Therapists in Seattle, WA

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Photo of Michael Rubbinaccio, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Seattle, WA
Michael Rubbinaccio
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
I specialize in couples/relationships, communication issues, sex therapy, and grief and loss, as well as anxiety and sex therapy for individuals. Finding a therapist you feel comfortable with is an important part of the process, and I look forward to meeting with you.
I specialize in couples/relationships, communication issues, sex therapy, and grief and loss, as well as anxiety and sex therapy for individuals. Finding a therapist you feel comfortable with is an important part of the process, and I look forward to meeting with you.
(206) 681-1384 View (206) 681-1384
Photo of Mary Jayne Wykowski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Mary Jayne Wykowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98116  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome and congratulations on taking the first step so that life may get different for you. The beauty and benefits of re-examining how we can make changes in our lives, continues to fuel my passion for therapeutic dialogue. The integrative nature of my work allows for us to look at family of origin explanations, without blaming, so that you can move toward change. When what feels like roadblocks comes up there are a number of tools that can help, like increasing mindfulness and learning more around boundaries and assertive communication.
Welcome and congratulations on taking the first step so that life may get different for you. The beauty and benefits of re-examining how we can make changes in our lives, continues to fuel my passion for therapeutic dialogue. The integrative nature of my work allows for us to look at family of origin explanations, without blaming, so that you can move toward change. When what feels like roadblocks comes up there are a number of tools that can help, like increasing mindfulness and learning more around boundaries and assertive communication.
(206) 558-1081 View (206) 558-1081
Photo of Andrew Zorich, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Andrew Zorich
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
Have you been seeking greater calm, clarity, and centeredness? Are you carrying deep traumas or stresses that continually hinder you from living life to the fullest? If so, I want to assure you that you are not alone. Seeking help takes courage, and I want you to feel at ease throughout the process. Whether you are dealing with trauma, PTSD, C-PTSD, panic, anxiety, grief, depression, or relational issues, my approach is individualized, inclusive, and strengths-based. Every step of the way, I want you to feel deeply seen, heard, and empowered.
Have you been seeking greater calm, clarity, and centeredness? Are you carrying deep traumas or stresses that continually hinder you from living life to the fullest? If so, I want to assure you that you are not alone. Seeking help takes courage, and I want you to feel at ease throughout the process. Whether you are dealing with trauma, PTSD, C-PTSD, panic, anxiety, grief, depression, or relational issues, my approach is individualized, inclusive, and strengths-based. Every step of the way, I want you to feel deeply seen, heard, and empowered.
(425) 655-1463 View (425) 655-1463
Photo of Devon Haynes, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Devon Haynes
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98118
*****COVID-19 update: I am currently seeing clients via telehealth. I am a Somatic Psychotherapist who works with individuals and partnerships. I provide a consistent client-centered environment. I work hard to see clients in their intersecting identities and experiences; this includes clients' unique selves, family histories, cultural identities, and experiences with power and privilege. I look for coping strategies that may or not be outdated, rather than pathology. I seek to listen well, to learn who you are, and collaborate with you to find what it is that you most need.
*****COVID-19 update: I am currently seeing clients via telehealth. I am a Somatic Psychotherapist who works with individuals and partnerships. I provide a consistent client-centered environment. I work hard to see clients in their intersecting identities and experiences; this includes clients' unique selves, family histories, cultural identities, and experiences with power and privilege. I look for coping strategies that may or not be outdated, rather than pathology. I seek to listen well, to learn who you are, and collaborate with you to find what it is that you most need.
(206) 339-5148 View (206) 339-5148
Photo of Kylie Niedermeyer, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Kylie Niedermeyer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98109  (Online Only)
You hope to ease your distress and experience healing, and ultimately, to enjoy satisfying, fulfilling relationships with others and with yourself. You seek the magic that comes from looking within and cultivating a relationship with your own rich inner world- a brave and vulnerable first step to finding wholeness, relief, and self-awareness. Depth psychotherapy is the process of turning inward and examining unconscious aspects of the self that have influenced you outside of your awareness, a practice that not only alleviates symptoms and suffering, but transforms unhealthy coping behaviors and problematic relationship patterns.
You hope to ease your distress and experience healing, and ultimately, to enjoy satisfying, fulfilling relationships with others and with yourself. You seek the magic that comes from looking within and cultivating a relationship with your own rich inner world- a brave and vulnerable first step to finding wholeness, relief, and self-awareness. Depth psychotherapy is the process of turning inward and examining unconscious aspects of the self that have influenced you outside of your awareness, a practice that not only alleviates symptoms and suffering, but transforms unhealthy coping behaviors and problematic relationship patterns.
(206) 739-0312 View (206) 739-0312
Photo of Hilary Ison, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Hilary Ison
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98115  (Online Only)
You are likely seeking therapy feeling a strange mixture of despair and hope. You might be struggling with patterns of behavior, past traumas, or painful emotions; but you also believe that change is possible. Together we can establish safety, look underneath your presenting symptoms, and harness your inherent capacity to heal.
You are likely seeking therapy feeling a strange mixture of despair and hope. You might be struggling with patterns of behavior, past traumas, or painful emotions; but you also believe that change is possible. Together we can establish safety, look underneath your presenting symptoms, and harness your inherent capacity to heal.
(206) 278-7511 View (206) 278-7511
Photo of Amanda Sappington, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Amanda Sappington
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98115
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that therapy is meant to empower clients to feel that they are capable of change and living a fuller, more integrated life. I work with individuals and couples dealing with a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and family conflict. I utilize a systemic and bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach in therapy. This simply means integrating the many parts of a person into therapy. I also aim to explore the impact of significant relationships and the influence of larger social systems on client's sense of wholeness and ability to achieve desired growth.
I believe that therapy is meant to empower clients to feel that they are capable of change and living a fuller, more integrated life. I work with individuals and couples dealing with a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and family conflict. I utilize a systemic and bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach in therapy. This simply means integrating the many parts of a person into therapy. I also aim to explore the impact of significant relationships and the influence of larger social systems on client's sense of wholeness and ability to achieve desired growth.
(206) 504-2956 View (206) 504-2956
Photo of Hannah Rekoon, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Hannah Rekoon
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104
Life can sometimes leave us feeling overwhelmed or hopeless. Everyday stressors and relationship losses can leave you feeling disconnected from others, anxious or depressed. Taking the step to reach out for support takes immense strength. Whatever you are experiencing, I am here to help empower you with support and empathy. I use a nonjudgmental collaborative approach and also encourage clients to move toward change and healing - we are in this together.
Life can sometimes leave us feeling overwhelmed or hopeless. Everyday stressors and relationship losses can leave you feeling disconnected from others, anxious or depressed. Taking the step to reach out for support takes immense strength. Whatever you are experiencing, I am here to help empower you with support and empathy. I use a nonjudgmental collaborative approach and also encourage clients to move toward change and healing - we are in this together.
(425) 946-2581 View (425) 946-2581
Photo of Argelia Chavez, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Argelia Chavez
Counselor, LMHC,, LMFTA,, CMHS,, EMMHS-H
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98108
I recognize and value the courage to seek help. I provide a safe and neutral space to talk about your life challenges and share your story. My goal is to partner with you during life's challenging moments, find new ways to gain personal growth, identify old patterns, heal, and get unstuck. My approach to therapy is strength-based, goal-oriented, and holistic, providing support that looks at the whole considering your physical, emotional, social, and spiritual wellbeing. I tailor my approach to your specifics needs and guide you to be more compassionate with yourself.
I recognize and value the courage to seek help. I provide a safe and neutral space to talk about your life challenges and share your story. My goal is to partner with you during life's challenging moments, find new ways to gain personal growth, identify old patterns, heal, and get unstuck. My approach to therapy is strength-based, goal-oriented, and holistic, providing support that looks at the whole considering your physical, emotional, social, and spiritual wellbeing. I tailor my approach to your specifics needs and guide you to be more compassionate with yourself.
(425) 533-2985 View (425) 533-2985
Photo of Andrew Paul in Seattle, WA
Andrew Paul
MA, LMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
When life starts to feel overwhelming, fatiguing, and chaotic, reaching out for help can be especially difficult. Then as the challenges and issues of life become impossible, we start to lose hope. The truth is, we all have the ability to live a more abundant life, no matter how difficult our circumstances may be. Things like addictions, trauma, anxiety, depression, and difficult relationships can all be barriers to abundance. While these barriers may seem overwhelming, they don’t have to define you or prevent you from healing, growth, and a life that is full. When you can’t get past these barriers on our own, it’s okay to get help.
When life starts to feel overwhelming, fatiguing, and chaotic, reaching out for help can be especially difficult. Then as the challenges and issues of life become impossible, we start to lose hope. The truth is, we all have the ability to live a more abundant life, no matter how difficult our circumstances may be. Things like addictions, trauma, anxiety, depression, and difficult relationships can all be barriers to abundance. While these barriers may seem overwhelming, they don’t have to define you or prevent you from healing, growth, and a life that is full. When you can’t get past these barriers on our own, it’s okay to get help.
(360) 523-1177 View (360) 523-1177
Photo of Melissa Filion, Pre-Licensed Professional in Seattle, WA
Melissa Filion
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103
We often place pressure on ourselves to be okay, to power through, and to be strong. Yet we all encounter times when we need extra care and support. You may be navigating a major life transition, experiencing anxiety or overwhelm, or feeling stuck and unsure how to make a change. Asking for help is a sign of remarkable strength. You deserve support, and to feel the power and relief of being seen and accepted just as you are. Therapy offers a space to reconnect with yourself, deepen your self-awareness and understanding, and uncover ways to move forward.
We often place pressure on ourselves to be okay, to power through, and to be strong. Yet we all encounter times when we need extra care and support. You may be navigating a major life transition, experiencing anxiety or overwhelm, or feeling stuck and unsure how to make a change. Asking for help is a sign of remarkable strength. You deserve support, and to feel the power and relief of being seen and accepted just as you are. Therapy offers a space to reconnect with yourself, deepen your self-awareness and understanding, and uncover ways to move forward.
(206) 429-4782 View (206) 429-4782
Photo of Ata U. Karim, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Ata U. Karim
Psychologist, PhD, MSIO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98119
Execs, managers, busy professionals struggling with Stress. Anxiety, Burnout, unhappy with your life and or feeling stuck in your relationships or career. High demands taking their toll? You’re used to being at the top of your game in your career, but confronted by these challenges you never anticipated. If you are a professional of color, international or recent immigrant you face additional challenges of bias, prejudice and microaggressions in the workplace. Reclaim your happiness, energy and empowerment? Be your best self in your personal & professional life.
Execs, managers, busy professionals struggling with Stress. Anxiety, Burnout, unhappy with your life and or feeling stuck in your relationships or career. High demands taking their toll? You’re used to being at the top of your game in your career, but confronted by these challenges you never anticipated. If you are a professional of color, international or recent immigrant you face additional challenges of bias, prejudice and microaggressions in the workplace. Reclaim your happiness, energy and empowerment? Be your best self in your personal & professional life.
(206) 489-3126 View (206) 489-3126
Photo of Kim Richan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Kim Richan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98112
We all have an image of our best self. This is the person we'd be if we just weren't so tired, so anxious, so angry or so depressed. I think about my work as the process of helping people to become who they already know they are - or could be. Our work together is to find out why you feel those things in the first place so you can move past them and start feeling happier, more productive and more connected to the life you want.
We all have an image of our best self. This is the person we'd be if we just weren't so tired, so anxious, so angry or so depressed. I think about my work as the process of helping people to become who they already know they are - or could be. Our work together is to find out why you feel those things in the first place so you can move past them and start feeling happier, more productive and more connected to the life you want.
(253) 200-9298 View (253) 200-9298
Photo of Soulful Journey Therapy, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Soulful Journey Therapy, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98118  (Online Only)
We often think we are alone, feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or even depressed, but we are not alone. Many people experience mental health stressors. Mental health is a state of well-being in which individuals understand their abilities, cope with life's everyday stresses, work productively and abundantly, and contribute to their community. At Soulful Journey Therapy, we are here to help. We aim to provide a safe and therapeutic place to process your emotions, mindfulness stress reduction, and cognitive-behavioral and existential theories.
We often think we are alone, feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or even depressed, but we are not alone. Many people experience mental health stressors. Mental health is a state of well-being in which individuals understand their abilities, cope with life's everyday stresses, work productively and abundantly, and contribute to their community. At Soulful Journey Therapy, we are here to help. We aim to provide a safe and therapeutic place to process your emotions, mindfulness stress reduction, and cognitive-behavioral and existential theories.
(206) 966-4168 View (206) 966-4168
Photo of Erin Dierickx, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seattle, WA
Erin Dierickx
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFTA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98178  (Online Only)
Are you hoping to better communicate, manage conflict and revamp your connection with your partner? Or are you in the midst of a major life transition? My clients struggle like you. Despite their brilliance, creativity and drive, the pressures of adapting to life's changes or communicating with their partner seem overwhelming. Before my clients came to see me, they figured that it was “too late” to make a change, and their life “is what it is.” They feared that if they took any drastic steps to improve their lives, it would be considered “selfish.” The fear of change, but also the fear of never changing created tension and anxiety.
Are you hoping to better communicate, manage conflict and revamp your connection with your partner? Or are you in the midst of a major life transition? My clients struggle like you. Despite their brilliance, creativity and drive, the pressures of adapting to life's changes or communicating with their partner seem overwhelming. Before my clients came to see me, they figured that it was “too late” to make a change, and their life “is what it is.” They feared that if they took any drastic steps to improve their lives, it would be considered “selfish.” The fear of change, but also the fear of never changing created tension and anxiety.
(425) 264-8556 View (425) 264-8556
Photo of Lena Neufeld, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Lena Neufeld
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98199
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has been working and training in the field for 11 years. I view psychotherapy as a collaborative process and tailor treatment to your specific goals. In doing so, I draw on an integrative theoretical approach that includes elements of contemporary psychodynamic and attachment theory, as well as cognitive behavioral therapy. I use these methodologies to treat adolescents and adults who are presenting with a range of conditions, including mood and anxiety disorders, relationship issues, identity concerns, loss and grief, and life transitions.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who has been working and training in the field for 11 years. I view psychotherapy as a collaborative process and tailor treatment to your specific goals. In doing so, I draw on an integrative theoretical approach that includes elements of contemporary psychodynamic and attachment theory, as well as cognitive behavioral therapy. I use these methodologies to treat adolescents and adults who are presenting with a range of conditions, including mood and anxiety disorders, relationship issues, identity concerns, loss and grief, and life transitions.
(206) 309-6181 View (206) 309-6181
Photo of Amanda Rutledge, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Seattle, WA
Amanda Rutledge
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103
I provide in-person and virtual talk therapy for individual adults and teens. My clients struggle with self-esteem, anxiety, romantic relationship issues, family issues, social issues, trauma, and many other life challenges. We all face challenges in life but sometimes we get stuck. We can usually identify patterns that negatively impact our relationships, work, and overall health. I support clients in exploring their unique patterns, creating purposeful solutions, and developing the confidence they need to design a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
I provide in-person and virtual talk therapy for individual adults and teens. My clients struggle with self-esteem, anxiety, romantic relationship issues, family issues, social issues, trauma, and many other life challenges. We all face challenges in life but sometimes we get stuck. We can usually identify patterns that negatively impact our relationships, work, and overall health. I support clients in exploring their unique patterns, creating purposeful solutions, and developing the confidence they need to design a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
(253) 881-8755 View (253) 881-8755
Photo of Dan Crystal, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Dan Crystal
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98116
I practice both in person from West Seattle and via telehealth with clients throughout Washington. I work with adults, couples, and adolescents dealing with a problem in living. I specialize in working with: recovery from anxiety or depression; addressing conflict or dissatisfaction in one’s intimate or family relationships; alcohol or drug use, or another form of addiction; and processing and healing physically or emotionally traumatic experiences, whether from childhood or current. My experiences have fostered in me the belief that change can happen for anyone.
I practice both in person from West Seattle and via telehealth with clients throughout Washington. I work with adults, couples, and adolescents dealing with a problem in living. I specialize in working with: recovery from anxiety or depression; addressing conflict or dissatisfaction in one’s intimate or family relationships; alcohol or drug use, or another form of addiction; and processing and healing physically or emotionally traumatic experiences, whether from childhood or current. My experiences have fostered in me the belief that change can happen for anyone.
(206) 672-3835 View (206) 672-3835
Photo of Mallorie Ely, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Mallorie Ely
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98101  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with individuals that are looking to make change but need support to make concrete goals, develop the steps, and explore the barriers they are experiencing to make those goals a reality.
I enjoy working with individuals that are looking to make change but need support to make concrete goals, develop the steps, and explore the barriers they are experiencing to make those goals a reality.
(206) 309-6360 View (206) 309-6360
Photo of Eden Amital, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Eden Amital
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98102
Embarking on or returning to therapy is brave, and I'm here to go at your pace. Therapy should be a space where every part of you belongs: where you feel connected, important, and seen. My hope is that over time, you will feel safe enough with me to feel into difficult and upsetting emotions. I will move towards you with curiosity, warmth, and acceptance so that we can go to those hard places together. In our work together, we will also play, be silly, and feel into and towards joy, excitement, and hope. Please note that I primarily work with youth between the ages of 12 and 25 and their families.
Embarking on or returning to therapy is brave, and I'm here to go at your pace. Therapy should be a space where every part of you belongs: where you feel connected, important, and seen. My hope is that over time, you will feel safe enough with me to feel into difficult and upsetting emotions. I will move towards you with curiosity, warmth, and acceptance so that we can go to those hard places together. In our work together, we will also play, be silly, and feel into and towards joy, excitement, and hope. Please note that I primarily work with youth between the ages of 12 and 25 and their families.
(425) 230-5724 View (425) 230-5724

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Seattle, WA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Seattle, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Premera
53% Aetna
47% Regence

How Therapists in Seattle, WA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Seattle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.