Therapists in Saint Paul, MN
Paige Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
I believe we all have had difficult experiences in our lives. These experiences can cause pain and suffering. Challenging experiences are something that we all share. I believe we can heal from these experiences and grow from them, becoming more of who we truly are and want to be. I intend to provide a compassionate, trusting environment to promote healing for all who work with me. I believe that in life, we all experience pain emotionally and physically. Healing is a skill I help you develop, and with practice, you will find relief from your pain, experience successful coping in daily life, and appreciate and enjoy your life.
I believe we all have had difficult experiences in our lives. These experiences can cause pain and suffering. Challenging experiences are something that we all share. I believe we can heal from these experiences and grow from them, becoming more of who we truly are and want to be. I intend to provide a compassionate, trusting environment to promote healing for all who work with me. I believe that in life, we all experience pain emotionally and physically. Healing is a skill I help you develop, and with practice, you will find relief from your pain, experience successful coping in daily life, and appreciate and enjoy your life.
Jenna Block
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
If you're looking for a place to deepen your healing while feeling heard, seen, and empowered, you're in the right place. Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) and have been providing therapy since 2015. I am also a Minnesota Board Approved Clinical Supervisor, intuitive therapeutic coach, and a matrescence educator. I currently specialize in maternal mental health, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders for the birthing person and partner, attachment and childhood trauma, intuitive alignment and reconnection to oneself, hormone cycles, sex and sexuality, ancestral patterns, trauma + many more areas.
If you're looking for a place to deepen your healing while feeling heard, seen, and empowered, you're in the right place. Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) and have been providing therapy since 2015. I am also a Minnesota Board Approved Clinical Supervisor, intuitive therapeutic coach, and a matrescence educator. I currently specialize in maternal mental health, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders for the birthing person and partner, attachment and childhood trauma, intuitive alignment and reconnection to oneself, hormone cycles, sex and sexuality, ancestral patterns, trauma + many more areas.
Sarah Ahn Lentz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Not accepting new clients
I offer therapy for people looking for compassion, accountability, & even humor in their therapy journey. Leaning into my own life experiences, I aim to be radically curious about your unique perspectives and adaptations to life’s challenges. Through conversation we will examine patterns, explore values, clarify emotions, and sit with the complexity and duality within each person and the world around us. I welcome open conversations about race, gender, class, power, & sexuality. I invite exploration of how history, systems, and forces like current events & pop culture shape your life and inform your mental health & relationships.
I offer therapy for people looking for compassion, accountability, & even humor in their therapy journey. Leaning into my own life experiences, I aim to be radically curious about your unique perspectives and adaptations to life’s challenges. Through conversation we will examine patterns, explore values, clarify emotions, and sit with the complexity and duality within each person and the world around us. I welcome open conversations about race, gender, class, power, & sexuality. I invite exploration of how history, systems, and forces like current events & pop culture shape your life and inform your mental health & relationships.
Joe Groninga
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I know choosing a therapist can be difficult. I like to provide an atmosphere that is nurturing and focused on helping you achieve your goals. I enjoy helping people better understand themselves as they move toward change and solve their problems. I do this using therapeutic techniques that are evidenced-based which means these methods have consistently been shown effective through research. I balance kindness with a focus on getting you to where you want to be. My practice includes in-person services in Minnesota, along with the ability to conduct televideo sessions in 32 additional states and territories.
I know choosing a therapist can be difficult. I like to provide an atmosphere that is nurturing and focused on helping you achieve your goals. I enjoy helping people better understand themselves as they move toward change and solve their problems. I do this using therapeutic techniques that are evidenced-based which means these methods have consistently been shown effective through research. I balance kindness with a focus on getting you to where you want to be. My practice includes in-person services in Minnesota, along with the ability to conduct televideo sessions in 32 additional states and territories.
Josie Ridpath
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114 (Online Only)
I enjoy working with adolescent individuals who experience relationship challenges, difficulty regulating emotions, a desire to build effective coping skills, challenges in managing anxiety, anger, depression, and trauma symptoms, as well as other stressors that arise during this time in life. Lastly, I enjoy working with moms as they adjust to motherhood, navigating postpartum, adapt to the demands of parenthood, and caregivers wishing to tend to their own mental health to be present for their family and themselves. This may include managing anxiety, worry, and/or personal experiences to be available to your loved ones.
I enjoy working with adolescent individuals who experience relationship challenges, difficulty regulating emotions, a desire to build effective coping skills, challenges in managing anxiety, anger, depression, and trauma symptoms, as well as other stressors that arise during this time in life. Lastly, I enjoy working with moms as they adjust to motherhood, navigating postpartum, adapt to the demands of parenthood, and caregivers wishing to tend to their own mental health to be present for their family and themselves. This may include managing anxiety, worry, and/or personal experiences to be available to your loved ones.
Shauna K Zotalis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
You are considering divorce and fear how it will affect your children. Or you're divorced and met someone and want to blend your families, but are worried about the difficulties that blending brings. These family transitions are full of significant challenges such as grief over the breakup of the family, confusion over stepparent roles and responsibilities, hostile co-parenting relationships, jealousy of ex-spouses or stepchildren, and more. You want happy and healthy relationships with partners, exes, children, and stepchildren. You hope for a sense of "we-ness" as a new family unit and crave peace and balance in the future.
You are considering divorce and fear how it will affect your children. Or you're divorced and met someone and want to blend your families, but are worried about the difficulties that blending brings. These family transitions are full of significant challenges such as grief over the breakup of the family, confusion over stepparent roles and responsibilities, hostile co-parenting relationships, jealousy of ex-spouses or stepchildren, and more. You want happy and healthy relationships with partners, exes, children, and stepchildren. You hope for a sense of "we-ness" as a new family unit and crave peace and balance in the future.
Nora L. Hollenkamp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
You may have lost a job, a beloved pet, or are caring for an aging loved one. Perhaps a significant relationship in your life has taken a turn and you feel alone or confused with what your "new normal" looks like. Maybe you are a recent college graduate and struggle to find meaning in your everyday adult life. Whatever your problem may be, I can help navigate the turbulent waters in life and help you reach both your short- and long-term goals.
You may have lost a job, a beloved pet, or are caring for an aging loved one. Perhaps a significant relationship in your life has taken a turn and you feel alone or confused with what your "new normal" looks like. Maybe you are a recent college graduate and struggle to find meaning in your everyday adult life. Whatever your problem may be, I can help navigate the turbulent waters in life and help you reach both your short- and long-term goals.
Daniel L Monserud
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I look forward to working with people struggling with substance abuse, anxiety disorders and those that are struggling to leave a relationship.
I look forward to working with people struggling with substance abuse, anxiety disorders and those that are struggling to leave a relationship.
Hannah Hinds
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Hannah loves to come alongside individuals and families that desire healing, change and growth in their lives. She is ready to hear your story and help you move towards the next chapter in your life. Faith can be integrated if you desire, but whatever your faith background, you will be welcomed, valued and respected. Hannah has training and experience working with children with trauma and has a heart for families or individuals that have been touched by adoption.
Hannah loves to come alongside individuals and families that desire healing, change and growth in their lives. She is ready to hear your story and help you move towards the next chapter in your life. Faith can be integrated if you desire, but whatever your faith background, you will be welcomed, valued and respected. Hannah has training and experience working with children with trauma and has a heart for families or individuals that have been touched by adoption.
Brenda Kittilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LICSW, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55125
I strongly believe in taking a strengths-based, resilience approach, and in looking for the positive. I am an experienced, licensed mental health therapist, and a chemical dependency counselor. I work with individuals, couples, and families regarding a wide range of issues. I take an individualized, collaborative approach tailored to the needs of the client. Issue areas include: adjustment, grief and loss, relationships, parenting, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, Bipolar disorder, trauma and PTSD, addictions, and dual disorders. I believe in taking a Systems approach in working with couples and families. I find the work of Dr. John Gottman to be especially helpful in overcoming "gridlock."
I strongly believe in taking a strengths-based, resilience approach, and in looking for the positive. I am an experienced, licensed mental health therapist, and a chemical dependency counselor. I work with individuals, couples, and families regarding a wide range of issues. I take an individualized, collaborative approach tailored to the needs of the client. Issue areas include: adjustment, grief and loss, relationships, parenting, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, Bipolar disorder, trauma and PTSD, addictions, and dual disorders. I believe in taking a Systems approach in working with couples and families. I find the work of Dr. John Gottman to be especially helpful in overcoming "gridlock."
Laura Kuzzy
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
We often create a story about our lives that is untrue or unkind. We become bound by shame, guilt or negative self-perceptions. These views shape how we show up in the world and dictate what we feel we deserve and what we can achieve. Four principles of my therapeutic practice include: addressing shame, challenging negative core beliefs, building self-awareness and creating self-efficacy.
We often create a story about our lives that is untrue or unkind. We become bound by shame, guilt or negative self-perceptions. These views shape how we show up in the world and dictate what we feel we deserve and what we can achieve. Four principles of my therapeutic practice include: addressing shame, challenging negative core beliefs, building self-awareness and creating self-efficacy.
15 Second Videos
Maya Mineoi
MidWest Center for Personal & Family Development
Ben Mushel
Alaina McNallie
Jenny Wilson
Joshua Powell
Serenity Silvers
Sue M Sexton
Stefanie Bauer
Patrick Castrenze
Jane McCampbell Stuart
Jamie Vander Velden
Jessica Jacovitch
Kate Hanten
Sanctuary Psychotherapy
Reuben Houser
Jennifer Reddig
Ann B. Duevel
William Schultz
Eleanor Porter-Nelson
Jenny Harris
Miya Bassarath
Alyssa Perau
Shoshana Koch
Annika Larson
Beth Klein
Benjamin (Ben) Seim
Modern Attunement Therapy
Kathleen Hove
Sacred Spaces Therapy
Jackie Henry
Mitchel Paulson
Mikke Papes
Jenna Brownfield
Marina A. Feldman
Kimberly Brady
Sam Secord
Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops
Raye McPhillips Eyrich
Peter Grant
Jenni McBride McNamara
Jason Walter
Phoenix Mental Health, PLC
Eli Coleman
Tom Glaser
Premier Sport Psychology, PLLC
Denise Kautzer, MA, LPCC
Relationship Therapy Center
Heidi Bausch-Ryan
Rosaire P. Daigle
Tesni Sunne
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55117
I derive joy and meaning from helping people access their brilliant capacities for healing. My specialties are couples therapy, anxiety/OCD, chronic illness, recovery from relationship abuse, and adjustment through other changes. Each of these concerns involve journeys of re-becoming, and I help clients along these journeys with compassion, honesty, and intelligence. Even in the midst of distress and doubt, the possibilities for the journey hold so much hope.
I derive joy and meaning from helping people access their brilliant capacities for healing. My specialties are couples therapy, anxiety/OCD, chronic illness, recovery from relationship abuse, and adjustment through other changes. Each of these concerns involve journeys of re-becoming, and I help clients along these journeys with compassion, honesty, and intelligence. Even in the midst of distress and doubt, the possibilities for the journey hold so much hope.
Kyle Vlach
Marriage & Family Therapist, MDiv, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116 (Online Only)
I’m an Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, Level 3 trained with the IFS Institute. Most of my clients are not having a mental health crisis, but are struggling more than they’d like and want to be more at ease within themselves and their relationships. I work with alot of other helping professionals and people wanting to use the IFS process for healing, satisfaction at home and work, and for personal growth. Familiarity with the IFS model can help, but isn’t necessary. I’m glad to talk to see if we could work well together.
I’m an Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, Level 3 trained with the IFS Institute. Most of my clients are not having a mental health crisis, but are struggling more than they’d like and want to be more at ease within themselves and their relationships. I work with alot of other helping professionals and people wanting to use the IFS process for healing, satisfaction at home and work, and for personal growth. Familiarity with the IFS model can help, but isn’t necessary. I’m glad to talk to see if we could work well together.
Jayme Kolbo
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102 (Online Only)
I specialize in treating individuals with OCD, generalized anxiety, specific phobias, hoarding disorder, body-focused repetitive behaviors, and related anxiety disorders. If you are struggling with excessive fear, obsessive and/or intrusive thoughts, compulsive or ritualistic behaviors, chronic feelings of doubt, difficulty tolerating uncertainty, hopelessness, clutter, disorganization, shame, and/or patterns of avoidance that are impacting your life, you are not alone. There is hope and evidence-based therapy available.
I specialize in treating individuals with OCD, generalized anxiety, specific phobias, hoarding disorder, body-focused repetitive behaviors, and related anxiety disorders. If you are struggling with excessive fear, obsessive and/or intrusive thoughts, compulsive or ritualistic behaviors, chronic feelings of doubt, difficulty tolerating uncertainty, hopelessness, clutter, disorganization, shame, and/or patterns of avoidance that are impacting your life, you are not alone. There is hope and evidence-based therapy available.
Joseph Graves
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
Lyndelle Pratt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
There have been so many things outside of our control with the societal injustices, pandemic and traumatic events that create feelings of being anxious or losing hope. I want to help your relationship with yourself and others be more informed and reflective on what to do next. I want to offer you knowledge and expertise I have gained through experience and focus on helping others who have had similar experiences. I am here ready to listen and take this pathway by your side to find out what works for you.
There have been so many things outside of our control with the societal injustices, pandemic and traumatic events that create feelings of being anxious or losing hope. I want to help your relationship with yourself and others be more informed and reflective on what to do next. I want to offer you knowledge and expertise I have gained through experience and focus on helping others who have had similar experiences. I am here ready to listen and take this pathway by your side to find out what works for you.
Maya Mineoi
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MHP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I accept out of pocket payment only, no insurance at this time. I come from a lineage of gardeners and musicians. I bring their values of creativity, attentiveness and slowing down into sessions. Because of my life experiences, it is important that any client I meet with supports racial justice and queer liberation. It gives me life to connect around finding moments of freedom, masking our differences, less and less.
I accept out of pocket payment only, no insurance at this time. I come from a lineage of gardeners and musicians. I bring their values of creativity, attentiveness and slowing down into sessions. Because of my life experiences, it is important that any client I meet with supports racial justice and queer liberation. It gives me life to connect around finding moments of freedom, masking our differences, less and less.
Elise 지애 (Gi-Ae) Gooi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Waitlist for new clients
I am a second generation Korean-American born and raised on the unceded ancestral lands of the Dxʷdəwʔabš (Duwamish Tribe) and now live as a guest upon Mni Sóta Maḳoce, Dakota homeland. My relational approach is built upon 15+ years working with and alongside individuals, families and communities to nurture growth as an educator, coach, trainer and leader. Becoming a parent in 2014 both broke and broke me open, ushering intergenerational healing and cultural reclamation that continues today. A lifelong learner, I continue to journey along a path towards “Becoming a Good Ancestor” (credit: Layla Saad).
I am a second generation Korean-American born and raised on the unceded ancestral lands of the Dxʷdəwʔabš (Duwamish Tribe) and now live as a guest upon Mni Sóta Maḳoce, Dakota homeland. My relational approach is built upon 15+ years working with and alongside individuals, families and communities to nurture growth as an educator, coach, trainer and leader. Becoming a parent in 2014 both broke and broke me open, ushering intergenerational healing and cultural reclamation that continues today. A lifelong learner, I continue to journey along a path towards “Becoming a Good Ancestor” (credit: Layla Saad).
Hope & Healing For Life
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I believe in encouraging clients to find their inner strength, resilience, and confidence. My approach to therapy includes offering hope and the skills to overcome struggles, no matter how difficult they might seem. Engaging in therapy will work to develop your own strengths and allow you to feel more comfortable in your own skin, leading to a greater sense of vitality and peace of mind. When you are ready to open yourself to these changes, don't wait. Call me today. I currently have openings in my schedule for day appointments and can get an appointment setup quickly.
I believe in encouraging clients to find their inner strength, resilience, and confidence. My approach to therapy includes offering hope and the skills to overcome struggles, no matter how difficult they might seem. Engaging in therapy will work to develop your own strengths and allow you to feel more comfortable in your own skin, leading to a greater sense of vitality and peace of mind. When you are ready to open yourself to these changes, don't wait. Call me today. I currently have openings in my schedule for day appointments and can get an appointment setup quickly.
Sara Underwood
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116 (Online Only)
Are you in college or recently graduated and feeling lost, stuck, or overwhelmed? Is it difficult to get motivated or know what your purpose or plan is in life? Are you struggling in school, your career or relationships? Maybe you're wondering if you'll make it through one more semester, ever find a career you enjoy, or have healthy relationships. Sometimes life can feel like too much and it's easy to get overwhelmed and lost in the sea of decisions and expectations, especially in a world like we’re facing today. It's also possible for things to be different.
Are you in college or recently graduated and feeling lost, stuck, or overwhelmed? Is it difficult to get motivated or know what your purpose or plan is in life? Are you struggling in school, your career or relationships? Maybe you're wondering if you'll make it through one more semester, ever find a career you enjoy, or have healthy relationships. Sometimes life can feel like too much and it's easy to get overwhelmed and lost in the sea of decisions and expectations, especially in a world like we’re facing today. It's also possible for things to be different.
See more therapy options for Saint Paul
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN
1,000+
Average cost per session
$170
Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:
93% | Anxiety |
89% | Depression |
81% | Relationship Issues |
76% | Self Esteem |
75% | Trauma and PTSD |
68% | Stress |
66% | Coping Skills |
Average years in practice
11 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
85% | BlueCross and BlueShield |
72% | UCare |
68% | HealthPartners of MN and WI |
How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients
74% | In Person and Online | |
26% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
76% | Female | |
21% | Male | |
3% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.