients experiencing grief, anxiety, low-self-esteem and those who need help setting healthy boundaries.
Aloha! I specialize in systemically focused treatment with individuals, couples, and families as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have excellent counseling abilities as well as an instinctive grasp of interpersonal familial dynamics, which has helped my clients get a deeper understanding of their behaviors and progress toward their therapeutic goals. I typically work with couples and individuals who are motivated to learn more about their behaviors and are motivated towards their healing. I work well with clients experiencing grief, anxiety, low-self-esteem and those who need help setting healthy boundaries.
(808) 649-3110 View (808) 649-3110
Photo of Rachel Jenkins-Stevens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Rachel Jenkins-Stevens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am particularly good at helping people with difficulties and dissatisfactions in their relationships; relationships with family, friends, coworkers, and with romantic partners, or lack thereof. Many of these relationships come down to how we interact with ourselves. What we want and need to feel safe, happy, secure and interested. If you are struggling in relationships I can help you clarify your feelings and needs and think about how to get more of what you want. My approach is compassionate, engaging, warm, intelligent, gently direct, and infused with humor when appropriate.
I am particularly good at helping people with difficulties and dissatisfactions in their relationships; relationships with family, friends, coworkers, and with romantic partners, or lack thereof. Many of these relationships come down to how we interact with ourselves. What we want and need to feel safe, happy, secure and interested. If you are struggling in relationships I can help you clarify your feelings and needs and think about how to get more of what you want. My approach is compassionate, engaging, warm, intelligent, gently direct, and infused with humor when appropriate.
(808) 515-3328 View (808) 515-3328
Photo of Emma Burrows, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Emma Burrows
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, I’m Emma Burrows, MA, LMFT (MFT-796). I am an expressive arts therapist and coach and I offer compassionate guidance and deep listening. My additional training and background in depth-oriented Sand play Therapy, yoga and Ayurveda, informs the holistic framework I bring to my work with clients. I enjoy co-creating space for meaning making and healing, working through stuck areas together, and developing creative tools for managing life's stressors. I bring a calm, compassionate, creative and non-judgmental approach to my work with individuals and families. I would describe my energy as grounded, gentle, supportive, and curious.
Hi, I’m Emma Burrows, MA, LMFT (MFT-796). I am an expressive arts therapist and coach and I offer compassionate guidance and deep listening. My additional training and background in depth-oriented Sand play Therapy, yoga and Ayurveda, informs the holistic framework I bring to my work with clients. I enjoy co-creating space for meaning making and healing, working through stuck areas together, and developing creative tools for managing life's stressors. I bring a calm, compassionate, creative and non-judgmental approach to my work with individuals and families. I would describe my energy as grounded, gentle, supportive, and curious.
(808) 746-7252 View (808) 746-7252
Photo of Sherman Serna, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Sherman Serna
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mililani, HI 96789
Life isn’t what you thought it would be. It can be overwhelming and we can all feel disconnected from our family, our relationships, even ourselves. Perhaps you are struggling with family issues, marital conflict, or life stresses. These can affect our relationships, the way we parent, and even our work performance. I am a marriage and family therapist who can help you explore and change the patterns and behaviors that keep you from feeling connected and building quality relationships.
Life isn’t what you thought it would be. It can be overwhelming and we can all feel disconnected from our family, our relationships, even ourselves. Perhaps you are struggling with family issues, marital conflict, or life stresses. These can affect our relationships, the way we parent, and even our work performance. I am a marriage and family therapist who can help you explore and change the patterns and behaviors that keep you from feeling connected and building quality relationships.
(808) 646-6772 View (808) 646-6772
Photo of Noreen Joyce, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Noreen Joyce
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Aloha! I am Noreen Joyce, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have been working with people for many years to help them live their best life with certainty and peace. I was classically trained in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Through the years, I have learned and utilized many effective therapeutic approaches that we will discuss together to choose the best approach for you to achieve your therapy goals.
Aloha! I am Noreen Joyce, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have been working with people for many years to help them live their best life with certainty and peace. I was classically trained in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Through the years, I have learned and utilized many effective therapeutic approaches that we will discuss together to choose the best approach for you to achieve your therapy goals.
(808) 353-5491 View (808) 353-5491
Photo of Miranda Stone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Miranda Stone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, my name is Miranda Stone, and I am an LCSW practicing in the state of Hawaii, providing therapy services to residents on all the islands via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in treating anxiety, past trauma, depression, self-worth/self-love, OCD, those with past domestic violence and bullying experiences, substance use, and stress. My primary approach is to use cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and some psychodynamic psychology. I like to take a collaborative approach to therapy, continuously checking in with you and making it person-centered.
Hi, my name is Miranda Stone, and I am an LCSW practicing in the state of Hawaii, providing therapy services to residents on all the islands via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in treating anxiety, past trauma, depression, self-worth/self-love, OCD, those with past domestic violence and bullying experiences, substance use, and stress. My primary approach is to use cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and some psychodynamic psychology. I like to take a collaborative approach to therapy, continuously checking in with you and making it person-centered.
(808) 353-6702 View (808) 353-6702
Photo of Renee Rugile, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Renee Rugile
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
My name is Renee Rugile and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who can help you clarify what's truly important and meaningful to you. We create a safe space for you to reconnect with who you are at the core, allowing you to become your most authentic self. My therapeutic approach includes re-discovering strengths, increasing awareness towards ourselves and our emotions, and reconnecting with your personal values. I integrate a myriad of relevant complementary techniques ensuring treatment is tailored to address your specific concerns and needs.
My name is Renee Rugile and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who can help you clarify what's truly important and meaningful to you. We create a safe space for you to reconnect with who you are at the core, allowing you to become your most authentic self. My therapeutic approach includes re-discovering strengths, increasing awareness towards ourselves and our emotions, and reconnecting with your personal values. I integrate a myriad of relevant complementary techniques ensuring treatment is tailored to address your specific concerns and needs.
(808) 646-3240 View (808) 646-3240
Photo of Charnay Gima, Counselor, LMHC
Charnay Gima
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Aloha! My name is Charnay Gima. I am a licensed mental health counselor in Hawai'i with over 5 years of experience. I have worked with various clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, dual diagnoses, bipolar, PTSD, substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. I've also helped many individuals who have experienced grief, self-esteem issues, and emotional abuse. I've worked with a wide range of clients from ages 6 to our wise population. I've worked predominately with dual diagnoses from depression, anxiety to DID and PTSD, even substance abuse.
Aloha! My name is Charnay Gima. I am a licensed mental health counselor in Hawai'i with over 5 years of experience. I have worked with various clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, dual diagnoses, bipolar, PTSD, substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. I've also helped many individuals who have experienced grief, self-esteem issues, and emotional abuse. I've worked with a wide range of clients from ages 6 to our wise population. I've worked predominately with dual diagnoses from depression, anxiety to DID and PTSD, even substance abuse.
(808) 201-1939 View (808) 201-1939
Photo of Kelsi Yonting, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Kelsi Yonting
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
One thing constant about life is change. Sometimes it's a breeze to adapt to it and other times it takes courage to ask for help. Having a sense of really being heard, understood and supported is important in having a fulfilling life. Through working together, we can identify how ways of thinking can affect the way you feel, figure out goals and strengthen relationship skills. Therapy can help you to heal pains from the past, provide a greater self-awareness, and incease self-esteem.
One thing constant about life is change. Sometimes it's a breeze to adapt to it and other times it takes courage to ask for help. Having a sense of really being heard, understood and supported is important in having a fulfilling life. Through working together, we can identify how ways of thinking can affect the way you feel, figure out goals and strengthen relationship skills. Therapy can help you to heal pains from the past, provide a greater self-awareness, and incease self-esteem.
(808) 646-7021 View (808) 646-7021
Photo of Jennifer McCormick - Jennifer McCormick - NOCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jennifer McCormick - NOCD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a therapist, I adapt my approach to fit our treatment goals—sometimes gentle, sometimes more direct. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for OCD. Our deep understanding of its nuances enables us to properly diagnose and treat it. We have received intensive training in Exposure Response and Prevention Therapy (ERP)—the gold standard treatment for OCD. When you start with NOCD Therapy, you’ll either work with me or be paired with one of my colleagues, based on your preferences and availability. We’ll create a personalized treatment plan to help you achieve your goals.
As a therapist, I adapt my approach to fit our treatment goals—sometimes gentle, sometimes more direct. At NOCD, my team and I specialize in providing evidence-based treatment for OCD. Our deep understanding of its nuances enables us to properly diagnose and treat it. We have received intensive training in Exposure Response and Prevention Therapy (ERP)—the gold standard treatment for OCD. When you start with NOCD Therapy, you’ll either work with me or be paired with one of my colleagues, based on your preferences and availability. We’ll create a personalized treatment plan to help you achieve your goals.
(808) 400-5666 View (808) 400-5666
Photo of Kori Kiesel-Weatherford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kori Kiesel-Weatherford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Aloha, my name is Kori Kiesel-Weatherford. I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) for over 16 years and a Social Worker for 22 years. I am also a Board-Certified Diplomate of Clinical Social Worker (BCD). I approach therapy as a collaborative effort to move you to health and meet your mental health goals. I have focused my clinical practice on the treatment of military trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, transitional life stressors to include relationship and employment stressors. This provider resides in Hawaii.
Aloha, my name is Kori Kiesel-Weatherford. I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) for over 16 years and a Social Worker for 22 years. I am also a Board-Certified Diplomate of Clinical Social Worker (BCD). I approach therapy as a collaborative effort to move you to health and meet your mental health goals. I have focused my clinical practice on the treatment of military trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, transitional life stressors to include relationship and employment stressors. This provider resides in Hawaii.
(808) 320-1180 View (808) 320-1180
Photo of Angelina Yamaguchi, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Angelina Yamaguchi
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You're feeling disconnected or not quite yourself and you fear something might be wrong with you or you question if you'll ever feel better. Maybe you thought that no one quite understands what you are going through and you are searching for some light at the end of this dark overwhelming tunnel. You are ready to reach out and take that first step.
You're feeling disconnected or not quite yourself and you fear something might be wrong with you or you question if you'll ever feel better. Maybe you thought that no one quite understands what you are going through and you are searching for some light at the end of this dark overwhelming tunnel. You are ready to reach out and take that first step.
(808) 793-6213 View (808) 793-6213
1
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mililani, HI

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Mililani, HI who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
82% Coping Skills
81% Depression
72% Self Esteem
70% Stress
64% Life Transitions
61% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
81% Aetna
81% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Mililani, HI see their clients

86% Online Only
14% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

79% Female
21% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mililani?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.