Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

View neighborhoods in Saint Louis
Photo of Daria Loechner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Daria Loechner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63108
I love working with people who are dealing with complex trauma, depression, difficulties in trust, or feeling stuck in unresolved conflicts.
I love working with people who are dealing with complex trauma, depression, difficulties in trust, or feeling stuck in unresolved conflicts.
(314) 350-7595 View (314) 350-7595
Photo of Alex Richards, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Alex Richards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients May '24- I believe everyone has an inner strength and that a large part of my role as a therapist is to assist you in discovering and utilizing whatever that strength may be! It is vital to the therapy process to feel a genuine connection with your therapist, so I focus on establishing rapport and strive to create a safe and open environment in which you can feel comfortable to be yourself. I provide individual therapy and am passionate about helping clients navigate a variety of concerns including: anxiety, depression, perinatal/postpartum mental health, self-esteem, relationship issues, and life transitions.
Accepting new clients May '24- I believe everyone has an inner strength and that a large part of my role as a therapist is to assist you in discovering and utilizing whatever that strength may be! It is vital to the therapy process to feel a genuine connection with your therapist, so I focus on establishing rapport and strive to create a safe and open environment in which you can feel comfortable to be yourself. I provide individual therapy and am passionate about helping clients navigate a variety of concerns including: anxiety, depression, perinatal/postpartum mental health, self-esteem, relationship issues, and life transitions.
(314) 526-2623 View (314) 526-2623
Photo of LGBTQ+ Counseling St. Louis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
LGBTQ+ Counseling St. Louis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139
While I provide individual and relationship counseling for all people, my special interest is to support marginalized populations. My primary expertise is providing counseling and supportive services for the LGBTQ+ constituency. As human beings, we all struggle with feelings of not being good enough, important enough, lovable or able to love. These feelings embed themselves very early in life producing defense mechanisms, although no longer needed, continue to operate below the surface, wreaking havoc on life, relationships and success. The battle is often a daily one; sometimes minute by minute. Don't suffer alone.
While I provide individual and relationship counseling for all people, my special interest is to support marginalized populations. My primary expertise is providing counseling and supportive services for the LGBTQ+ constituency. As human beings, we all struggle with feelings of not being good enough, important enough, lovable or able to love. These feelings embed themselves very early in life producing defense mechanisms, although no longer needed, continue to operate below the surface, wreaking havoc on life, relationships and success. The battle is often a daily one; sometimes minute by minute. Don't suffer alone.
(314) 270-1852 View (314) 270-1852
Photo of Ingrid Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Ingrid Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63112
Therapy should be a place where you feel safe to divulge your darkest secrets while knowing that the person that you confide in, will not only support your journey of self-improvement and healing but help guide you like a beacon in the sea or a flashlight when it’s dark. And because of this, we think that finding the RIGHT therapist is one of the most crucial parts of the therapeutic process... I work to help you solve a variety of issues and welcome and host safe spaces for active duty /retired veterans and their dependents, college students, LGBTQ+, POC, and older adults.
Therapy should be a place where you feel safe to divulge your darkest secrets while knowing that the person that you confide in, will not only support your journey of self-improvement and healing but help guide you like a beacon in the sea or a flashlight when it’s dark. And because of this, we think that finding the RIGHT therapist is one of the most crucial parts of the therapeutic process... I work to help you solve a variety of issues and welcome and host safe spaces for active duty /retired veterans and their dependents, college students, LGBTQ+, POC, and older adults.
(314) 207-5183 View (314) 207-5183
Photo of Kathryn Louise Manley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kathryn Louise Manley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC, CST
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63122
Kathryn Manley is a seasoned licensed mental health practitioner and licensed AASECT sex therapist. For over 20 years, she has helped individuals and couples navigate difficult issues relating to communication skills, sexuality, autonomy, and attachment. Kathryn understands the importance of having a safe and trustworthy clinician. Sex therapy can include the many physiological and emotional aspects of intimacy encountered during seasons of life including postpartum depression, differences in sexual desire, infidelity, betrayal trauma, erectile dysfunction, pain, sexless marriage and difficulty with orgasm.
Kathryn Manley is a seasoned licensed mental health practitioner and licensed AASECT sex therapist. For over 20 years, she has helped individuals and couples navigate difficult issues relating to communication skills, sexuality, autonomy, and attachment. Kathryn understands the importance of having a safe and trustworthy clinician. Sex therapy can include the many physiological and emotional aspects of intimacy encountered during seasons of life including postpartum depression, differences in sexual desire, infidelity, betrayal trauma, erectile dysfunction, pain, sexless marriage and difficulty with orgasm.
(636) 205-1296 View (636) 205-1296
Photo of Ellie Mental Health - Hampton Ave, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Ellie Mental Health - Hampton Ave
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Ellie Mental Health in St. Louis-Hampton Avenue, Missouri isn’t your average therapy clinic. We’ve created a comfy, judgment-free zone where you can be authentic, get real about where you’re at in your mental health, and receive the compassionate care you deserve. We strive to break down treatment barriers and provide you with customized counseling services that meet your therapy needs.
Ellie Mental Health in St. Louis-Hampton Avenue, Missouri isn’t your average therapy clinic. We’ve created a comfy, judgment-free zone where you can be authentic, get real about where you’re at in your mental health, and receive the compassionate care you deserve. We strive to break down treatment barriers and provide you with customized counseling services that meet your therapy needs.
(314) 860-8535 View (314) 860-8535
Photo of St. Louis Play Therapy, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
St. Louis Play Therapy, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63123
Not accepting new clients
Do you have a child or teen who is struggling with things such as anxiety, depression, anger? Do you have a young child who has tantrums and difficulty listening at home and school? Are you a parent who needs help managing your child's behaviors?
Do you have a child or teen who is struggling with things such as anxiety, depression, anger? Do you have a young child who has tantrums and difficulty listening at home and school? Are you a parent who needs help managing your child's behaviors?
(314) 207-8589 View (314) 207-8589
Photo of Amy L Butler in Saint Louis, MO
Amy L Butler
MMFT, MEd, BSEd, BAID
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63119
Currently Accepting NEW Clients on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and some Fridays. I feel that I’m patient, supportive, and genuine, but also speak the truth and will speak to the elephant in the room. Each of us hold the necessary tools required to find peace within ourselves and among others. My job is not to fix, but to offer encouragement and guidance though listening and conversation. I specialize in issues related to peer and relationship issues, both premarital and marriage related. My concentration areas are couples. My goal is to help you, your partner and/or your family navigate life challenges.
Currently Accepting NEW Clients on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and some Fridays. I feel that I’m patient, supportive, and genuine, but also speak the truth and will speak to the elephant in the room. Each of us hold the necessary tools required to find peace within ourselves and among others. My job is not to fix, but to offer encouragement and guidance though listening and conversation. I specialize in issues related to peer and relationship issues, both premarital and marriage related. My concentration areas are couples. My goal is to help you, your partner and/or your family navigate life challenges.
(314) 501-9209 x704 View (314) 501-9209 x704
Photo of Michelle Steeg, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Michelle Steeg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63126
Have you ever asked yourself, "Is this it? Is this all there is for the rest of my life? What about me? This is not what I thought my life would look like at this point. I want more! But how do I get it? I'm not even sure what 'more' means, but I know something is missing in my life. I just want to feel fulfilled." If you are nodding along with this, you are not alone. Nearly every woman, whether she's 22 or 52, is saying the same thing: "I want more out of my life!"
Have you ever asked yourself, "Is this it? Is this all there is for the rest of my life? What about me? This is not what I thought my life would look like at this point. I want more! But how do I get it? I'm not even sure what 'more' means, but I know something is missing in my life. I just want to feel fulfilled." If you are nodding along with this, you are not alone. Nearly every woman, whether she's 22 or 52, is saying the same thing: "I want more out of my life!"
(314) 309-2499 View (314) 309-2499
Photo of Sally Gafford, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Sally Gafford
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
I am a dedicated therapy professional who stays current in several specializations, holding advanced degrees, licenses, and certifications. With solid expertise in the scientific bases of Marriage and Family Therapy, I use the Brief Solution Oriented Cognitive Behavioral approach. The approach I use is an invaluable resource in guiding clients towards positive changes in less time, while allowing clients to maintain their autonomy.
I am a dedicated therapy professional who stays current in several specializations, holding advanced degrees, licenses, and certifications. With solid expertise in the scientific bases of Marriage and Family Therapy, I use the Brief Solution Oriented Cognitive Behavioral approach. The approach I use is an invaluable resource in guiding clients towards positive changes in less time, while allowing clients to maintain their autonomy.
(314) 272-3270 View (314) 272-3270
Photo of Nicole Neace, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Nicole Neace
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139  (Online Only)
It is never too late to begin deep and meaningful work reimagining how traumas or other experiences can become integrated, meaningful parts of our lives and ourselves, rather than barriers or obstacles. The key to this important work is the recognition that your story and has deep and significant meaning.  No detail is ultimately insignificant, if we can but muster the courage, patience, and presence required.  I will help you!  I am so eager to understand and explore with you, and help create a safe space that ultimately facilitates not just growth and transition, but true healing and transformation.
It is never too late to begin deep and meaningful work reimagining how traumas or other experiences can become integrated, meaningful parts of our lives and ourselves, rather than barriers or obstacles. The key to this important work is the recognition that your story and has deep and significant meaning.  No detail is ultimately insignificant, if we can but muster the courage, patience, and presence required.  I will help you!  I am so eager to understand and explore with you, and help create a safe space that ultimately facilitates not just growth and transition, but true healing and transformation.
(314) 370-1039 View (314) 370-1039
Photo of Betty Teal-Grant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Betty Teal-Grant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63128  (Online Only)
You may be angry, anxious, depressed, grieving, or just feeling overwhelm by life struggles. Taking that first step to seek out a counselor is the most important step to recovery. Regardless of what your struggles are, I believe that counseling can help. I cannot promise that the process will be easy but hope that in the end you will believe the work was worth it.
You may be angry, anxious, depressed, grieving, or just feeling overwhelm by life struggles. Taking that first step to seek out a counselor is the most important step to recovery. Regardless of what your struggles are, I believe that counseling can help. I cannot promise that the process will be easy but hope that in the end you will believe the work was worth it.
(314) 730-9988 View (314) 730-9988
Photo of Katie Lorenz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Katie Lorenz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63129
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Weighed down by anxiety? Difficulties in relationships or tensions with your children? I can provide you with tools and teach you how to use them, which can help to provide a more satisfying life and to help you become a healthier individual. I am driven by a passion for improving the lives of others and work diligently to provide a custom approach to meet client’s needs. I want to help individuals discover their true identities and God-given gifts, potential, and purposes in life. My approach is to provide empathy and challenge and help clients move toward transformation to make necessary changes.
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Weighed down by anxiety? Difficulties in relationships or tensions with your children? I can provide you with tools and teach you how to use them, which can help to provide a more satisfying life and to help you become a healthier individual. I am driven by a passion for improving the lives of others and work diligently to provide a custom approach to meet client’s needs. I want to help individuals discover their true identities and God-given gifts, potential, and purposes in life. My approach is to provide empathy and challenge and help clients move toward transformation to make necessary changes.
(314) 907-1834 View (314) 907-1834
Photo of A. Elizabeth (Beth) Austin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
A. Elizabeth (Beth) Austin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, BC-DMT, LCPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63141
Not accepting new clients
Being a Human is tough and the world we live in is a challenging place to navigate. Everyone needs support, care, and compassion in every stage of life. My goal for clients is to feel seen in the present moment, work together on embracing authenticity, and expand their presence in the world. In sessions we work together to find strengths, face challenges, explore identity, and recover from trauma and life changes. Therapy is hard work, and you are worth the hard work. For those that are wanting to go beyond just surviving, the opportunity to experience wholehearted living awaits.
Being a Human is tough and the world we live in is a challenging place to navigate. Everyone needs support, care, and compassion in every stage of life. My goal for clients is to feel seen in the present moment, work together on embracing authenticity, and expand their presence in the world. In sessions we work together to find strengths, face challenges, explore identity, and recover from trauma and life changes. Therapy is hard work, and you are worth the hard work. For those that are wanting to go beyond just surviving, the opportunity to experience wholehearted living awaits.
(314) 596-9056 View (314) 596-9056
Photo of Evelyn A Witten, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Evelyn A Witten
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Making a decision to enter therapy is often a step taken after much thought and consideration. Evelyn's professional experience is framed by a philosophy of trust and respect in the collaborative relationship. Clients may enter treatment at a period of life that is marked by stress, strain and pain. While this may be the presenting problem, the journey of therapy allows one to develop an understanding of the strengths as well as limitations that help or hinder life at different stages. Evelyn helps clients recognize patterns of interaction in the present that may shed insight on difficult recurring issues.
Making a decision to enter therapy is often a step taken after much thought and consideration. Evelyn's professional experience is framed by a philosophy of trust and respect in the collaborative relationship. Clients may enter treatment at a period of life that is marked by stress, strain and pain. While this may be the presenting problem, the journey of therapy allows one to develop an understanding of the strengths as well as limitations that help or hinder life at different stages. Evelyn helps clients recognize patterns of interaction in the present that may shed insight on difficult recurring issues.
(314) 492-5185 View (314) 492-5185
Photo of Andrea Wood, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Andrea Wood
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63128
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with all ages and have a passion for helping children, teens, and young adults learn how to express and manage their emotions in healthier ways. I work with a variety of concerns ranging from young children with big emotions to high achieving teenagers who experience anxiety about perfectionism and performance. Whether you are seeking a therapist for yourself or your child, I strive to provide personalized and individualized care to my clients. You are the expert in your life; I am here to serve as your guide, providing you with support and teaching new ways to build capacity for life's challenges.
I enjoy working with all ages and have a passion for helping children, teens, and young adults learn how to express and manage their emotions in healthier ways. I work with a variety of concerns ranging from young children with big emotions to high achieving teenagers who experience anxiety about perfectionism and performance. Whether you are seeking a therapist for yourself or your child, I strive to provide personalized and individualized care to my clients. You are the expert in your life; I am here to serve as your guide, providing you with support and teaching new ways to build capacity for life's challenges.
(636) 259-4116 x1018 View (636) 259-4116 x1018
Photo of Peter Kopcha, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Peter Kopcha
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63128
Hello, my name is Peter and I provide general purpose mental health counseling. My goal is to help you restore emotional control of your life. I firmly believe that you are capable of positive change, that you can overcome distress, and that you will emerge a stronger person from your ordeal. Whether your struggles are temporary or more chronic in nature, I would be honored to listen to you, provide feedback, assist you in designing a treatment plan, and be your support throughout the process. I recognize your uniqueness as an individual and I will always respect your right to make decisions regarding treatment.
Hello, my name is Peter and I provide general purpose mental health counseling. My goal is to help you restore emotional control of your life. I firmly believe that you are capable of positive change, that you can overcome distress, and that you will emerge a stronger person from your ordeal. Whether your struggles are temporary or more chronic in nature, I would be honored to listen to you, provide feedback, assist you in designing a treatment plan, and be your support throughout the process. I recognize your uniqueness as an individual and I will always respect your right to make decisions regarding treatment.
(314) 451-7732 View (314) 451-7732
Photo of Ayelet Gottesman, Psychologist in Saint Louis, MO
Ayelet Gottesman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63144
My approach to therapy stems from the belief that feeling truly seen and understood is a basic human need. I aim to provide a safe and reflective space where you can bring your whole self without fear of judgment. We will work together in a collaborative process to understand your unique experiences and how they've impacted you, figure out where you may be stuck, and help you take back the reins. I work with people, not diagnoses, and take a strengths-based approach to help individuals of all ages gain self-awareness, curiosity, inspiration and hope.
My approach to therapy stems from the belief that feeling truly seen and understood is a basic human need. I aim to provide a safe and reflective space where you can bring your whole self without fear of judgment. We will work together in a collaborative process to understand your unique experiences and how they've impacted you, figure out where you may be stuck, and help you take back the reins. I work with people, not diagnoses, and take a strengths-based approach to help individuals of all ages gain self-awareness, curiosity, inspiration and hope.
(314) 671-0714 View (314) 671-0714
Photo of Debora Hayden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Debora Hayden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
Waitlist for new clients
Utilizing a Cognitive Behavioral approach I address a wide variety of issues, including low self-esteem, anxiety and depression. The way we think affects the way we feel which affects our responses to those around us. In Couples' counseling I emphasize the importance of being mindful of the negative scripts triggered by your partner and identifying ways to become the partner you want to be.
Utilizing a Cognitive Behavioral approach I address a wide variety of issues, including low self-esteem, anxiety and depression. The way we think affects the way we feel which affects our responses to those around us. In Couples' counseling I emphasize the importance of being mindful of the negative scripts triggered by your partner and identifying ways to become the partner you want to be.
(314) 582-5473 x2 View (314) 582-5473 x2
Photo of Nicole Schwarz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Nicole Schwarz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63123
You know you don't want to live like this anymore. You want to learn how to manage feelings of anxiety or depression. You've been confused, lonely, and frustrated for long enough, and are ready for a positive change. Or maybe you aren't quite sure what you need, but you're willing to give therapy a try. My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where you can feel heard, supported, and encouraged. I especially enjoy working with women of all ages who are struggling with low self-esteem, negative self-image, relationships, burnout, motherhood, guilt, or breaking generational patterns.
You know you don't want to live like this anymore. You want to learn how to manage feelings of anxiety or depression. You've been confused, lonely, and frustrated for long enough, and are ready for a positive change. Or maybe you aren't quite sure what you need, but you're willing to give therapy a try. My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where you can feel heard, supported, and encouraged. I especially enjoy working with women of all ages who are struggling with low self-esteem, negative self-image, relationships, burnout, motherhood, guilt, or breaking generational patterns.
(314) 937-6473 View (314) 937-6473

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Saint Louis, MO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saint Louis, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Louis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.