Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Jamy Drapeza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jamy Drapeza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
NY & DC Residents Only - Life transitions can get messy. We all face times of uncertainty, loss, and endings. Transitions can also mean new beginnings, different relationships, and exploring the unknown in your future and your past. Our sessions are a space to examine roots of systemic oppression, inherited fears, environmental trauma, and harmful labels you were given that you didn't ask for. My role is to walk with you as we examine your patterns for growth, detach what no longer serves you, and map out your mental health wellness journey together.
NY & DC Residents Only - Life transitions can get messy. We all face times of uncertainty, loss, and endings. Transitions can also mean new beginnings, different relationships, and exploring the unknown in your future and your past. Our sessions are a space to examine roots of systemic oppression, inherited fears, environmental trauma, and harmful labels you were given that you didn't ask for. My role is to walk with you as we examine your patterns for growth, detach what no longer serves you, and map out your mental health wellness journey together.
(646) 787-1126 View (646) 787-1126
Photo of Janet LeMoal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Janet LeMoal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10005  (Online Only)
As a licensed clinical social worker, I am committed to providing compassionate, inclusive and affirmative therapy for individuals with a variety of concerns. Using a creative and eclectic approach, I offer nonjudgmental and person-centered therapy. I draw on techniques from CBT (cognitive behavior therapy) and DBT (dialectical behavioral therapy) to provide effective support. I firmly believe that everyone has the capacity to change, and it is a privilege to work with individuals and help them meet their goals in a supportive environment. You can book online at my website: janetlemoallcsw.com
As a licensed clinical social worker, I am committed to providing compassionate, inclusive and affirmative therapy for individuals with a variety of concerns. Using a creative and eclectic approach, I offer nonjudgmental and person-centered therapy. I draw on techniques from CBT (cognitive behavior therapy) and DBT (dialectical behavioral therapy) to provide effective support. I firmly believe that everyone has the capacity to change, and it is a privilege to work with individuals and help them meet their goals in a supportive environment. You can book online at my website: janetlemoallcsw.com
(929) 955-1719 View (929) 955-1719
Photo of Wyatt Okeefe, Counselor in New York, NY
Wyatt Okeefe
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
As a therapist who identifies as queer and transmasculine, my expertise lies in creating a secure and inclusive environment for the LGBTQ+ community. I conduct private online sessions and hold licenses in Washington, Oregon, Georgia, Florida and New York. Specializing in individual telehealth therapy for adults navigating issues such as coming out, social and/or physical transitioning, and mental health management, I approach each situation with compassion. I am attuned to the distinctive challenges faced by the LGBTQ+ community and am committed to fostering a safer world through advocacy and support for all my clients.
As a therapist who identifies as queer and transmasculine, my expertise lies in creating a secure and inclusive environment for the LGBTQ+ community. I conduct private online sessions and hold licenses in Washington, Oregon, Georgia, Florida and New York. Specializing in individual telehealth therapy for adults navigating issues such as coming out, social and/or physical transitioning, and mental health management, I approach each situation with compassion. I am attuned to the distinctive challenges faced by the LGBTQ+ community and am committed to fostering a safer world through advocacy and support for all my clients.
(646) 663-5658 View (646) 663-5658
Photo of Christine Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Christine Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
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Photo of Lisa C. White, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lisa C. White
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Not accepting new clients
Emotional well-being is one of the most important parts of an individual's life. Everyone deserves to live life to its fullest; let me assist you on your journey. Take that first step to heal or relinquish those painful relationships that are overwhelming you. Free yourself from those experiences that stop you from being your best, and achieving your goals. Together we will harness your power and unleash your inner strength so you can live the life that you have always wanted. You do not have to wait a minute longer to begin your journey towards personal fulfillment, happiness and satisfaction.
Emotional well-being is one of the most important parts of an individual's life. Everyone deserves to live life to its fullest; let me assist you on your journey. Take that first step to heal or relinquish those painful relationships that are overwhelming you. Free yourself from those experiences that stop you from being your best, and achieving your goals. Together we will harness your power and unleash your inner strength so you can live the life that you have always wanted. You do not have to wait a minute longer to begin your journey towards personal fulfillment, happiness and satisfaction.
(646) 600-9022 View (646) 600-9022
Photo of Merlyn Hurd PhD, Psychologist in New York, NY
Merlyn Hurd PhD
Psychologist, PhD, QEEG-D, BCN, BCB
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
NY Neurofeedback offers clinically proven, non-drug treatments for a variety of common problems under my careful supervision as a . , Psychologist and Neurotherapist. The treatments create positive, lasting changes in adults and children. I work to bring you to health and living a life of happiness
NY Neurofeedback offers clinically proven, non-drug treatments for a variety of common problems under my careful supervision as a . , Psychologist and Neurotherapist. The treatments create positive, lasting changes in adults and children. I work to bring you to health and living a life of happiness
(212) 807-8690 View (212) 807-8690
Photo of Lauren Glick Baker, Psychologist in New York, NY
Lauren Glick Baker
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
We all experience difficult times. For many of us life presents ongoing challenges such as maintaining healthy relationships, pursuing professional goals, managing depression and anxiety, transitioning through life's stages, or negotiating issues of identity and self esteem. We want to be productive and feel good in healthy ways. I have experience in helping people through these kinds of struggles to find rewarding new ways of being in the world.
We all experience difficult times. For many of us life presents ongoing challenges such as maintaining healthy relationships, pursuing professional goals, managing depression and anxiety, transitioning through life's stages, or negotiating issues of identity and self esteem. We want to be productive and feel good in healthy ways. I have experience in helping people through these kinds of struggles to find rewarding new ways of being in the world.
(917) 832-1474 View (917) 832-1474
Photo of Manhattan Psychological Services, Psychologist in New York, NY
Manhattan Psychological Services
Psychologist, PsyD, MA, MSEd
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10028  (Online Only)
For over 20 years, Manhattan Psychological Services has been working with Children, Adolescents & Adults, both Nationally & Internationally. Our Therapists provide a safe, judgment free space where Clients feel accepted, validated & heard. Our practice provides highly individualized, compassionate and research based therapeutic services where Clients explore how life experiences shape current thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Through guided exploration, skill building & increased awareness, you will gain clarity & feeling hope, happiness & healing.
For over 20 years, Manhattan Psychological Services has been working with Children, Adolescents & Adults, both Nationally & Internationally. Our Therapists provide a safe, judgment free space where Clients feel accepted, validated & heard. Our practice provides highly individualized, compassionate and research based therapeutic services where Clients explore how life experiences shape current thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Through guided exploration, skill building & increased awareness, you will gain clarity & feeling hope, happiness & healing.
(347) 429-7909 View (347) 429-7909
Photo of Loren Dobbs, Psychologist in New York, NY
Loren Dobbs
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
Thanks for reaching out. My name is Loren Dobbs. I am a very competent and effective therapist practicing in Manhattan. My clients include adults in all walks of life and at different stages of development. I provide supportive therapy using Cognitive Behavioral techniques. I offer individual treatment and couples therapy. My view of mental health is humanistic and mindfulness based. We can improve at any stage in life. When we develop positively, we experience less distress, make better decisions, and achieve greater satisfaction. We also become better equipped to tackle new problems that come our way.
Thanks for reaching out. My name is Loren Dobbs. I am a very competent and effective therapist practicing in Manhattan. My clients include adults in all walks of life and at different stages of development. I provide supportive therapy using Cognitive Behavioral techniques. I offer individual treatment and couples therapy. My view of mental health is humanistic and mindfulness based. We can improve at any stage in life. When we develop positively, we experience less distress, make better decisions, and achieve greater satisfaction. We also become better equipped to tackle new problems that come our way.
(646) 351-1799 View (646) 351-1799
Photo of Lora Grieco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lora Grieco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10123  (Online Only)
My goal is to help guide you through challenging life transitions with empathy and compassion. Past events in our lives are part of our story, but they are not the entire story and they do not define us. My practice focuses on honoring the life that has shaped you, and empowering you to use those formative incidents to understand and grow into your authentic self. Therapy is a journey that we can take together, navigating the challenges in a collaborative way.
My goal is to help guide you through challenging life transitions with empathy and compassion. Past events in our lives are part of our story, but they are not the entire story and they do not define us. My practice focuses on honoring the life that has shaped you, and empowering you to use those formative incidents to understand and grow into your authentic self. Therapy is a journey that we can take together, navigating the challenges in a collaborative way.
(929) 345-1827 View (929) 345-1827
Photo of Sydney Rae Leviton, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Sydney Rae Leviton
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022  (Online Only)
Sydney Rae Leviton, LMSW, is a psychotherapist who intends to meet her clients where they are. Working in collaboration with the Trifecta team, lead by Board Certified Psychiatrist, she utilizes the creation of an authentic therapeutic relationship to ensure the healing process leads to an improved quality of life for her clients, as well as a sense of empowerment to handle life’s future obstacles. Sydney has experience working with individuals living with depression, anxiety, and complex trauma, as well as, co-occurring substance use disorders, and focuses on a strengths-based therapeutic approach to promote self-love and growth.
Sydney Rae Leviton, LMSW, is a psychotherapist who intends to meet her clients where they are. Working in collaboration with the Trifecta team, lead by Board Certified Psychiatrist, she utilizes the creation of an authentic therapeutic relationship to ensure the healing process leads to an improved quality of life for her clients, as well as a sense of empowerment to handle life’s future obstacles. Sydney has experience working with individuals living with depression, anxiety, and complex trauma, as well as, co-occurring substance use disorders, and focuses on a strengths-based therapeutic approach to promote self-love and growth.
(914) 491-5216 View (914) 491-5216
Photo of Annette Gonzalez, Psychologist in New York, NY
Annette Gonzalez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist that provides teletherapy sessions to adults in New York. My general approach is humanistic, kind, and collaborative. I offer tools and techniques to help clients overcome challenges, draw on personal strengths and enhance their ability to better navigate their lives. Therapy sessions are tailored to meet individual needs with a focus not just on managing and reducing mental health issues but also on increasing well-being. Sessions incorporate aspects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), positive psychology, and mindfulness.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist that provides teletherapy sessions to adults in New York. My general approach is humanistic, kind, and collaborative. I offer tools and techniques to help clients overcome challenges, draw on personal strengths and enhance their ability to better navigate their lives. Therapy sessions are tailored to meet individual needs with a focus not just on managing and reducing mental health issues but also on increasing well-being. Sessions incorporate aspects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), positive psychology, and mindfulness.
(516) 916-5489 View (516) 916-5489
Photo of NY Behavior Analysis and Psychological Services, Psychologist in New York, NY
NY Behavior Analysis and Psychological Services
Psychologist, LBA, BCBA-D, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017
We treat individuals with autism spectrum disorders. We specialize in feeding therapy for children with food selectivity and refusal issues, behavior problems that range from noncompliance to aggression, toileting, and teaching functional life skills, such as communication, following directions, and social skills.
We treat individuals with autism spectrum disorders. We specialize in feeding therapy for children with food selectivity and refusal issues, behavior problems that range from noncompliance to aggression, toileting, and teaching functional life skills, such as communication, following directions, and social skills.
(646) 798-1644 View (646) 798-1644
Photo of Andrea Brunetti, Counselor in New York, NY
Andrea Brunetti
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
Andrea's approach to therapy is rooted in Person-Centered Therapy, incorporating Psychodynamic Theory and CBT-informed techniques. Additionally, her Trauma-Informed Yoga Teacher/Mindfulness training guides aid her work as she helps clients detach from their thoughts, while bringing the body and awareness back to the present moment. Andrea works to provide a safe space to be seen and heard, fostering safety for expression of the most authentic self.
Andrea's approach to therapy is rooted in Person-Centered Therapy, incorporating Psychodynamic Theory and CBT-informed techniques. Additionally, her Trauma-Informed Yoga Teacher/Mindfulness training guides aid her work as she helps clients detach from their thoughts, while bringing the body and awareness back to the present moment. Andrea works to provide a safe space to be seen and heard, fostering safety for expression of the most authentic self.
(929) 930-1750 View (929) 930-1750
Photo of Brooke English, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Brooke English
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed with emotions and unsure of how to manage all of the feelings coming up? Perhaps you have lived through a traumatic childhood, relationship, or experience and feel burdened or confused by the past. Maybe you've been told by people that you’re ‘too sensitive’ or ‘need to get over it’. You have been juggling everything on your own, in the best way you know how, and now are looking for more support. Together, we can walk through life’s difficulties and take actionable steps to leading a more enjoyable and fulfilling life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed with emotions and unsure of how to manage all of the feelings coming up? Perhaps you have lived through a traumatic childhood, relationship, or experience and feel burdened or confused by the past. Maybe you've been told by people that you’re ‘too sensitive’ or ‘need to get over it’. You have been juggling everything on your own, in the best way you know how, and now are looking for more support. Together, we can walk through life’s difficulties and take actionable steps to leading a more enjoyable and fulfilling life.
(347) 848-1614 View (347) 848-1614
Photo of Jeremy Bissram, Psychologist in New York, NY
Jeremy Bissram
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
Challenging the roles society has placed on us can be really difficult, but when we break through these barriers to create our own identities, life can feel so meaningful. My passion is working with individuals and couples, especially people of colour, men, and the LGBTQ community, to re-define themselves into who they truly want to be. By helping individuals be their truest selves in relationships, I also help couples create a more balanced partnership.
Challenging the roles society has placed on us can be really difficult, but when we break through these barriers to create our own identities, life can feel so meaningful. My passion is working with individuals and couples, especially people of colour, men, and the LGBTQ community, to re-define themselves into who they truly want to be. By helping individuals be their truest selves in relationships, I also help couples create a more balanced partnership.
(332) 262-6978 View (332) 262-6978
Photo of Patricia Bryan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Patricia Bryan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Psychotherapy is a means of exploration of one's self. I believe that at the heart of a successful therapeutic relationship is the commitment of both therapist and client to share inquiries and discoveries together within a safe, nonjudgmental environment. I use a supportive, collaborative, strength-based approach to help my clients know themselves better and overcome the obstacles that cause them to feel depressed, anxious, or stuck in dissatisfying relationships or jobs. If my therapy sessions were observed, one would find an authentic and empathic relationship based on engagement and egalitarianism with the goal of expanding personal growth.
Psychotherapy is a means of exploration of one's self. I believe that at the heart of a successful therapeutic relationship is the commitment of both therapist and client to share inquiries and discoveries together within a safe, nonjudgmental environment. I use a supportive, collaborative, strength-based approach to help my clients know themselves better and overcome the obstacles that cause them to feel depressed, anxious, or stuck in dissatisfying relationships or jobs. If my therapy sessions were observed, one would find an authentic and empathic relationship based on engagement and egalitarianism with the goal of expanding personal growth.
(646) 600-8153 View (646) 600-8153
Photo of Denise Trainer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Denise Trainer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
I work with those who are experiencing distress in their lives, either due to a specific life change, incident or ongoing life issues. My background as a social worker, therapist, and psychoanalyst gives me the tools to help you with a wide range of personal issues, such as anxiety, depression, a sense of being overwhelmed, anger, life transition issues ie, divorce, loss, relocation, and all relationship issues. I provide short and long term therapy. I work well with ongoing issues from childhood, focusing on individual strengths and coping skills. My practice is located in Midtown Manhattan (Bryant Park), and in Larchmont, NY.
I work with those who are experiencing distress in their lives, either due to a specific life change, incident or ongoing life issues. My background as a social worker, therapist, and psychoanalyst gives me the tools to help you with a wide range of personal issues, such as anxiety, depression, a sense of being overwhelmed, anger, life transition issues ie, divorce, loss, relocation, and all relationship issues. I provide short and long term therapy. I work well with ongoing issues from childhood, focusing on individual strengths and coping skills. My practice is located in Midtown Manhattan (Bryant Park), and in Larchmont, NY.
(646) 679-7732 View (646) 679-7732
Photo of Cheril Ellingson, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Cheril Ellingson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
Therapy can teach how to handle life obstacles in a healing, healthy way. I understand it can be scary, daunting, and overwhelming to start this journey. It can be easy to isolate yourself, to shove down the pain, or think you can’t be helped. No matter what your struggle is, you don’t have to go through it alone. Areas of focus include anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, OCD, addiction, grief and loss. As your therapist, I aim to help you feel heard, validated, and empowered.
Therapy can teach how to handle life obstacles in a healing, healthy way. I understand it can be scary, daunting, and overwhelming to start this journey. It can be easy to isolate yourself, to shove down the pain, or think you can’t be helped. No matter what your struggle is, you don’t have to go through it alone. Areas of focus include anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, OCD, addiction, grief and loss. As your therapist, I aim to help you feel heard, validated, and empowered.
(347) 997-6434 View (347) 997-6434
Andrew Sidi
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT Int
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Issues, needs, and goals tend to vary from person to person, but what everyone comes to therapy seeking is relief from the toll of stressors and an improved quality of life. Whether you are navigating a major life transition such as divorce or career change or you are experiencing acute anxiety or depression, the aim will always be to help you gain clarity and work towards living the life you want.
Issues, needs, and goals tend to vary from person to person, but what everyone comes to therapy seeking is relief from the toll of stressors and an improved quality of life. Whether you are navigating a major life transition such as divorce or career change or you are experiencing acute anxiety or depression, the aim will always be to help you gain clarity and work towards living the life you want.
(929) 822-7003 View (929) 822-7003

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.