Photo of Damien Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Damien Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Gurnee, IL 60031
I help those struggling with LGBTQ+ issues, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, men's issues, and more.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who views therapy as a partnership built upon mutual trust. I pride myself on creating a calm, safe, and non-judgmental environment to help clients feel at ease. My goal is to empower each individual towards change.
I help those struggling with LGBTQ+ issues, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, men's issues, and more.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who views therapy as a partnership built upon mutual trust. I pride myself on creating a calm, safe, and non-judgmental environment to help clients feel at ease. My goal is to empower each individual towards change.
(224) 269-8759 View (224) 269-8759
Photo of Thea Rossmiller, Pre-Licensed Professional in Gurnee, IL
Thea Rossmiller
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
I am a passionate individual with a calming presence. I have experience working with children as young as five all the way through to adults. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disturbances, self-esteem, ADHD, autism and more. Through therapeutic intervention and hands-on learning, I aim to create a transformative environment for my clients. As a member of the LGBTQIA+ community, I also aim to create a safe space for individuals to explore their gender or sexuality. No member of our community should feel isolated or alone, and I am here to be the support you need.
I am a passionate individual with a calming presence. I have experience working with children as young as five all the way through to adults. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disturbances, self-esteem, ADHD, autism and more. Through therapeutic intervention and hands-on learning, I aim to create a transformative environment for my clients. As a member of the LGBTQIA+ community, I also aim to create a safe space for individuals to explore their gender or sexuality. No member of our community should feel isolated or alone, and I am here to be the support you need.
(224) 324-3073 View (224) 324-3073
Photo of Megan Sayre, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Megan Sayre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS-S, WPATH P
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
I am available for public speaking engagements and regularly present on topics such as: sexual assault and teen dating violence, bullying prevention and intervention, depression identification and suicide prevention, transgender/LGBTQIA+ supports, developing mentoring programs, de-escalating conflict, eating disorders and body image, and social media and internet safety.
My strengths include making authentic connections, practicing compassionate accountability, and bringing gentle humor into therapy. I frequently use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Interpersonal Therapy techniques in my sessions. I am a relational therapist and focus on developing clients' strengths while also providing support for clients to stretch beyond their comfort zones. My treatment motto has become "It's through discomfort that we change." I will provide you with the education, compassion and support needed for you to face any fears or discomfort to become a healthier and happier person.
I am available for public speaking engagements and regularly present on topics such as: sexual assault and teen dating violence, bullying prevention and intervention, depression identification and suicide prevention, transgender/LGBTQIA+ supports, developing mentoring programs, de-escalating conflict, eating disorders and body image, and social media and internet safety.
My strengths include making authentic connections, practicing compassionate accountability, and bringing gentle humor into therapy. I frequently use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Interpersonal Therapy techniques in my sessions. I am a relational therapist and focus on developing clients' strengths while also providing support for clients to stretch beyond their comfort zones. My treatment motto has become "It's through discomfort that we change." I will provide you with the education, compassion and support needed for you to face any fears or discomfort to become a healthier and happier person.
(847) 305-3182 View (847) 305-3182
Photo of Lynda Throm, Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Lynda Throm
Counselor, MEd, LCPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
I am continuously learning and have recently focused on expanding my expertise in working with transgender and gender nonconforming individuals.
I want to commend you for your bravery in taking the first step towards reaching out for help. Counseling can give you a non-judgmental place to vent as well as a place to learn about new ways to manage overwhelming feelings. As a therapist, my main way of understanding how people work is through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. It can help us challenge our negative thoughts and utilize healthy coping skills. I primarily take a humanistic approach with my clients and make sure to address psychosocial, biological, developmental, spiritual, and cultural issues as needed since every client is unique.
I am continuously learning and have recently focused on expanding my expertise in working with transgender and gender nonconforming individuals.
I want to commend you for your bravery in taking the first step towards reaching out for help. Counseling can give you a non-judgmental place to vent as well as a place to learn about new ways to manage overwhelming feelings. As a therapist, my main way of understanding how people work is through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. It can help us challenge our negative thoughts and utilize healthy coping skills. I primarily take a humanistic approach with my clients and make sure to address psychosocial, biological, developmental, spiritual, and cultural issues as needed since every client is unique.
(224) 231-6951 View (224) 231-6951
Photo of Esser Counseling Services, PLLC, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Esser Counseling Services, PLLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA LCPC, CCTP, CSIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients, offering online/telehealth services. I practice statewide in Illinois & Florida. I provide affirming therapy to neurodiverse, LGBTQIA, trans, non-traditional relationships such as: poly, swing, kink/BDSM, open communities. In therapy with me you can expect a safe, non-judgmental, trusting space were we explore what is happening in your life. I can be direct yet empathetic and meet you were you are in order for therapy to provide you with the answers you are seeking to lasting change. I believe clients are the experts of themselves.
Accepting new clients, offering online/telehealth services. I practice statewide in Illinois & Florida. I provide affirming therapy to neurodiverse, LGBTQIA, trans, non-traditional relationships such as: poly, swing, kink/BDSM, open communities. In therapy with me you can expect a safe, non-judgmental, trusting space were we explore what is happening in your life. I can be direct yet empathetic and meet you were you are in order for therapy to provide you with the answers you are seeking to lasting change. I believe clients are the experts of themselves.
(727) 382-4801 View (727) 382-4801
Photo of Deb Norton, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Deb Norton
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
I work with adults & teens with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Relationship Issues, Alcohol Abuse, Life Transitions, ADHD and LGBTQ.
Are you stuck, depressed, anxious, manic or drinking too much? Are you struggling with your marriage or relationship? I get it. As a Cognitive Behaviorist, I will help you look at things differently, challenge your thoughts and change your perspective. I will be the support system that you need right now. I'm Clinically Licensed and Board Certified. And I have a plethora of experience (personally & professionally). For you, that translates into much better therapy outcomes! And, quite frankly, you deserve that! So give me a call. And check out my 5-star reviews at >www.healthgrades.com< Because choosing a therapist is a big deal!
I work with adults & teens with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Relationship Issues, Alcohol Abuse, Life Transitions, ADHD and LGBTQ.
Are you stuck, depressed, anxious, manic or drinking too much? Are you struggling with your marriage or relationship? I get it. As a Cognitive Behaviorist, I will help you look at things differently, challenge your thoughts and change your perspective. I will be the support system that you need right now. I'm Clinically Licensed and Board Certified. And I have a plethora of experience (personally & professionally). For you, that translates into much better therapy outcomes! And, quite frankly, you deserve that! So give me a call. And check out my 5-star reviews at >www.healthgrades.com< Because choosing a therapist is a big deal!
(224) 406-1474 View (224) 406-1474
Photo of Daniel Ross, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Daniel Ross
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Gurnee, IL 60031
Danny Ross is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2014. He received both his undergraduate and Graduate Degree in Social Work from New Mexico Highland University with a clinical concentration in 2014. Danny has worked with children (8-12), adolescents (12-17), and adults (18+). Most of his experience has been dealing with addictions, anxiety, depression, abuse and/or neglect, domestic violence, behavioral problems, anger, self-esteem, self-worth, stress, communications, family issues, Trauma/PTSD, veteran issues and first responder issues.
Danny Ross is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2014. He received both his undergraduate and Graduate Degree in Social Work from New Mexico Highland University with a clinical concentration in 2014. Danny has worked with children (8-12), adolescents (12-17), and adults (18+). Most of his experience has been dealing with addictions, anxiety, depression, abuse and/or neglect, domestic violence, behavioral problems, anger, self-esteem, self-worth, stress, communications, family issues, Trauma/PTSD, veteran issues and first responder issues.
(847) 641-2634 View (847) 641-2634
Photo of John Kamilis, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Gurnee, IL
John Kamilis
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Not Verified Not Verified
Gurnee, IL 60031
I have accumulated over 20 years of experience providing individual counseling, family therapy, and marital counseling to adolescents and all adults dealing with variety of issues and concerns. I received my bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois at Chicago and graduated with my master's degree in clinical psychology from the Illinois School of Professional Psychology.
I have accumulated over 20 years of experience providing individual counseling, family therapy, and marital counseling to adolescents and all adults dealing with variety of issues and concerns. I received my bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois at Chicago and graduated with my master's degree in clinical psychology from the Illinois School of Professional Psychology.
(847) 278-9381 View (847) 278-9381
Photo of Larisa Leader, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Larisa Leader
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
I have worked with adolescents, children, and adults in mental health and social work for over 20 years. I have extensive experience helping those who struggle with anxiety, depression, identity development, non-heterosexuality or non-cis gender (LGBTQI+), and ethically non-monogamous (polyamorous) relationships. I also have a history working with people with substance abuse problems and women in transition, as well as those coping with grief and loss. I have supported individuals who happen to be neurodivergent in terms of their unique needs. I believe everyone is deserving of respect, care and support.
I have worked with adolescents, children, and adults in mental health and social work for over 20 years. I have extensive experience helping those who struggle with anxiety, depression, identity development, non-heterosexuality or non-cis gender (LGBTQI+), and ethically non-monogamous (polyamorous) relationships. I also have a history working with people with substance abuse problems and women in transition, as well as those coping with grief and loss. I have supported individuals who happen to be neurodivergent in terms of their unique needs. I believe everyone is deserving of respect, care and support.
(847) 796-6755 View (847) 796-6755
Photo of Jessie Knoble, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Jessie Knoble
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
To my core, I believe each individual deserves to be heard, respected, and validated, regardless of their history. We each have the capability for and are deserving of peace and healing despite where we are at on our individual journeys. There will be times when we might feel unstoppable and other times when life will be most humbling. We cannot change where we came from. Each person’s story is uniquely personal, painful, and beautiful. But there is strength in picking up our metaphorical pens and learning to rewrite our stories.
To my core, I believe each individual deserves to be heard, respected, and validated, regardless of their history. We each have the capability for and are deserving of peace and healing despite where we are at on our individual journeys. There will be times when we might feel unstoppable and other times when life will be most humbling. We cannot change where we came from. Each person’s story is uniquely personal, painful, and beautiful. But there is strength in picking up our metaphorical pens and learning to rewrite our stories.
(224) 676-9800 x32 View (224) 676-9800 x32
Photo of Gurnee Counseling Center in Gurnee, IL
Gurnee Counseling Center
Not Verified Not Verified
Gurnee, IL 60031
Our goal is simple. To offer people a center that is dedicated to the wellness of the mind, body and spirit. We are focused on solutions that build healthy skills to last a lifetime.
Our goal is simple. To offer people a center that is dedicated to the wellness of the mind, body and spirit. We are focused on solutions that build healthy skills to last a lifetime.
(847) 641-2217 View (847) 641-2217
Photo of Karen Wright, LCPC-The Wright Advocate, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Karen Wright, LCPC-The Wright Advocate
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031  (Online Only)
Tough times can be hard to get through, but it's possible to overcome them. Maybe you're struggling with a difficult past or current situation that's left you feeling hurt, hopeless, lost, confused, angry, or alone? Please know that you are NOT alone and there is hope! We can work through this together in a supportive, non-judgmental space where issues are slowly confronted with empathy and holistically to inspire healing and growth for your mind, body, and soul. You can OWN your story, heal, and move forward with hope and determination. I have availability in the AM and afternoon via a confidential Telehealth/Video platform.
Tough times can be hard to get through, but it's possible to overcome them. Maybe you're struggling with a difficult past or current situation that's left you feeling hurt, hopeless, lost, confused, angry, or alone? Please know that you are NOT alone and there is hope! We can work through this together in a supportive, non-judgmental space where issues are slowly confronted with empathy and holistically to inspire healing and growth for your mind, body, and soul. You can OWN your story, heal, and move forward with hope and determination. I have availability in the AM and afternoon via a confidential Telehealth/Video platform.
(847) 416-8229 View (847) 416-8229
Photo of Robert Cashen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Robert Cashen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031  (Online Only)
I am celebrating my 33rd year as a therapist. I work with clients to create the lives they want by building upon their strengths and helping them eliminate internalized shame so that they can free themselves of emotional pain. I especially enjoy helping young adults heal past trauma for a happier, healthier present and future. I have a caring, authentic and compassionate approach. I create a safe and nurturing space to help clients develop the power that they already possess to heal themselves and gain meaning and understanding while walking on their unique journey.
I am celebrating my 33rd year as a therapist. I work with clients to create the lives they want by building upon their strengths and helping them eliminate internalized shame so that they can free themselves of emotional pain. I especially enjoy helping young adults heal past trauma for a happier, healthier present and future. I have a caring, authentic and compassionate approach. I create a safe and nurturing space to help clients develop the power that they already possess to heal themselves and gain meaning and understanding while walking on their unique journey.
(224) 676-9800 x27 View (224) 676-9800 x27
Photo of Great Lakes Psychology Group - Gurnee, Psychologist in Gurnee, IL
Great Lakes Psychology Group - Gurnee
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Gurnee, IL 60031
The GLPG support staff will personally match you with a best-fit therapist who accepts your insurance and is available to see you online or in person at a time that works for you. The GLPG provider network comprises doctoral and master’s level psychologists, marriage and family therapists, professional counselors, and social workers. Benefits include online and in-person therapy options, night and weekend availability, and most insurance plans accepted. Additionally, our knowledgeable and helpful support staff are available to answer your questions or help with anything you might need at any point along the therapy journey.
The GLPG support staff will personally match you with a best-fit therapist who accepts your insurance and is available to see you online or in person at a time that works for you. The GLPG provider network comprises doctoral and master’s level psychologists, marriage and family therapists, professional counselors, and social workers. Benefits include online and in-person therapy options, night and weekend availability, and most insurance plans accepted. Additionally, our knowledgeable and helpful support staff are available to answer your questions or help with anything you might need at any point along the therapy journey.
(847) 243-6594 View (847) 243-6594
Photo of Holly Sheahan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Holly Sheahan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
I have been a therapist for over 20 years. I love people, and appreciate that my work allows me to develop authentic, meaningful relationships with my clients. I bring warmth, compassion and humor into my sessions. This helps establish and nurture a strong, therapeutic bond, which is essential for the difficult work of therapy. Life is really hard, and therapy can help reveal hope in the midst of pain and confusion. It illuminates the inner strength and resiliency that people need, but often can’t see or access within themselves.
I have been a therapist for over 20 years. I love people, and appreciate that my work allows me to develop authentic, meaningful relationships with my clients. I bring warmth, compassion and humor into my sessions. This helps establish and nurture a strong, therapeutic bond, which is essential for the difficult work of therapy. Life is really hard, and therapy can help reveal hope in the midst of pain and confusion. It illuminates the inner strength and resiliency that people need, but often can’t see or access within themselves.
(224) 676-9800 x24 View (224) 676-9800 x24
Photo of Lisa Alexoff, Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Lisa Alexoff
Counselor, MS, LCPC, CIMHP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed, frustrated? Trying to move forward on your journey, but getting derailed, sidetracked or stuck? I believe we all have the power within us to bring about the change we wish for in our lives, we may just need someone to help us tap into our inner wisdom and strength. I work with others as they find the best ways to recognize, accept and overcome any roadblocks to creating the life they want. Whether you are dealing with a personal growth, parenting issue, medical problem, ADHD or anxiety, we will create a judgement free zone where your strengths are valued, unhelpful patterns are replaced and you are empowered!
Feeling overwhelmed, frustrated? Trying to move forward on your journey, but getting derailed, sidetracked or stuck? I believe we all have the power within us to bring about the change we wish for in our lives, we may just need someone to help us tap into our inner wisdom and strength. I work with others as they find the best ways to recognize, accept and overcome any roadblocks to creating the life they want. Whether you are dealing with a personal growth, parenting issue, medical problem, ADHD or anxiety, we will create a judgement free zone where your strengths are valued, unhelpful patterns are replaced and you are empowered!
(224) 803-3160 View (224) 803-3160
Photo of Christine Pope, Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Christine Pope
Counselor, LCPC, CADC
Verified Verified
Gurnee, IL 60031
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, as well as a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I use a strengths based approach and have worked with clients of all ages. My specialties include behavioral disorders, substance use, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. I have also worked with clients that have experienced trauma ranging from physical and sexual abuse, assault, and experiencing and witnessing violence and negligence. I do not believe there is a one size fits all approach to therapy and believe that every client is the expert on themselves.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, as well as a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I use a strengths based approach and have worked with clients of all ages. My specialties include behavioral disorders, substance use, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. I have also worked with clients that have experienced trauma ranging from physical and sexual abuse, assault, and experiencing and witnessing violence and negligence. I do not believe there is a one size fits all approach to therapy and believe that every client is the expert on themselves.
(224) 458-2401 x126 View (224) 458-2401 x126
Photo of Crystal Bernard, Licensed Professional Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Crystal Bernard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031  (Online Only)
We all experience moments of difficulty and reaching out for support is a true act of self-advocacy and courage. I believe that every individual can experience growth, healing, and wholeness in a safe and nurturing environment. In my work with clients, I aim to foster a robust therapeutic alliance and cultivate a space for vulnerability and self-awareness. Together, we can explore the complexities and multidimensional aspects of your life while being sensitive to your needs and mindful of your expectations for the counseling process.
We all experience moments of difficulty and reaching out for support is a true act of self-advocacy and courage. I believe that every individual can experience growth, healing, and wholeness in a safe and nurturing environment. In my work with clients, I aim to foster a robust therapeutic alliance and cultivate a space for vulnerability and self-awareness. Together, we can explore the complexities and multidimensional aspects of your life while being sensitive to your needs and mindful of your expectations for the counseling process.
(847) 595-5085 View (847) 595-5085
Photo of Nada Pavlovic, Counselor in Gurnee, IL
Nada Pavlovic
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031
Have you ever felt “stuck” in your life and not sure how to move forward to make positive changes? I strongly believe that when we cannot make changes to our situation, we need to make changes to our thinking and perception, which requires exploration and support. When we can make changes to our situation, it can be risky and scary and best done with plenty of planning and validation. I am passionate about helping people make these “shifts” in perception and situation.
Have you ever felt “stuck” in your life and not sure how to move forward to make positive changes? I strongly believe that when we cannot make changes to our situation, we need to make changes to our thinking and perception, which requires exploration and support. When we can make changes to our situation, it can be risky and scary and best done with plenty of planning and validation. I am passionate about helping people make these “shifts” in perception and situation.
(224) 676-9800 x26 View (224) 676-9800 x26
Photo of Fenix Wellness, PLLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gurnee, IL
Fenix Wellness, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gurnee, IL 60031  (Online Only)
Welcome to Fenix Wellness. I'm Stephanie (she/her), a dedicated relational psychotherapist with over 6 years of experience. I am trained in EMDR. I earned my Master's degree in Clinical Social Work from Loyola University Chicago and have undergone specialized training in Alcohol and Drug Counseling, Sexual Assault, and domestic violence. My clinical expertise is rooted in working with adolescents and adults who have encountered chronic, complex trauma, often in the form of interpersonal violence, coupled with substance use, grief, loss, relationship challenges, emotional dysregulation, self esteem concerns, depression and anxiety.
Welcome to Fenix Wellness. I'm Stephanie (she/her), a dedicated relational psychotherapist with over 6 years of experience. I am trained in EMDR. I earned my Master's degree in Clinical Social Work from Loyola University Chicago and have undergone specialized training in Alcohol and Drug Counseling, Sexual Assault, and domestic violence. My clinical expertise is rooted in working with adolescents and adults who have encountered chronic, complex trauma, often in the form of interpersonal violence, coupled with substance use, grief, loss, relationship challenges, emotional dysregulation, self esteem concerns, depression and anxiety.
(773) 923-0331 View (773) 923-0331
LGBTQ+ Therapists

Do LGBTQ-affirmative therapists receive special training?

Yes. Many therapists who practice LGBTQ-affirmative therapy have completed specialized training, either during their degree program or as continuing education, to learn the core principles of affirmative therapy and how to best support their LGBTQ clients; some have received certifications in LGBTQ-affirmative therapy. Prospective clients should inquire as to a clinician’s background and training to ensure a good fit.

Why might I want to see an LGBTQ-affirming or LGBTQ-friendly therapist?

Queer and gender-non-conforming individuals frequently experience bias and marginalization in day-to-day life. Working with a therapist who understands these unique challenges, as well as accepts and affirms their identity, can help LGBTQ clients feel safe and supported during therapy—allowing them to better navigate their relationships, mental health, and anything else that they wish to explore during therapy. It is important to note that many therapists can be effective in their work with LGBTQ+ individuals, even in the absence of specific training or background knowledge. The most important component in therapy is the alliance between therapist and client, and this alliance can exist between individuals with very different backgrounds.

How can I find an LGBTQ-friendly therapist?

You may wish to inquire about a therapist’s expertise with your specific challenges or concerns—depression, for example, or relationship strife—as well as their past experiences treating LGBTQ+ clients. Prospective clients may also ask whether a therapist has obtained additional training and/or certification in LGBTQ-affirmative techniques.

How can I inquire about a therapist’s experience with LGBTQ issues?

Prospective clients should feel empowered to directly ask therapists whether they have received training or been certified in LGBTQ-affirming therapy; competent therapists will be happy to explain their educational background and preferred approach(es) to help a client find the best match for them. Clients may also wish to ask how a therapist has treated clients with their particular challenges in the past and what they expect treatment to look like.

Are all the therapists listed in the LGBTQ directory themselves members of the LGBTQ community?

While therapists may choose to disclose their sexual orientation or gender identity in their profiles, the LGBTQ directory features not only those who have shared this information but also those who assert specialized training or experience in providing support to queer individuals, couples or families.