Therapists in Scotch Plains, NJ

Photo of Joseph A. DeMeyer, PhD, PC & Associates, Psychologist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Joseph A. DeMeyer, PhD, PC & Associates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
to examine deeply and thoroughly motivations, emotions and behavior, especially interpersonal; focused on positive changes leading to long-lasting existential and transformational life improvements and increased self-awareness; responsible in accepting that these changes will affect-for the better- lives of loved ones, friends and other significant persons (including those that are not yet around) ; increased openness towards life-changes ; to take calculated, rational risks, mindful of other persons; serious commitment to longer-term therapy when indicated to be necessary, in order to achieve the above desired results.
to examine deeply and thoroughly motivations, emotions and behavior, especially interpersonal; focused on positive changes leading to long-lasting existential and transformational life improvements and increased self-awareness; responsible in accepting that these changes will affect-for the better- lives of loved ones, friends and other significant persons (including those that are not yet around) ; increased openness towards life-changes ; to take calculated, rational risks, mindful of other persons; serious commitment to longer-term therapy when indicated to be necessary, in order to achieve the above desired results.
(973) 528-7504 View (973) 528-7504
Photo of Amelia-Joanne Turner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scotch Plains, NJ
Amelia-Joanne Turner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Are you having trouble focusing on the task in front of you? Is your child/teen having school issues that are presenting troubles at home? Are you having a hard time getting through your day in college or at work? I have extensive background with children/preteens/teens/adults by helping you climb through issues that seem insurmountable.
Are you having trouble focusing on the task in front of you? Is your child/teen having school issues that are presenting troubles at home? Are you having a hard time getting through your day in college or at work? I have extensive background with children/preteens/teens/adults by helping you climb through issues that seem insurmountable.
(908) 341-1737 View (908) 341-1737
Photo of Play And Talk With Us: Social skills groups in Scotch Plains, NJ
Play And Talk With Us: Social skills groups
EdM, BCBA
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
At Play And Talk With Us, we provide play and social skill groups for children 3 years and up. We welcome all children with or without neurodiverse needs. We work to develop skills in groups and support parents on generalizing them to the home and community. Skills we work on include, but are not limited to: developing joint attention - social play skills like turn taking, sharing, developing stages of play, and joining a group at play - social language skills including conversational turns and asking reciprocal questions/comments - social/emotional and self-regulation - nonverbal social language.
At Play And Talk With Us, we provide play and social skill groups for children 3 years and up. We welcome all children with or without neurodiverse needs. We work to develop skills in groups and support parents on generalizing them to the home and community. Skills we work on include, but are not limited to: developing joint attention - social play skills like turn taking, sharing, developing stages of play, and joining a group at play - social language skills including conversational turns and asking reciprocal questions/comments - social/emotional and self-regulation - nonverbal social language.
(908) 663-1982 View (908) 663-1982
Photo of Lori Kadish, Psychologist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Lori Kadish
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
I am a Clinical Psychologist who has been practicing for 30+ years. I was trained in Cognitive Behavior therapy and have training in Substance Abuse as well as Depression and Anxiety. I have special experience working with Chronic pain patients and doing presurgical psychological evaluations. I believe that by providing a warm, nurturing and safe space, I can help you understand and work through the obstacles that have been preventing you from living your best life and making positive life changes. I look forward to helping you take the first step to the life you'd like to live.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who has been practicing for 30+ years. I was trained in Cognitive Behavior therapy and have training in Substance Abuse as well as Depression and Anxiety. I have special experience working with Chronic pain patients and doing presurgical psychological evaluations. I believe that by providing a warm, nurturing and safe space, I can help you understand and work through the obstacles that have been preventing you from living your best life and making positive life changes. I look forward to helping you take the first step to the life you'd like to live.
(201) 800-6908 View (201) 800-6908
Photo of Christine Mahoney, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scotch Plains, NJ
Christine Mahoney
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Feeling unhappy or overwhelmed happens to all of us and life is full of challenges. Is now the time to address concerns and feel better about your life and yourself? The right supportive non-judgmental person can offer support, hope and encouragement. Counseling can also help increase self awareness, offer coping strategies and communication skills, improve self care and decision making. While life can be difficult and often takes unexpected turns, counseling can provide some of the relief and assistance you need to feel more hopeful and content, improve relationships and lead to less stress and generally happier healthy living.
Feeling unhappy or overwhelmed happens to all of us and life is full of challenges. Is now the time to address concerns and feel better about your life and yourself? The right supportive non-judgmental person can offer support, hope and encouragement. Counseling can also help increase self awareness, offer coping strategies and communication skills, improve self care and decision making. While life can be difficult and often takes unexpected turns, counseling can provide some of the relief and assistance you need to feel more hopeful and content, improve relationships and lead to less stress and generally happier healthy living.
(732) 387-6801 View (732) 387-6801
Photo of Lori Genung, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Lori Genung
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Lori is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who works with children, adolescents, adults, grandparents, and couples in one on one sessions or in groups. She can help with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, life transitions, family problems, marital/relationship, and ADHD among other issues.
Lori is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who works with children, adolescents, adults, grandparents, and couples in one on one sessions or in groups. She can help with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, life transitions, family problems, marital/relationship, and ADHD among other issues.
(908) 650-8155 View (908) 650-8155
Photo of Maureen Lennon-Schafer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Maureen Lennon-Schafer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Presence of Mind Therapy is a private practice specializing in empowering young adults struggling with inner conflict. Our therapists help clients find happiness and purpose by exploring day-to-day stressors, deeper subconscious themes, and individual spirituality. We offer telehealth, in office, Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy, and wellness group services. We practice from a place of authentic connection and SEE you as you currently exist. Begin your transformation by exploring patterns that no longer serve you and committing to becoming your best self. Let us be your bridge between hope and change.
Presence of Mind Therapy is a private practice specializing in empowering young adults struggling with inner conflict. Our therapists help clients find happiness and purpose by exploring day-to-day stressors, deeper subconscious themes, and individual spirituality. We offer telehealth, in office, Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy, and wellness group services. We practice from a place of authentic connection and SEE you as you currently exist. Begin your transformation by exploring patterns that no longer serve you and committing to becoming your best self. Let us be your bridge between hope and change.
(908) 279-0874 View (908) 279-0874
Photo of LeighAnn Lively, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scotch Plains, NJ
LeighAnn Lively
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
LeighAnn can help you learn to control anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse, peer/relationship problems, and adjustment/life transitions. She takes a motivational interviewing approach and utilizes techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy. LeighAnn will listen and help identify your goals and values as well as your thought patterns surrounding an issue. Her goal is to help individuals grow in alignment with a version of themselves that they are confident in.
LeighAnn can help you learn to control anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse, peer/relationship problems, and adjustment/life transitions. She takes a motivational interviewing approach and utilizes techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy. LeighAnn will listen and help identify your goals and values as well as your thought patterns surrounding an issue. Her goal is to help individuals grow in alignment with a version of themselves that they are confident in.
(908) 460-7267 View (908) 460-7267
Photo of Scott W. Woerner, Psychologist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Scott W. Woerner
Psychologist, PhD, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, fallout from past traumatic experiences? Finding that your typical ways of coping are not helping, or making things worse? I know it can be daunting to reach out for support and I am here to help! I provide a unique blend of psychotherapy and mind/body awareness to help you find more balance, flow, and happiness in your life. My approach is integrative and multicultural, based on the ways your particular system responds to life's challenges.
Experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, fallout from past traumatic experiences? Finding that your typical ways of coping are not helping, or making things worse? I know it can be daunting to reach out for support and I am here to help! I provide a unique blend of psychotherapy and mind/body awareness to help you find more balance, flow, and happiness in your life. My approach is integrative and multicultural, based on the ways your particular system responds to life's challenges.
(908) 418-4286 View (908) 418-4286
Photo of Alyssa O'Keefe, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scotch Plains, NJ
Alyssa O'Keefe
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Are you experience anxiety or depression? Maybe some PTSD, ODD or complex trauma? Can you not stop risky behavior? Are severe mental health issues preventing you from living a good life - a better life? Are any of these affecting your family? Alyssa has helped children and adolescents, as well as their families and support systems to achieve creative positive change through play therapy, client-centered approaches, behavior modification and holistic views.
Are you experience anxiety or depression? Maybe some PTSD, ODD or complex trauma? Can you not stop risky behavior? Are severe mental health issues preventing you from living a good life - a better life? Are any of these affecting your family? Alyssa has helped children and adolescents, as well as their families and support systems to achieve creative positive change through play therapy, client-centered approaches, behavior modification and holistic views.
(908) 388-9238 View (908) 388-9238
Photo of Annette Ferrigno, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Annette Ferrigno
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Annette has been practicing for nearly 20 years. She enjoys working with families and individuals to create more calm and balance in their lives. If individuals can create a sense of calm within themselves; this can permeate outwards. They can build and sustain this throughout their lives and share this sense of compassion with family, friends and the world around them. My goal is to help my clients see both their strengths and weaknesses and to find a balance between the two. Change isn't easy, but when we simultaneously appreciate what is already good we can find balance and happiness while moving through transitions.
Annette has been practicing for nearly 20 years. She enjoys working with families and individuals to create more calm and balance in their lives. If individuals can create a sense of calm within themselves; this can permeate outwards. They can build and sustain this throughout their lives and share this sense of compassion with family, friends and the world around them. My goal is to help my clients see both their strengths and weaknesses and to find a balance between the two. Change isn't easy, but when we simultaneously appreciate what is already good we can find balance and happiness while moving through transitions.
(917) 746-5340 View (917) 746-5340
Photo of Sara Goldberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Sara Goldberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Life is a wonderful, and at times difficult journey. When you experience anxiety, depression, trauma or relationship/family issues on top of the pressures of daily life, coping effectively can be overwhelming. Yet know that with the right support and toolbox of skills, you have the ability to prioritize your happiness and achieve your goals. Your journey to assemble this tool box does not have to happen alone. I can provide a nurturing space where you can gain insight into unwanted patterns of behavior, identify and challenge unhelpful automatic thinking patterns and get in touch with your innate strength.
Life is a wonderful, and at times difficult journey. When you experience anxiety, depression, trauma or relationship/family issues on top of the pressures of daily life, coping effectively can be overwhelming. Yet know that with the right support and toolbox of skills, you have the ability to prioritize your happiness and achieve your goals. Your journey to assemble this tool box does not have to happen alone. I can provide a nurturing space where you can gain insight into unwanted patterns of behavior, identify and challenge unhelpful automatic thinking patterns and get in touch with your innate strength.
(862) 203-2814 View (862) 203-2814
Photo of Ashley Moy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Ashley Moy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, SSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Not accepting new clients
I work with children, adolescents and their families to address a multitude of emotional needs including, but not limited to, anxiety, coping skills, anger management, depression, self-esteem and life stressors. Working as a collaborative team, we will address the areas in which you would like to see growth and improvement, while discovering and enhancing your strengths.
I work with children, adolescents and their families to address a multitude of emotional needs including, but not limited to, anxiety, coping skills, anger management, depression, self-esteem and life stressors. Working as a collaborative team, we will address the areas in which you would like to see growth and improvement, while discovering and enhancing your strengths.
(844) 993-0969 View (844) 993-0969
Photo of Phyllis Sandrock, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Phyllis Sandrock
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW, ATR
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Not accepting new clients
I can help you explore the issues which may prevent you from having success in your personal and or professional relationships. By helping you acquire a new perspective while building upon personal strengths, together, we can work to create the change you would like to make in your life. I will address underlying thoughts and beliefs about yourself that you may be struggling with in order to feel heard and understood in a supportive, confidential and non-judgmental manner. My goal is to help my clients develop self awareness and self acceptance while developing the ability to have fulfilling lives and rewarding relationships.
I can help you explore the issues which may prevent you from having success in your personal and or professional relationships. By helping you acquire a new perspective while building upon personal strengths, together, we can work to create the change you would like to make in your life. I will address underlying thoughts and beliefs about yourself that you may be struggling with in order to feel heard and understood in a supportive, confidential and non-judgmental manner. My goal is to help my clients develop self awareness and self acceptance while developing the ability to have fulfilling lives and rewarding relationships.
View
Photo of Molly Kildow Church, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Molly Kildow Church
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Hi! I am a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) with Grow Positive Therapy in Scotch Plains. I am passionate about using traditional talk therapy approaches along with breath work and movement with my clients. Today's world is filled with stressors and frankly, confronting your emotions can seem daunting and like something you would rather not do. But it really does get better the more you talk about it! In our sessions you can expect to talk through emotions, learn more about yourself, gain new skills and discover new (and old) strengths. Therapy can help you feel liberated and I would love to help you on your journey!
Hi! I am a Licensed Social Worker (LSW) with Grow Positive Therapy in Scotch Plains. I am passionate about using traditional talk therapy approaches along with breath work and movement with my clients. Today's world is filled with stressors and frankly, confronting your emotions can seem daunting and like something you would rather not do. But it really does get better the more you talk about it! In our sessions you can expect to talk through emotions, learn more about yourself, gain new skills and discover new (and old) strengths. Therapy can help you feel liberated and I would love to help you on your journey!
(908) 503-3095 View (908) 503-3095
Photo of Robyn Krugman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Robyn Krugman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Depression, anxiety and problems in relationships often cause deep anguish and pain, just getting by each day can be difficult. We often struggle in silence, believing things will never get better or that no one could understand. Well-meaning friends and family urge us to “just get over it”-but that often that makes us feel alone. I believe every person possesses the potential to transform their life. With the right support and ability to learn healthy coping skills, we will work together in a collaborative process to create the change you have been waiting for. Therapy is a place just for you, to be heard, validated and supported.
Depression, anxiety and problems in relationships often cause deep anguish and pain, just getting by each day can be difficult. We often struggle in silence, believing things will never get better or that no one could understand. Well-meaning friends and family urge us to “just get over it”-but that often that makes us feel alone. I believe every person possesses the potential to transform their life. With the right support and ability to learn healthy coping skills, we will work together in a collaborative process to create the change you have been waiting for. Therapy is a place just for you, to be heard, validated and supported.
(908) 386-4445 View (908) 386-4445
Photo of Lorraine Gahles-Kildow, Psychologist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Lorraine Gahles-Kildow
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Life can be hard, it can bring distress, loss, transition, and obstacles. But, we can survive and even thrive by being aware of our thoughts, emotions, behavior and bodily reactions. Processing and changing brings about healing and growth. Do a deep dive into yourself and discover the richness there.
Life can be hard, it can bring distress, loss, transition, and obstacles. But, we can survive and even thrive by being aware of our thoughts, emotions, behavior and bodily reactions. Processing and changing brings about healing and growth. Do a deep dive into yourself and discover the richness there.
(908) 799-0575 View (908) 799-0575
Photo of Blake Kirschner, Psychologist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Blake Kirschner
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
If you are struggling with something, no matter how big or small, I invite you to join me in working towards the changes you deserve. My practice is science-informed and client-centered, meaning I tailor my approach to the specific needs of each individual person. Every one of my clients is treated with professionalism and extra doses of empathy and compassion. We are all human, after all! Even in difficult circumstances, I have been amazed and humbled by my client's ability to learn and grow.
If you are struggling with something, no matter how big or small, I invite you to join me in working towards the changes you deserve. My practice is science-informed and client-centered, meaning I tailor my approach to the specific needs of each individual person. Every one of my clients is treated with professionalism and extra doses of empathy and compassion. We are all human, after all! Even in difficult circumstances, I have been amazed and humbled by my client's ability to learn and grow.
(973) 718-2292 View (973) 718-2292
Photo of Hilary Fineman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Hilary Fineman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Hilary is experienced working with child survivors of child abuse and maltreatment who have been diagnosed with PTSD, Adjustment Disorders, Attachment Disorder, and behavioral issues. She also has experience providing individual and group therapy to clients on a variety of topics and areas of concern, including, but not limited to ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Anger Management, Gender Identity, and coping with medical diagnoses. Most recently, Hilary completed postgraduate training on Perinatal Mood Disorders to assist women, men, and couples cope with infertility, pregnancy loss, postpartum depression and trauma.
Hilary is experienced working with child survivors of child abuse and maltreatment who have been diagnosed with PTSD, Adjustment Disorders, Attachment Disorder, and behavioral issues. She also has experience providing individual and group therapy to clients on a variety of topics and areas of concern, including, but not limited to ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Anger Management, Gender Identity, and coping with medical diagnoses. Most recently, Hilary completed postgraduate training on Perinatal Mood Disorders to assist women, men, and couples cope with infertility, pregnancy loss, postpartum depression and trauma.
(908) 322-9623 View (908) 322-9623
Photo of Kayla Kearney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scotch Plains, NJ
Kayla Kearney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scotch Plains, NJ 07076
Has life thrown you a curve ball and knocked you off your game? Do you feel confused about how to reign in the emotions that feel out of control? Does the current state of the world have you on edge? You're not alone. I have the knowledge and tools to help you break through the obstacles in your way. Reach out. I am a phone call away.
Has life thrown you a curve ball and knocked you off your game? Do you feel confused about how to reign in the emotions that feel out of control? Does the current state of the world have you on edge? You're not alone. I have the knowledge and tools to help you break through the obstacles in your way. Reach out. I am a phone call away.
(908) 624-3710 View (908) 624-3710

See more therapy options for Scotch Plains

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Scotch Plains, NJ

200+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Scotch Plains, NJ who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
92% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
64% Grief
64% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
79% BlueCross and BlueShield
78% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Scotch Plains, NJ see their clients

91% In Person and Online
9% Online Only

Gender breakdown

90% Female
10% Male

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Scotch Plains?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.