Therapists in Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA

Photo of Sarah Browning, Counselor, LAPC, CRC, CIEC
Sarah Browning
Counselor, LAPC, CRC, CIEC
4 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
I specialize in guiding adolescents, young adults, and women through the intricate process of healing their relationship with both their minds and bodies. Central to my approach is the belief that our early childhood experiences shape the “template” through which we experience life and relationships. I blend together client-centered therapy, attachment theory, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, all viewed through a trauma-informed lens. I advocate for a holistic healing journey that addresses the mind, body, and spirit, and find incorporating somatic interventions profoundly healing for the nervous system.
I specialize in guiding adolescents, young adults, and women through the intricate process of healing their relationship with both their minds and bodies. Central to my approach is the belief that our early childhood experiences shape the “template” through which we experience life and relationships. I blend together client-centered therapy, attachment theory, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, all viewed through a trauma-informed lens. I advocate for a holistic healing journey that addresses the mind, body, and spirit, and find incorporating somatic interventions profoundly healing for the nervous system.
(404) 495-5357 View (404) 495-5357
Photo of Maggie Akstin, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Maggie Akstin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
9 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
My highest ambition in my work with clients is to help you to discover your own inherent strengths, resources, wisdom, and power, and to help you to cultivate compassion for yourself through mindfulness, radical self acceptance and self compassion. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, OCD, grief and loss, life transitions, family of origin issues, relationship challenges (including ethical non monogamy and polyamory related), sexual orientation and gender identity questions, vocational and existential concerns.
My highest ambition in my work with clients is to help you to discover your own inherent strengths, resources, wisdom, and power, and to help you to cultivate compassion for yourself through mindfulness, radical self acceptance and self compassion. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, OCD, grief and loss, life transitions, family of origin issues, relationship challenges (including ethical non monogamy and polyamory related), sexual orientation and gender identity questions, vocational and existential concerns.
(762) 200-1914 View (762) 200-1914
Photo of Latechia Hogue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Latechia Hogue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
Oh how I loved everybody else when I finally got to talk about myself. - Dar Williams. This practice provides a space for clients to feel safe enough to take off the mask without judgement. What about the anxious, depressed, angry, shamed and stuck parts of ourselves? They desire to be seen as well. I am here to stand witness with you. I work with women, particularly women of color, and the men who love them. I am proudly LGBTQ allied. I work with individuals and couples. All are welcome.
Oh how I loved everybody else when I finally got to talk about myself. - Dar Williams. This practice provides a space for clients to feel safe enough to take off the mask without judgement. What about the anxious, depressed, angry, shamed and stuck parts of ourselves? They desire to be seen as well. I am here to stand witness with you. I work with women, particularly women of color, and the men who love them. I am proudly LGBTQ allied. I work with individuals and couples. All are welcome.
(404) 609-0792 View (404) 609-0792
Photo of Felicia Ann Burton, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, ABD, CADC-II, CAC
Felicia Ann Burton
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, ABD, CADC-II, CAC
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30307
Having issues with an addiction, if your court mandated for mental health, anger managment, theft management or domistic violence then you'll need a certificate to show your probation or parole. I provide services for individual's seeking legal compliance and want to get out of trouble with the law. You will learn healthy ways to deal with anger and theft as well as its triggers. You will learn to identify urges and cravings and when you're becoming angry, understanding why, and finding constructive ways to express yourself instead of acting out.
Having issues with an addiction, if your court mandated for mental health, anger managment, theft management or domistic violence then you'll need a certificate to show your probation or parole. I provide services for individual's seeking legal compliance and want to get out of trouble with the law. You will learn healthy ways to deal with anger and theft as well as its triggers. You will learn to identify urges and cravings and when you're becoming angry, understanding why, and finding constructive ways to express yourself instead of acting out.
(470) 468-2300 View (470) 468-2300
Photo of Margaret Patricia Fitzpatrick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Margaret Patricia Fitzpatrick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
I am a therapist based in Atlanta. I am a licensed clinical social worker, LCSW. I have been providing therapeutic services in Atlanta for three years. Prior to that I was the director of a mental health community agency in Massachusetts for 15 years. I see adolescents, adults, families. I help them manage issues with their relationships, divorce, trauma, depression, anxiety and other life challenges. I focus on developing a relationship to create a safe environment to work through life challenges and engender growth. I am trained in EMDR.
I am a therapist based in Atlanta. I am a licensed clinical social worker, LCSW. I have been providing therapeutic services in Atlanta for three years. Prior to that I was the director of a mental health community agency in Massachusetts for 15 years. I see adolescents, adults, families. I help them manage issues with their relationships, divorce, trauma, depression, anxiety and other life challenges. I focus on developing a relationship to create a safe environment to work through life challenges and engender growth. I am trained in EMDR.
(678) 509-6809 View (678) 509-6809
Photo of Emily Sarah Katz, Psychologist, PsyD
Emily Sarah Katz
Psychologist, PsyD
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
We all have emotional wounds from the past. Left untreated, these experiences can harm us mentally, affect our relationships and make us unhappy. Therapy can help you explore, understand and ultimately heal by addressing the painful memories broken hearts, resentments, worries, and regrets that are often the root cause of the problem. By allowing ourselves to heal and grow, this experiences can also become sources of strengths and wisdom. I offer over a decade of experience as a clinical psychologist, helping people plant the seeds of change.
We all have emotional wounds from the past. Left untreated, these experiences can harm us mentally, affect our relationships and make us unhappy. Therapy can help you explore, understand and ultimately heal by addressing the painful memories broken hearts, resentments, worries, and regrets that are often the root cause of the problem. By allowing ourselves to heal and grow, this experiences can also become sources of strengths and wisdom. I offer over a decade of experience as a clinical psychologist, helping people plant the seeds of change.
(404) 948-4974 View (404) 948-4974
Photo of Katelyn Ortego, Associate Professional Counselor, MS, APC, NCC
Katelyn Ortego
Associate Professional Counselor, MS, APC, NCC
3 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
I am guided by the belief that ‘humans make sense.' We don’t just arrive at our behaviors by chance; we are innovative, brilliant beings, built to be resilient. But maybe you’re finding yourself here because how you're relating to yourself and others is not serving you anymore. What do we do when we are stuck in cycles that leave us isolated, not just from others, but ourselves? Life is full of "both;and," joy and heartache, the two informing one another in the dynamic experience of what it means to be human. But how do we make peace with it all? What does it mean to embrace our humanity in a way that liberates, not paralyzes?
I am guided by the belief that ‘humans make sense.' We don’t just arrive at our behaviors by chance; we are innovative, brilliant beings, built to be resilient. But maybe you’re finding yourself here because how you're relating to yourself and others is not serving you anymore. What do we do when we are stuck in cycles that leave us isolated, not just from others, but ourselves? Life is full of "both;and," joy and heartache, the two informing one another in the dynamic experience of what it means to be human. But how do we make peace with it all? What does it mean to embrace our humanity in a way that liberates, not paralyzes?
(404) 574-2874 View (404) 574-2874
Photo of Ben Lamm, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Ben Lamm
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
3 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
I see adults, and teenagers age 16 and up, for individual therapy and couple's therapy. Whether you’re looking to make a change, connect with yourself, deepen your relationships, overcome roadblocks, or find a sense of purpose, now is the time to invest in yourself.
I see adults, and teenagers age 16 and up, for individual therapy and couple's therapy. Whether you’re looking to make a change, connect with yourself, deepen your relationships, overcome roadblocks, or find a sense of purpose, now is the time to invest in yourself.
(404) 390-1962 View (404) 390-1962
Photo of Wendy Thomas, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Wendy Thomas
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
4 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
In a safe space, I work with individuals, couples, and groups who may be experiencing stress/anxiety related to life transitions in the form of exploring their sexuality, religion/spirituality, relationship(s), or career. I also work with individuals navigating grief related to death, mobility, living arrangements, career, relationships, retirement, or several of these simultaneously. Couples may be experiencing the same transitions above in addition to parenthood, or exploring/maintaining CNM in their relationship, developing positive communication styles, and discussing what intimacy looks like for each partner.
In a safe space, I work with individuals, couples, and groups who may be experiencing stress/anxiety related to life transitions in the form of exploring their sexuality, religion/spirituality, relationship(s), or career. I also work with individuals navigating grief related to death, mobility, living arrangements, career, relationships, retirement, or several of these simultaneously. Couples may be experiencing the same transitions above in addition to parenthood, or exploring/maintaining CNM in their relationship, developing positive communication styles, and discussing what intimacy looks like for each partner.
(678) 940-8240 View (678) 940-8240
Photo of Amy S Robbins, Licensed Professional Counselor, EMDR , LPC, CPCS
Amy S Robbins
Licensed Professional Counselor, EMDR , LPC, CPCS
15 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
Amy strives to create a safe and nurturing atmosphere in which individuals of all ages can be supported in their efforts to change and grow as well as become reconnected to their strengths and dreams. I have a full time private practice in Atlanta, in the neighborhood of Kirkwood (next door to Le Petit Marche restaurant).
Amy strives to create a safe and nurturing atmosphere in which individuals of all ages can be supported in their efforts to change and grow as well as become reconnected to their strengths and dreams. I have a full time private practice in Atlanta, in the neighborhood of Kirkwood (next door to Le Petit Marche restaurant).
(678) 712-5410 View (678) 712-5410
Photo of Stephanie Levi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephanie Levi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
stephanie believes that all people are of equal worth and dignity. she offers a non-judgemental listening ear to support you in whatever has brought you to therapy today. whether it’s looking to build your own sense of self, manage anxiety, process trauma, navigate relational dynamics, parenting support, or something else altogether, she invites you to safely face whatever might be bringing you grief or shame.
stephanie believes that all people are of equal worth and dignity. she offers a non-judgemental listening ear to support you in whatever has brought you to therapy today. whether it’s looking to build your own sense of self, manage anxiety, process trauma, navigate relational dynamics, parenting support, or something else altogether, she invites you to safely face whatever might be bringing you grief or shame.
(404) 882-1354 View (404) 882-1354
Photo of Dana Goldman, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, SEP, CPCS
Dana Goldman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, SEP, CPCS
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
It's easy to feel crazy (and crazy lonely) if you're overwhelmed with stress, uncertainty and fear. It's easy to feel anxious and depressed and confused about everyday life, especially right now. It's easy to feel like you're too much and, simultaneously, not enough. But I'm pretty sure you're not crazy. Rather, this world is crazy-making. I assume you're doing the best you can to manage the unmanageable challenges of life, especially right now. I can help you to make decisions from a place of clarity and strength, decrease self-doubt, grieve what needs to be grieved.
It's easy to feel crazy (and crazy lonely) if you're overwhelmed with stress, uncertainty and fear. It's easy to feel anxious and depressed and confused about everyday life, especially right now. It's easy to feel like you're too much and, simultaneously, not enough. But I'm pretty sure you're not crazy. Rather, this world is crazy-making. I assume you're doing the best you can to manage the unmanageable challenges of life, especially right now. I can help you to make decisions from a place of clarity and strength, decrease self-doubt, grieve what needs to be grieved.
(678) 932-0673 View (678) 932-0673
Photo of Ryan Austin, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Ryan Austin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
I work to unconditionally welcome my clients and all their parts from the moment they walk through the door. In a world where judgment, shame, and criticism are easily found, I strive to make my office a place where acceptance and space exist for anyone. With my guiding theory of Internal Family Systems (IFS) and integration of Somatic & Attachment-Focused Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR), I practice the tenants of compassion and understanding. Clients have reported to me that this allows for them to feel like their internal world has space and fosters the process of healing from burdening beliefs and trauma.
I work to unconditionally welcome my clients and all their parts from the moment they walk through the door. In a world where judgment, shame, and criticism are easily found, I strive to make my office a place where acceptance and space exist for anyone. With my guiding theory of Internal Family Systems (IFS) and integration of Somatic & Attachment-Focused Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR), I practice the tenants of compassion and understanding. Clients have reported to me that this allows for them to feel like their internal world has space and fosters the process of healing from burdening beliefs and trauma.
(678) 729-9041 View (678) 729-9041
Photo of Walter Smith Grider Jr - Smitty Grider, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC II
Smitty Grider
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC II
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
My practice is centered around helping people reconnect with their inherent goodness. So many of us walk around with a deep sense of unworthiness, a feeling that there's something wrong, finding ourselves in conflict with others, lacking purpose, and disconnected from our true selves. This is uncomfortable, painful even. In response to this discomfort, we develop all sorts of means to cope: drugs and alcohol, work, money, sex, video games, or TV. Or, we try to fix what’s “wrong” through perfectionism, achievement, therapy, or spirituality. We try to avoid or fix our insecurities out of fear, allowing them to grow.
My practice is centered around helping people reconnect with their inherent goodness. So many of us walk around with a deep sense of unworthiness, a feeling that there's something wrong, finding ourselves in conflict with others, lacking purpose, and disconnected from our true selves. This is uncomfortable, painful even. In response to this discomfort, we develop all sorts of means to cope: drugs and alcohol, work, money, sex, video games, or TV. Or, we try to fix what’s “wrong” through perfectionism, achievement, therapy, or spirituality. We try to avoid or fix our insecurities out of fear, allowing them to grow.
(470) 414-5134 View (470) 414-5134
Photo of Lauren Walther - Lauren Walther, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDC
Lauren Walther, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDC
1 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
I offer a warm, supportive therapeutic relationship wherein a person may seek insight, understanding, and growth. The safety of the therapeutic relationship allows us to explore how you have been shaped as a person and evaluate how current behaviors, values and relationships impact your sense of satisfaction and meaning. Gaining insight on the influences of various aspects of personality, upbringing, and motivations enables us to determine a course for enhanced understanding and contentment. I gently guide people through therapeutic obstacles towards progress.
I offer a warm, supportive therapeutic relationship wherein a person may seek insight, understanding, and growth. The safety of the therapeutic relationship allows us to explore how you have been shaped as a person and evaluate how current behaviors, values and relationships impact your sense of satisfaction and meaning. Gaining insight on the influences of various aspects of personality, upbringing, and motivations enables us to determine a course for enhanced understanding and contentment. I gently guide people through therapeutic obstacles towards progress.
(404) 383-9010 View (404) 383-9010
Photo of Lori Ayling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lori Ayling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
Welcome! It is human to struggle with uncertainty, at times to feel disconnected from others, and to feel overwhelmed with life's challenges. Whether you are having difficulty with anxiety, challenging emotions, relating to others, or just want to feel more confident in your choices, it can be helpful to have a non-judgemental listening ear.
Welcome! It is human to struggle with uncertainty, at times to feel disconnected from others, and to feel overwhelmed with life's challenges. Whether you are having difficulty with anxiety, challenging emotions, relating to others, or just want to feel more confident in your choices, it can be helpful to have a non-judgemental listening ear.
(404) 738-7491 View (404) 738-7491
Photo of Thom Anderson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MMC, LCSW
Thom Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MMC, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
Creating the life and relationships you want is not only possible, it can be fun, exciting, healing, freeing, and soothing. Old patterns, beliefs, hurts, and traumas don't have to hold you back. Heal the past and create a rich, connected, and flexible present. Create a future that honors who you are and who you are becoming as an individual or as a couple or family.
Creating the life and relationships you want is not only possible, it can be fun, exciting, healing, freeing, and soothing. Old patterns, beliefs, hurts, and traumas don't have to hold you back. Heal the past and create a rich, connected, and flexible present. Create a future that honors who you are and who you are becoming as an individual or as a couple or family.
(678) 671-7554 View (678) 671-7554
Photo of Laraine Fraijo-Paul, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Laraine Fraijo-Paul
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
Bloom, where you are planted. This has always been a mantra in my life. It’s very easy to look over in someone else’s yard and admire their luscious green grass; especially when you consider the weeds under your feet. Regardless of the sector, there is a strong pull to achieving more and being greater. That can lend to never feeling good enough.
Bloom, where you are planted. This has always been a mantra in my life. It’s very easy to look over in someone else’s yard and admire their luscious green grass; especially when you consider the weeds under your feet. Regardless of the sector, there is a strong pull to achieving more and being greater. That can lend to never feeling good enough.
(762) 213-2661 View (762) 213-2661
Photo of Steven Ward, Counselor, LPC, NCC
Steven Ward
Counselor, LPC, NCC
7 Endorsed
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
Your relationship used to feel easier — but now it seems like you’re stuck in the same cycle of conflict, distance, or disconnection. You want to feel close again, to trust and understand each other, but no matter how hard you try, it feels like you’re speaking different languages.
Your relationship used to feel easier — but now it seems like you’re stuck in the same cycle of conflict, distance, or disconnection. You want to feel close again, to trust and understand each other, but no matter how hard you try, it feels like you’re speaking different languages.
(770) 685-6563 View (770) 685-6563
Photo of Mavish Khan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Mavish Khan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA 30317
I’m a licensed therapist with over 15 years of experience working with adults navigating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, life transitions, relationship struggles, parenting stress, and that familiar feeling of burnout. I offer a supportive, judgment-free space where you can show up as you are—messy, curious, exhausted, hopeful—and feel heard.
I’m a licensed therapist with over 15 years of experience working with adults navigating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, life transitions, relationship struggles, parenting stress, and that familiar feeling of burnout. I offer a supportive, judgment-free space where you can show up as you are—messy, curious, exhausted, hopeful—and feel heard.
(678) 929-2974 View (678) 929-2974

See more therapy options for Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA

80+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Grief
75% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% Aetna
82% BlueCross and BlueShield
82% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta, GA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
18% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Edgewood-Kirkwood, Atlanta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.