Therapists in North Carolina

View cities and counties in North Carolina
Photo of Miller Counseling Services, PC, Counselor in North Carolina
Miller Counseling Services, PC
Counselor, PhD, NCC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27601  (Online Only)
Miller Counseling Services, PC provides compassionate clinical counseling services for adults with the desire to promote healing in the whole person: emotional, spiritual, cognitive, physical and relational. It is Dr. Susan Miller's desire to help individuals improve relationships, find balance, and seek wellness in order to realize full potential and purpose in their lives. Dr. Miller also blends creative art experiences, somatic practices, spiritual direction, mindfulness meditation and energy healing with other therapeutic approaches to facilitate healing of the body, mind and spirit.
Miller Counseling Services, PC provides compassionate clinical counseling services for adults with the desire to promote healing in the whole person: emotional, spiritual, cognitive, physical and relational. It is Dr. Susan Miller's desire to help individuals improve relationships, find balance, and seek wellness in order to realize full potential and purpose in their lives. Dr. Miller also blends creative art experiences, somatic practices, spiritual direction, mindfulness meditation and energy healing with other therapeutic approaches to facilitate healing of the body, mind and spirit.
(919) 275-2070 View (919) 275-2070
Photo of The International Center for Wellness PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Carolina
The International Center for Wellness PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-CP, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NC 28025  (Online Only)
The Center for Wellness PLLC is a small group practice dedicated in providing high quality care tailored to meet your individual needs. Our goal is to provide an intimate environment that is safe, supportive and confidential. We offer a wide variety of experience working with many different life challenges. We will walk with you through your journey and work with you to restore health, hope and healing holistically. Lekeshia Lynch, founder and clinical director of the Center for Wellness is a graduate of the University of South Carolina-Columbia. She has over 25 years experience in the field of health/mental health and addiction.
The Center for Wellness PLLC is a small group practice dedicated in providing high quality care tailored to meet your individual needs. Our goal is to provide an intimate environment that is safe, supportive and confidential. We offer a wide variety of experience working with many different life challenges. We will walk with you through your journey and work with you to restore health, hope and healing holistically. Lekeshia Lynch, founder and clinical director of the Center for Wellness is a graduate of the University of South Carolina-Columbia. She has over 25 years experience in the field of health/mental health and addiction.
(704) 327-5647 x101 View (704) 327-5647 x101
Photo of McKayla Demulling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Carolina
McKayla Demulling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28277  (Online Only)
Counseling should be a safe and judgment-free place for individuals to voice their concerns. In a world where we are constantly judged, I feel that counseling provides a unique place to allow for personal understanding and growth while reflecting on what drives our concerns, emotions, and behaviors. The counseling journey should be a joint partnership to help the client realize their own potential for growth. I use a variety of therapeutic interventions that are centered around each individual.
Counseling should be a safe and judgment-free place for individuals to voice their concerns. In a world where we are constantly judged, I feel that counseling provides a unique place to allow for personal understanding and growth while reflecting on what drives our concerns, emotions, and behaviors. The counseling journey should be a joint partnership to help the client realize their own potential for growth. I use a variety of therapeutic interventions that are centered around each individual.
(704) 610-4793 View (704) 610-4793
Photo of Alysha M Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Carolina
Alysha M Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Greensboro, NC 27401
Update 01/20/2023- Website is currently experiencing technical difficulties, however, I AM taking new clients, please email and/or call me and I will get back with you as soon as possible. I completely understand that sometimes life happens and we aren't sure what to do or how to show up. My goal is to be your cheerleader! Empowering and educating you to consistently show up in life. Therapy, simply put, is having someone to assist you in organizing your thoughts, to remind you of things that you know you know, and to educate and challenge your perspective, while also empowering you in the midst of life happening.
Update 01/20/2023- Website is currently experiencing technical difficulties, however, I AM taking new clients, please email and/or call me and I will get back with you as soon as possible. I completely understand that sometimes life happens and we aren't sure what to do or how to show up. My goal is to be your cheerleader! Empowering and educating you to consistently show up in life. Therapy, simply put, is having someone to assist you in organizing your thoughts, to remind you of things that you know you know, and to educate and challenge your perspective, while also empowering you in the midst of life happening.
(336) 444-6920 View (336) 444-6920
Photo of Celeste Schmidt, Counselor in North Carolina
Celeste Schmidt
Counselor, MS, LCMHC, LCAS, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Matthews, NC 28105
Do you often feel overwhelmed by the world we currently live in? Do you have trouble regulating your emotions, feeling motivated, or feel "stuck" because of things that have happened to you in the past? I am trained in DBT and EMDR and work with individuals who are struggling with mood disorders, life transitions, and past trauma. I would love the opportunity to work alongside you on your healing journey. I want to give you the safe space needed to process what's going on and provide skills to help you become more adaptive.
Do you often feel overwhelmed by the world we currently live in? Do you have trouble regulating your emotions, feeling motivated, or feel "stuck" because of things that have happened to you in the past? I am trained in DBT and EMDR and work with individuals who are struggling with mood disorders, life transitions, and past trauma. I would love the opportunity to work alongside you on your healing journey. I want to give you the safe space needed to process what's going on and provide skills to help you become more adaptive.
(704) 327-0429 View (704) 327-0429
Photo of Torrie L. Powell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Carolina
Torrie L. Powell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA, LCASA
Verified Verified
Fayetteville, NC 28306  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Embark on your transformative journey with us! If you're seeking the path to self-discovery, you've found the perfect space. We meet you exactly where you are, tailoring achievable goals to your unique needs. Specializing in supporting women dealing with trauma, anxiety, and depression, our environment fosters personal growth. Ready to embrace the next chapter of your life? Reach out to start this empowering journey with a simple call. I'm here to guide you, making the process engaging and encouraging your journey towards positive change.
Embark on your transformative journey with us! If you're seeking the path to self-discovery, you've found the perfect space. We meet you exactly where you are, tailoring achievable goals to your unique needs. Specializing in supporting women dealing with trauma, anxiety, and depression, our environment fosters personal growth. Ready to embrace the next chapter of your life? Reach out to start this empowering journey with a simple call. I'm here to guide you, making the process engaging and encouraging your journey towards positive change.
(910) 601-9545 View (910) 601-9545
Photo of Aaliyah Wilson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in North Carolina
Aaliyah Wilson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mooresville, NC 28117
Are you struggling to navigate through life transitions or relational stressors? Are you a parent of a teen dealing with issues such as self esteem, body shaming, social anxiety and peer pressure? Are you a young adult challenged with self confidence in decision making and experiencing relationship concerns? Growing up is hard for most of us. In each phase of life, there are new responsibilities and trials to overcome, and because we’ve never done them before it can feel like defeat. You may be struggling with becoming older and the aspects that come with it and wondering how you can overcome these trials.
Are you struggling to navigate through life transitions or relational stressors? Are you a parent of a teen dealing with issues such as self esteem, body shaming, social anxiety and peer pressure? Are you a young adult challenged with self confidence in decision making and experiencing relationship concerns? Growing up is hard for most of us. In each phase of life, there are new responsibilities and trials to overcome, and because we’ve never done them before it can feel like defeat. You may be struggling with becoming older and the aspects that come with it and wondering how you can overcome these trials.
(980) 294-3161 View (980) 294-3161
Photo of Meredith Williams, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in North Carolina
Meredith Williams
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Taking the first step for therapy should not be minimized. We will work together from start to finish, to uncover the best version of yourself. The foundation of my work is client-centered and trauma-focused, which concentrates on establishing trust and respect in order for change to occur. I have experience working with individuals who have endured trauma and as a result struggle with anxiety, depression, PTSD, eating disorders, and other mental health concerns. I also have a passion for working with individuals from the LGBTQ community and struggle with the unfortunate anxieties of marginalization.
Taking the first step for therapy should not be minimized. We will work together from start to finish, to uncover the best version of yourself. The foundation of my work is client-centered and trauma-focused, which concentrates on establishing trust and respect in order for change to occur. I have experience working with individuals who have endured trauma and as a result struggle with anxiety, depression, PTSD, eating disorders, and other mental health concerns. I also have a passion for working with individuals from the LGBTQ community and struggle with the unfortunate anxieties of marginalization.
(984) 364-8722 View (984) 364-8722
Photo of Matt Turner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Carolina
Matt Turner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fayetteville, NC 28303  (Online Only)
I have spent the last 5 1/2 years working in a clinic that served military families, and I am passionate about treating service members, veterans and military families. I am especially skilled in assessing and treating PTSD through Prolonged Exposure, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing or Cognitive Processing Therapy. In addition to PTSD, I am experienced with couples therapy as well as treating depression, anxiety, suicidal ideations, substance use or co-occurring disorders. My professional history includes outpatient private practice with children, adolescents and adults and in inpatient psychiatric hospitals.
I have spent the last 5 1/2 years working in a clinic that served military families, and I am passionate about treating service members, veterans and military families. I am especially skilled in assessing and treating PTSD through Prolonged Exposure, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing or Cognitive Processing Therapy. In addition to PTSD, I am experienced with couples therapy as well as treating depression, anxiety, suicidal ideations, substance use or co-occurring disorders. My professional history includes outpatient private practice with children, adolescents and adults and in inpatient psychiatric hospitals.
(910) 708-4549 View (910) 708-4549
Photo of Kristie Papuchis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Carolina
Kristie Papuchis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516  (Online Only)
I have a passion for helping children, adolescents, and adults achieve their fullest potential in life. My upbeat, empathetic, and compassionate personality helps me to connect with individuals and build strong therapeutic relationships. My clients are everyday people that need help with life’s challenges.
I have a passion for helping children, adolescents, and adults achieve their fullest potential in life. My upbeat, empathetic, and compassionate personality helps me to connect with individuals and build strong therapeutic relationships. My clients are everyday people that need help with life’s challenges.
(954) 932-8703 View (954) 932-8703
Photo of Rose S Jerome, Counselor in North Carolina
Rose S Jerome
Counselor, MEd, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27606  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As a therapist, I believe in a genuine, nonjudgemental approach to the therapist-client relationship. I respect the courage, energy and time it takes you to make the effort to begin counseling. The fact that you’re visiting this site is the first step! So let’s collaborate in a way that is meaningful to you.
As a therapist, I believe in a genuine, nonjudgemental approach to the therapist-client relationship. I respect the courage, energy and time it takes you to make the effort to begin counseling. The fact that you’re visiting this site is the first step! So let’s collaborate in a way that is meaningful to you.
View
Photo of Janet Reading, Marriage & Family Therapist in North Carolina
Janet Reading
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, , LMFT
Verified Verified
Hickory, NC 28601  (Online Only)
In my counseling practice, I focus on assisting those who are transitioning out of previously intimate relationships and support them as they seek to redefine and rediscover themselves as individuals. This process often involves re-examining one’s self-esteem, self-worth, values, and emotional security, all of which may have been threatened or damaged in former relationships. It is my firmly held clinical and personal belief that, following the ending of a relationship, we all have the choice as to whether we become bitter, or even better, as a result of our life’s experiences.
In my counseling practice, I focus on assisting those who are transitioning out of previously intimate relationships and support them as they seek to redefine and rediscover themselves as individuals. This process often involves re-examining one’s self-esteem, self-worth, values, and emotional security, all of which may have been threatened or damaged in former relationships. It is my firmly held clinical and personal belief that, following the ending of a relationship, we all have the choice as to whether we become bitter, or even better, as a result of our life’s experiences.
(828) 944-8021 View (828) 944-8021
Photo of Michael Clark-Borenstein, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in North Carolina
Michael Clark-Borenstein
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Indian Trail, NC 28079
Everyone faces difficulties throughout life, sometimes it can be tough to go through those tough times alone. I am here to give support. I want to be able to provide a space where you can feel comfortable and safe. My passion is helping those with anxiety, depression, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and other life stressors. During the process we will go outside the office for a walk or to play games or use interactive activities inside. My certified service dog can also assist me to help make sessions more comfortable. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor, and have experience working with children, adolescents, adults.
Everyone faces difficulties throughout life, sometimes it can be tough to go through those tough times alone. I am here to give support. I want to be able to provide a space where you can feel comfortable and safe. My passion is helping those with anxiety, depression, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and other life stressors. During the process we will go outside the office for a walk or to play games or use interactive activities inside. My certified service dog can also assist me to help make sessions more comfortable. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor, and have experience working with children, adolescents, adults.
(704) 769-9980 View (704) 769-9980
Photo of Daiton S Brolin, Pre-Licensed Professional in North Carolina
Daiton S Brolin
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27607
Not accepting new clients
Life will often throw curveballs, but it is not our circumstances that define us, but how we choose to deal with them. We as humans can grow by working through our troubles, and become stronger because of them. Doing so may not always be easy, but by taking the first step, you are walking towards a brighter future. On your journey, I will work to help you develop goals and work towards achieving success.
Life will often throw curveballs, but it is not our circumstances that define us, but how we choose to deal with them. We as humans can grow by working through our troubles, and become stronger because of them. Doing so may not always be easy, but by taking the first step, you are walking towards a brighter future. On your journey, I will work to help you develop goals and work towards achieving success.
(919) 750-0881 View (919) 750-0881
Photo of Tracy Goldberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Carolina
Tracy Goldberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
If you are looking for someone who can help you resolve concerns in a nonjudgmental environment, I am available to assist you! I enjoy working with children, adolescents and their families. I also enjoy working with adults and couples. I like to help examine your difficulties and provide new insight into situations that may assist you or your family member (s) in making changes.
If you are looking for someone who can help you resolve concerns in a nonjudgmental environment, I am available to assist you! I enjoy working with children, adolescents and their families. I also enjoy working with adults and couples. I like to help examine your difficulties and provide new insight into situations that may assist you or your family member (s) in making changes.
(910) 725-6336 View (910) 725-6336
Photo of Autumn Riedel, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in North Carolina
Autumn Riedel
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
Sometimes life's stressors can weigh us down and make going through day-to-day life feel challenging and even isolating. You don't have to go through this alone. Counseling is a process of self-discovery and understanding, as well as a way to pursue a life that is fulfilling, meaningful, and enjoyable. I am here to draw out and build on your strengths, aid you in understanding yourself, and help you make changes to improve your everyday life.
Sometimes life's stressors can weigh us down and make going through day-to-day life feel challenging and even isolating. You don't have to go through this alone. Counseling is a process of self-discovery and understanding, as well as a way to pursue a life that is fulfilling, meaningful, and enjoyable. I am here to draw out and build on your strengths, aid you in understanding yourself, and help you make changes to improve your everyday life.
(828) 367-1010 View (828) 367-1010
Photo of Teisha Fowler, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in North Carolina
Teisha Fowler
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MS, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28207
I work with individuals and couples from a variety of backgrounds on issues including depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, relationship challenges, grief/loss, and other mental health and life concerns. I have experience working with adults, families, couples, and groups within urban communities
I work with individuals and couples from a variety of backgrounds on issues including depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, relationship challenges, grief/loss, and other mental health and life concerns. I have experience working with adults, families, couples, and groups within urban communities
(704) 610-5043 View (704) 610-5043
Photo of Danielle Frouws, Licensed Professional Counselor in North Carolina
Danielle Frouws
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28269  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor specializing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, addictive patterns, grief/loss, and stress management. My style of therapy is warm, nonjudgmental, and interactive. While I focus on mindfulness-based techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy, I also incorporate other forms of therapy tailored to meet the unique needs of each of my clients. Together, we will take a closer look at your behavioral and relational patterns, discovering how previous events and experiences impact your present-day functioning.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor specializing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, addictive patterns, grief/loss, and stress management. My style of therapy is warm, nonjudgmental, and interactive. While I focus on mindfulness-based techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy, I also incorporate other forms of therapy tailored to meet the unique needs of each of my clients. Together, we will take a closer look at your behavioral and relational patterns, discovering how previous events and experiences impact your present-day functioning.
(980) 449-6301 View (980) 449-6301
Photo of Danita M Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in North Carolina
Danita M Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28204  (Online Only)
I believe our mental health is just as important as our physical health, and my goal is to remove the stigmatism that is associated with addressing what is often times referred to is “mental illness.” When in fact, one of the benefits of counseling is to find a neutral resource to directly listen to you and to help you sort through “life", when things become overwhelming and challenging. My therapeutic style is to focus on the solution and not the actual problem. My goal is to provide you with the tools necessary to fill your toolbox.
I believe our mental health is just as important as our physical health, and my goal is to remove the stigmatism that is associated with addressing what is often times referred to is “mental illness.” When in fact, one of the benefits of counseling is to find a neutral resource to directly listen to you and to help you sort through “life", when things become overwhelming and challenging. My therapeutic style is to focus on the solution and not the actual problem. My goal is to provide you with the tools necessary to fill your toolbox.
(704) 368-4252 View (704) 368-4252
Photo of Debra Delois Carabantes, Counselor in North Carolina
Debra Delois Carabantes
Counselor, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Candler, NC 28715
Supporting children in connecting back to themselves through play therapy is my role as a play therapist and mental health counselor working alongside children and families. Hello and Welcome! My name is Debra and my professional background is in education, community programs, and counseling. I hold a Clinical Mental Health Counselor License at an Associate level in North Carolina. I worked in public education for 12 years including serving as a school counselor. Currently, I primarily work with children and families utilizing play therapy and creative expressive arts to support children on their journey of growth and healing.
Supporting children in connecting back to themselves through play therapy is my role as a play therapist and mental health counselor working alongside children and families. Hello and Welcome! My name is Debra and my professional background is in education, community programs, and counseling. I hold a Clinical Mental Health Counselor License at an Associate level in North Carolina. I worked in public education for 12 years including serving as a school counselor. Currently, I primarily work with children and families utilizing play therapy and creative expressive arts to support children on their journey of growth and healing.
(828) 360-9974 View (828) 360-9974

See more therapy options for North Carolina

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in North Carolina who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
70% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Aetna
53% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in North Carolina see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in North Carolina?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.