Therapists in Marietta, GA

Photo of Pamela Jules - Brain Synchrony & Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Brain Synchrony & Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30062
My name is Pamela Jules and I am professional counselor licensed in the state of Georgia with over 8 years experience. I have worked with clients who are navigating depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, trauma, and relationship challenges. My counseling style is motivational, compassionate, and interactive. I believe in treating everyone with respect, empathy, and sensitivity. I also believe people are resilient and can heal from their past; therefore, I do not judge anyone. My approach combines CBT, humanistic psychology, trauma-focused therapy including EMDR, and Neurofeedback. I am here to empower and support you.
My name is Pamela Jules and I am professional counselor licensed in the state of Georgia with over 8 years experience. I have worked with clients who are navigating depression, anxiety, grief, PTSD, trauma, and relationship challenges. My counseling style is motivational, compassionate, and interactive. I believe in treating everyone with respect, empathy, and sensitivity. I also believe people are resilient and can heal from their past; therefore, I do not judge anyone. My approach combines CBT, humanistic psychology, trauma-focused therapy including EMDR, and Neurofeedback. I am here to empower and support you.
(678) 403-6054 View (678) 403-6054
Photo of Laurie Chandler, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Laurie Chandler
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
4 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30067
The journey toward healing can sometimes feel lonely and overwhelming. People are wounded in relationships and, in turn, healed in relationships. I strongly believe that one of the most influential relationships for healing and growth can be the relationship between therapist and client. Therefore, I am committed to providing a safe,caring,non-judgmental therapeutic environment in which we work together, at your pace, to help you achieve your goals for healing and personal growth.I sincerely consider it a privilege to walk with you on this journey.
The journey toward healing can sometimes feel lonely and overwhelming. People are wounded in relationships and, in turn, healed in relationships. I strongly believe that one of the most influential relationships for healing and growth can be the relationship between therapist and client. Therefore, I am committed to providing a safe,caring,non-judgmental therapeutic environment in which we work together, at your pace, to help you achieve your goals for healing and personal growth.I sincerely consider it a privilege to walk with you on this journey.
(678) 256-2697 View (678) 256-2697
Photo of Jennifer Harbin, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, CCH, RPT
Jennifer Harbin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, CCH, RPT
15 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30066
Jennifer is an integrative therapist, sometimes called a prescriptive therapeutic style, which means she is committed to seeking and maintaining a knowledge base of a variety of therapeutic modalities. She is then able to utilize and blend what approaches or aspects of a model will be most helpful to each client-so truly individualized care.
Jennifer is an integrative therapist, sometimes called a prescriptive therapeutic style, which means she is committed to seeking and maintaining a knowledge base of a variety of therapeutic modalities. She is then able to utilize and blend what approaches or aspects of a model will be most helpful to each client-so truly individualized care.
(678) 400-2093 View (678) 400-2093
Photo of Taijah Bell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH
Taijah Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH
Online Only
Are you a mom who feels like the weight of the world is on your shoulders? Are you a mom who feels anxious about motherhood, wondering if you're doing it all right? Have you been feeling depressed, like you've lost yourself in the chaos of it all? Are you a mom who lacks support, feeling like you're navigating this journey alone? Are you a mom who's been feeling stressed, overwhelmed, and burnt out? Whether you're a new mom or an experienced one, navigating motherhood can be both exhilarating and overwhelming. While motherhood is beautiful, it often comes with the heavy burden of postpartum depression, anxiety, stress, and high exp
Are you a mom who feels like the weight of the world is on your shoulders? Are you a mom who feels anxious about motherhood, wondering if you're doing it all right? Have you been feeling depressed, like you've lost yourself in the chaos of it all? Are you a mom who lacks support, feeling like you're navigating this journey alone? Are you a mom who's been feeling stressed, overwhelmed, and burnt out? Whether you're a new mom or an experienced one, navigating motherhood can be both exhilarating and overwhelming. While motherhood is beautiful, it often comes with the heavy burden of postpartum depression, anxiety, stress, and high exp
(678) 841-7536 View (678) 841-7536
Photo of Jennifer Hickson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jennifer Hickson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
We all want to become better versions of ourselves. However, life can bring on challenges and setbacks that are unexpected in which we don’t always have the proper tools to manage. Life happens to everyone and no one should be made to feel that something's wrong with them if they need help navigating through it. Sometimes we get to times in our lives where we may feel stuck in our current situations, in our past, or even just in our minds, and we need help getting free.
We all want to become better versions of ourselves. However, life can bring on challenges and setbacks that are unexpected in which we don’t always have the proper tools to manage. Life happens to everyone and no one should be made to feel that something's wrong with them if they need help navigating through it. Sometimes we get to times in our lives where we may feel stuck in our current situations, in our past, or even just in our minds, and we need help getting free.
(470) 280-7189 View (470) 280-7189
Photo of Adrienne Moberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEAP
Adrienne Moberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEAP
2 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30064
Not accepting new clients
If you’re feeling stuck, anxious, disconnected, or burdened by a past that still weighs heavily on you, you’re not alone—and you don’t have to carry it all by yourself. I specialize in helping adult women who have experienced trauma, anxiety, and depression, especially those who grew up with emotionally immature, unavailable, or critical parents. My work is grounded in compassion and curiosity, and my goal is to help you uncover and heal the root causes of your pain—not just manage the symptoms.
If you’re feeling stuck, anxious, disconnected, or burdened by a past that still weighs heavily on you, you’re not alone—and you don’t have to carry it all by yourself. I specialize in helping adult women who have experienced trauma, anxiety, and depression, especially those who grew up with emotionally immature, unavailable, or critical parents. My work is grounded in compassion and curiosity, and my goal is to help you uncover and heal the root causes of your pain—not just manage the symptoms.
(678) 829-6373 View (678) 829-6373
Photo of Sarah Foster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sarah Foster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Taking the first step and finding a therapist is not easy. I understand that it can be difficult to find a person that you feel comfortable being vulnerable with. That’s why it is my main goal as a therapist to create a supportive and validating space for you to be your authentic self. My therapeutic approach is relational and person-centered, grounded in empathy, authenticity, and collaboration. I strive to create a warm and welcoming space where clients feel safe to explore their inner thoughts and emotions without judgment. I honor the uniqueness of every client to help each of my clients achieve their individual goals.
Taking the first step and finding a therapist is not easy. I understand that it can be difficult to find a person that you feel comfortable being vulnerable with. That’s why it is my main goal as a therapist to create a supportive and validating space for you to be your authentic self. My therapeutic approach is relational and person-centered, grounded in empathy, authenticity, and collaboration. I strive to create a warm and welcoming space where clients feel safe to explore their inner thoughts and emotions without judgment. I honor the uniqueness of every client to help each of my clients achieve their individual goals.
(484) 296-0437 View (484) 296-0437
Photo of Dr. Patricia Postanowicz, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Dr. Patricia Postanowicz
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Marietta, GA 30062
I love working with couples at various stages of their relationship. I also enjoy working with individuals 16+ and families with older children (14+). My therapy style is direct, compassionate, focusing on developing insight and ways to communicate with significant others that helps establish boundaries and change the dynamics of relationships that aren't working.
I love working with couples at various stages of their relationship. I also enjoy working with individuals 16+ and families with older children (14+). My therapy style is direct, compassionate, focusing on developing insight and ways to communicate with significant others that helps establish boundaries and change the dynamics of relationships that aren't working.
(770) 742-7214 View (770) 742-7214
Photo of Allie Collins, Counselor, MS
Allie Collins
Counselor, MS
Marietta, GA 30060
It is not always easy to reach out for help! As your counselor, my goal is to assist in providing you with skills to create change in your life and improve overall well-being. I aim to provide a safe space for clients to explore whatever specific challenges they may be facing in order to foster positive growth and change. I view the therapeutic process as a collaborative relationship, and believe every client deserves to feel accepted and supported throughout their journey. My aim is to create a safe environment where clients can work towards their goals with empathy, support, and understanding.
It is not always easy to reach out for help! As your counselor, my goal is to assist in providing you with skills to create change in your life and improve overall well-being. I aim to provide a safe space for clients to explore whatever specific challenges they may be facing in order to foster positive growth and change. I view the therapeutic process as a collaborative relationship, and believe every client deserves to feel accepted and supported throughout their journey. My aim is to create a safe environment where clients can work towards their goals with empathy, support, and understanding.
(470) 778-4669 View (470) 778-4669
Photo of Ali Delen, Counselor, LPC
Ali Delen
Counselor, LPC
2 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30062
Weekends only. I have a passion for working with clients who experience anxiety, loss of identity, low self-esteem, substance use and other issues. Starting your journey to your better life and to regain your happiness brings to the surface many difficult emotions. I celebrate you for taking a chance on yourself. Let's work together to shed the mask you have felt necessary to wear for everyone else. The true you is ready to break through and finally have the spotlight! Recovery and change takes strength and I believe you have it. I would be honored to walk with you through your growth and finding your genuine self.
Weekends only. I have a passion for working with clients who experience anxiety, loss of identity, low self-esteem, substance use and other issues. Starting your journey to your better life and to regain your happiness brings to the surface many difficult emotions. I celebrate you for taking a chance on yourself. Let's work together to shed the mask you have felt necessary to wear for everyone else. The true you is ready to break through and finally have the spotlight! Recovery and change takes strength and I believe you have it. I would be honored to walk with you through your growth and finding your genuine self.
(678) 336-6461 View (678) 336-6461
Photo of Shivani Bharat, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, APC
Shivani Bharat
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, APC
Marietta, GA 30062
I believe that everyone has the power within themselves to become the best version of themselves, but sometimes they get stuck. My goal is to empower individuals to grow, make positive changes, and embrace those changes with confidence by utilizing their strengths. Growing up in the Indian community, I experienced the stigma surrounding mental health and the lack of support available. I am committed to breaking these barriers and providing compassionate care to people of all backgrounds and cultures.
I believe that everyone has the power within themselves to become the best version of themselves, but sometimes they get stuck. My goal is to empower individuals to grow, make positive changes, and embrace those changes with confidence by utilizing their strengths. Growing up in the Indian community, I experienced the stigma surrounding mental health and the lack of support available. I am committed to breaking these barriers and providing compassionate care to people of all backgrounds and cultures.
(770) 762-2367 View (770) 762-2367
Photo of Erin Mills, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Erin Mills
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Marietta, GA 30067
I am passionate about working with people who have substance abuse concerns, trauma, family conflict, and difficulty coping. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I strive to make any difficult life experience more manageable while gently guiding my clients and their families towards the life they want and see for themselves. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults utilizing a client-centered, supportive approach. I work to make my office a safe, judgement-free space where my clients can discuss their struggles and get the support they need.
I am passionate about working with people who have substance abuse concerns, trauma, family conflict, and difficulty coping. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I strive to make any difficult life experience more manageable while gently guiding my clients and their families towards the life they want and see for themselves. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults utilizing a client-centered, supportive approach. I work to make my office a safe, judgement-free space where my clients can discuss their struggles and get the support they need.
(470) 221-2588 View (470) 221-2588
Photo of Gabby Brumfield, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Gabby Brumfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30062
Waitlist for new clients
Individuals, couples, and families are all complex. Each having their own perspectives, life experiences, and unique inner processing. Rather than seeking an "ideal client," I meet people where they are. I will be the clinician YOU need during our time together. Do you prefer talk therapy or to have structured activities? Maybe a mix of both? We can do that. Have you had a rough day and just need someone to sit with you in the heaviness without saying much at all? We can do that, too. I do not come to session with preconceived notions of our time together. I want to support you in whatever way you need me to in that moment.
Individuals, couples, and families are all complex. Each having their own perspectives, life experiences, and unique inner processing. Rather than seeking an "ideal client," I meet people where they are. I will be the clinician YOU need during our time together. Do you prefer talk therapy or to have structured activities? Maybe a mix of both? We can do that. Have you had a rough day and just need someone to sit with you in the heaviness without saying much at all? We can do that, too. I do not come to session with preconceived notions of our time together. I want to support you in whatever way you need me to in that moment.
(678) 730-6209 View (678) 730-6209
Photo of Sierra Kihlstadius, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sierra Kihlstadius
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hi, I’m Sierra (she/her). I help queer, neurodivergent babes caught in the pattern of people pleasing swap burnout for boundaries and self-doubt for self-love! As a lesbian woman with ADHD, raised in the Bible Belt, I know what it’s like to feel like you’re “too much” and “not enough” all at once. In my youth, I was the one holding space for everyone else. I navigated the world with a heart that was often deemed “too sensitive.” I became a chronic rescuer, fearful people would leave me if they didn’t need me. I poured myself into caretaking, not realizing how much I was abandoning myself in the process.
Hi, I’m Sierra (she/her). I help queer, neurodivergent babes caught in the pattern of people pleasing swap burnout for boundaries and self-doubt for self-love! As a lesbian woman with ADHD, raised in the Bible Belt, I know what it’s like to feel like you’re “too much” and “not enough” all at once. In my youth, I was the one holding space for everyone else. I navigated the world with a heart that was often deemed “too sensitive.” I became a chronic rescuer, fearful people would leave me if they didn’t need me. I poured myself into caretaking, not realizing how much I was abandoning myself in the process.
(678) 996-1423 View (678) 996-1423
Photo of Bonnie Hartley-Selvey, Marriage & Family Therapist, LCSW
Bonnie Hartley-Selvey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCSW
Marietta, GA 30062
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker / Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist and a Certified Sex Therapist.I work with adult individuals, couples and groups. My major specialty areas are depression, anxiety,, relationship issues, divorce, self-esteem, sexuality and major life passages. With over 30 years of clinical experience, my approach is eclectic and integrative, with a psychodynamic orientation.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker / Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist and a Certified Sex Therapist.I work with adult individuals, couples and groups. My major specialty areas are depression, anxiety,, relationship issues, divorce, self-esteem, sexuality and major life passages. With over 30 years of clinical experience, my approach is eclectic and integrative, with a psychodynamic orientation.
(678) 658-0928 View (678) 658-0928
Photo of Don Burroughs, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Don Burroughs
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Marietta, GA 30062
Life is always "whelming" when it becomes "overwhelming" it might be time to reach out for help. I'm skilled, knowledgeable, and experienced at helping people overcome life's challenges. Life is also full of inevitable transitions-going away to college, changing careers/jobs, moving, loss of a spouse or parent, becoming an empty-nester, becoming a caregiver for a parent to name a few. If your feelings, thinking or actions are impairing you and/or hurting others you care about please give me a call. I work effectively with both individuals and couples. My approach to counseling is based in Cognitive and Mindfulness strategies.
Life is always "whelming" when it becomes "overwhelming" it might be time to reach out for help. I'm skilled, knowledgeable, and experienced at helping people overcome life's challenges. Life is also full of inevitable transitions-going away to college, changing careers/jobs, moving, loss of a spouse or parent, becoming an empty-nester, becoming a caregiver for a parent to name a few. If your feelings, thinking or actions are impairing you and/or hurting others you care about please give me a call. I work effectively with both individuals and couples. My approach to counseling is based in Cognitive and Mindfulness strategies.
(706) 438-4148 View (706) 438-4148
Photo of Caroline Pressley, Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Caroline Pressley
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Marietta, GA 30064
I am Caroline Pressley, a Licensed Master Social Worker with 2 years of experience. I specialize in supporting individuals navigating anxiety, depression, major life transitions, burnout, and relationship challenges. My ideal client feels overwhelmed and seeks a compassionate professional to help them regain balance, confidence, and emotional clarity. I aim to empower others with practical strategies, personalized care, and a safe space for growth, fostering resilience and long-term well-being. By blending proven techniques with genuine care, I help individuals make real and lasting life changes.
I am Caroline Pressley, a Licensed Master Social Worker with 2 years of experience. I specialize in supporting individuals navigating anxiety, depression, major life transitions, burnout, and relationship challenges. My ideal client feels overwhelmed and seeks a compassionate professional to help them regain balance, confidence, and emotional clarity. I aim to empower others with practical strategies, personalized care, and a safe space for growth, fostering resilience and long-term well-being. By blending proven techniques with genuine care, I help individuals make real and lasting life changes.
(470) 828-2537 View (470) 828-2537
Photo of Heather King-Green, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADCII, ICADC, CAMSI
Heather King-Green
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADCII, ICADC, CAMSI
Marietta, GA 30064
A real conversation with real talk to gain real life results. No sugar coating. Addiction and Anger are real life issues that interfere with positive thoughts and positive actions. Let’s get thru this together.
A real conversation with real talk to gain real life results. No sugar coating. Addiction and Anger are real life issues that interfere with positive thoughts and positive actions. Let’s get thru this together.
(470) 203-8615 View (470) 203-8615
Photo of Cathy Mairin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cathy Mairin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30060
I’ve had the privilege of assisting numerous couples find their way back to connected fulfilling relationships. Whether you are seeking to heal from the trauma of infidelity, eliminate painful patterns of communication, gain greater understanding of one another, be a better team, or light the spark between you again, I’d welcome the opportunity to provide a path to healing and reconnection. I will hold the hope for you as you learn new tools and understanding until you can hold the torch yourselves. I also work with individuals seeking to improve their mental health, relationships, overall sense of wellbeing, and meaning in life.
I’ve had the privilege of assisting numerous couples find their way back to connected fulfilling relationships. Whether you are seeking to heal from the trauma of infidelity, eliminate painful patterns of communication, gain greater understanding of one another, be a better team, or light the spark between you again, I’d welcome the opportunity to provide a path to healing and reconnection. I will hold the hope for you as you learn new tools and understanding until you can hold the torch yourselves. I also work with individuals seeking to improve their mental health, relationships, overall sense of wellbeing, and meaning in life.
(404) 352-0047 View (404) 352-0047
Photo of Melanie Jerez Sherrill, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Melanie Jerez Sherrill
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30064
Not accepting new clients
Attention! I am currently on maternity leave until January 2026 and will not be accepting new clients. Thank you! I have experience & enjoy working with adults & teens 14 and up, who struggle with depression, anxiety, PTSD, DID, & sexual identity along with major life transitions.
Attention! I am currently on maternity leave until January 2026 and will not be accepting new clients. Thank you! I have experience & enjoy working with adults & teens 14 and up, who struggle with depression, anxiety, PTSD, DID, & sexual identity along with major life transitions.
(404) 689-1761 View (404) 689-1761

See more therapy options for Marietta

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Marietta, GA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Marietta, GA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
68% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Aetna
79% Cigna and Evernorth
68% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Marietta, GA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Marietta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.