Therapists in Dallas, TX

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Photo of Blane Brazier, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Blane Brazier
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75243
Working through the painful parts of life is a necessary step toward growth; however, making that first step can be daunting. It would be my honor to explore that next step with you if you are experiencing unhappiness in relationships, problems with family members, or feel stuck or immersed in conflict. We may invest much time and money in many things but neglect our hearts. Yet, our inner life affects all of our decision-making. Therapy can help us discover our true, often overlooked selves.
Working through the painful parts of life is a necessary step toward growth; however, making that first step can be daunting. It would be my honor to explore that next step with you if you are experiencing unhappiness in relationships, problems with family members, or feel stuck or immersed in conflict. We may invest much time and money in many things but neglect our hearts. Yet, our inner life affects all of our decision-making. Therapy can help us discover our true, often overlooked selves.
(214) 740-6071 View (214) 740-6071
Photo of Travis Whitfill, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Travis Whitfill
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75243
Making the decision on which therapist to work with is based on many factors. Perhaps the most important factor is finding someone you are comfortable with so they can be of help. My goal in working with clients is to start by establishing a nonjudgmental, yet honest, relationship that is supportive enough to explore topics and gain insight into issues most relevant to them. I have experience working with clients from all backgrounds with a variety of difficulties, including relationship issues, life transitions, depression, identity struggles, anxiety, and grief.
Making the decision on which therapist to work with is based on many factors. Perhaps the most important factor is finding someone you are comfortable with so they can be of help. My goal in working with clients is to start by establishing a nonjudgmental, yet honest, relationship that is supportive enough to explore topics and gain insight into issues most relevant to them. I have experience working with clients from all backgrounds with a variety of difficulties, including relationship issues, life transitions, depression, identity struggles, anxiety, and grief.
(469) 502-7213 View (469) 502-7213
Photo of Turquoise N. Banks, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Turquoise N. Banks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75219  (Online Only)
The CHOICES we make have a major impact on the life we live. It's important to find a therapist who is a good fit for your needs and I understand it can be challenging. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with 14 years of experience, training and advocacy. I'm an open and accessible therapist with a warm, candid, and collaborative style. I primarily use an approach based on the dynamics of mind, brain, body and spirit. I look forward to building a trusting therapeutic alliance with you and feel confident we can meet your goals together.
The CHOICES we make have a major impact on the life we live. It's important to find a therapist who is a good fit for your needs and I understand it can be challenging. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with 14 years of experience, training and advocacy. I'm an open and accessible therapist with a warm, candid, and collaborative style. I primarily use an approach based on the dynamics of mind, brain, body and spirit. I look forward to building a trusting therapeutic alliance with you and feel confident we can meet your goals together.
(972) 430-6412 View (972) 430-6412
Photo of Jan Dice, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Jan Dice
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75248  (Online Only)
My practice is unique as I do both clinical counseling and career/executive coaching. Clinical counseling deals with emotional concerns. Career coaching addresses finding the right career path, making decisions regarding entrepreneurial ventures or retirement options. In many instances career coaching and emotional concerns appear concurrently. Executive Coaching covers leadership & management skills. I have extensive experience in career counseling and executive coaching. For the past 15 years I have worked in person and virtually with thousands of clients globally. I also assist adolescents in college coaching. We work together to match their interests with colleges. I then provide guidance throughout the entire college application process.
My practice is unique as I do both clinical counseling and career/executive coaching. Clinical counseling deals with emotional concerns. Career coaching addresses finding the right career path, making decisions regarding entrepreneurial ventures or retirement options. In many instances career coaching and emotional concerns appear concurrently. Executive Coaching covers leadership & management skills. I have extensive experience in career counseling and executive coaching. For the past 15 years I have worked in person and virtually with thousands of clients globally. I also assist adolescents in college coaching. We work together to match their interests with colleges. I then provide guidance throughout the entire college application process.
(972) 893-9087 View (972) 893-9087
Photo of Alfred (Alfie) Wishart, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Alfred (Alfie) Wishart
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75230
The path of progress comes from collaboration in an atmosphere of cooperation, education, and insight. Whether our stress is around our internal needs, people close to us, or with the state of the world, the counseling relationship is about accessing and utilizing your innate ability to learn and grow from where you are into the better life you seek. Covid-19 has disrupted nearly all our connections with friends, family, work, and community. This has brought out the unfulfilled need for connection in relationships already stressful, and has inspired people to find creative ways of strengthening connection.
The path of progress comes from collaboration in an atmosphere of cooperation, education, and insight. Whether our stress is around our internal needs, people close to us, or with the state of the world, the counseling relationship is about accessing and utilizing your innate ability to learn and grow from where you are into the better life you seek. Covid-19 has disrupted nearly all our connections with friends, family, work, and community. This has brought out the unfulfilled need for connection in relationships already stressful, and has inspired people to find creative ways of strengthening connection.
(214) 427-1049 View (214) 427-1049
Photo of Aaron Hands, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Aaron Hands
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75206
As a licensed psychologist, I provide individual therapy for adolescents and adults, specializing in the assessment and treatment of depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, social dysfunction, and trauma. I use various evidence-based practices in treatment, primarily employing psychodynamic techniques and drawing upon cognitive-behavioral strategies as necessary. I believe in an integrative approach to therapy, one in which treatment is uniquely tailored to best address the needs of the individual or family.
As a licensed psychologist, I provide individual therapy for adolescents and adults, specializing in the assessment and treatment of depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, social dysfunction, and trauma. I use various evidence-based practices in treatment, primarily employing psychodynamic techniques and drawing upon cognitive-behavioral strategies as necessary. I believe in an integrative approach to therapy, one in which treatment is uniquely tailored to best address the needs of the individual or family.
(469) 416-3318 View (469) 416-3318
Photo of Linda Spang O'Toole, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Linda Spang O'Toole
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, DBT-LBC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75206
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a DBT-Linehan Behavioral Certified Clinician with DALLAS DBT. We specialize in treating Borderline Personality Disorder, Emotion Dysregulation, and Complex PTSD using Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Prolonged Exposure (PE), and Complex PE. Additionally, I treat clients suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, mood disorders, anxiety, and chronic pain. I work with Adults, Adolescents, Parents, and Families
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a DBT-Linehan Behavioral Certified Clinician with DALLAS DBT. We specialize in treating Borderline Personality Disorder, Emotion Dysregulation, and Complex PTSD using Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Prolonged Exposure (PE), and Complex PE. Additionally, I treat clients suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, mood disorders, anxiety, and chronic pain. I work with Adults, Adolescents, Parents, and Families
(972) 918-0170 x4 View (972) 918-0170 x4
Photo of Margaret Keeling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Dallas, TX
Margaret Keeling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75209
Maggie works with adults using Dialectical Behavior Therapy to help clients build a life that they believe to be truly worth living! She offers in-person sessions in Dallas and telehealth across the state of Texas. Maggie and her team at North Texas DBT Associates provide comprehensive DBT, which is comprised of highly structured weekly individual sessions, weekly group skills classes, and access to 24/7 phone coaching support. For more information, visit our website, ntxdbt.com.
Maggie works with adults using Dialectical Behavior Therapy to help clients build a life that they believe to be truly worth living! She offers in-person sessions in Dallas and telehealth across the state of Texas. Maggie and her team at North Texas DBT Associates provide comprehensive DBT, which is comprised of highly structured weekly individual sessions, weekly group skills classes, and access to 24/7 phone coaching support. For more information, visit our website, ntxdbt.com.
(469) 552-7816 View (469) 552-7816
Photo of Sarah Epstein, Marriage & Family Therapist in Dallas, TX
Sarah Epstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75231
My clients are burned-out peacemakers suffering from anxiety, depression, and self-esteem issues. They put others before themselves and struggle to set boundaries. Many had difficult childhoods where their emotional needs weren't fully met and may struggle with ongoing difficult family relationships with their parents and extended families. I provide individual, couples, and family therapy both virtually and in-person.
My clients are burned-out peacemakers suffering from anxiety, depression, and self-esteem issues. They put others before themselves and struggle to set boundaries. Many had difficult childhoods where their emotional needs weren't fully met and may struggle with ongoing difficult family relationships with their parents and extended families. I provide individual, couples, and family therapy both virtually and in-person.
(469) 414-0515 View (469) 414-0515
Photo of Ariel Rigwood, LPC-Associate in Dallas, TX
Ariel Rigwood
LPC-Associate, MA, LPC A, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75248
Many individuals often feel overwhelmed, stuck, or alone in their daily life. I aim to help those struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship conflict, and religious trauma, among others, to find understanding and not feel so alone. I offer tools and strategies to manage stress and anxiety, rediscover joy, provide guidance and perspective through important life changes, and improve communication and connection within significant relationships. Being equipped with the proper tools and support empowers individuals to create change they previously may have doubted was possible.
Many individuals often feel overwhelmed, stuck, or alone in their daily life. I aim to help those struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship conflict, and religious trauma, among others, to find understanding and not feel so alone. I offer tools and strategies to manage stress and anxiety, rediscover joy, provide guidance and perspective through important life changes, and improve communication and connection within significant relationships. Being equipped with the proper tools and support empowers individuals to create change they previously may have doubted was possible.
(469) 393-7019 View (469) 393-7019
Photo of Christopher Draffkorn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Christopher Draffkorn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75208
Not accepting new clients
I want to hear your story with an open mind and work with you to figure out how to start moving toward your goals. I specialize in treating PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Depression and adult victims of childhood abuse and neglect in all its forms. I am trained in EMDR and Brain spotting.
I want to hear your story with an open mind and work with you to figure out how to start moving toward your goals. I specialize in treating PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Depression and adult victims of childhood abuse and neglect in all its forms. I am trained in EMDR and Brain spotting.
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Photo of Tierra Burns, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Tierra Burns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75229  (Online Only)
First, I want to congratulate you for taking the first step in taking authority over your healing and wholeness journey. The stressors of life is a lot to manage alone at times. It takes a lot of strength to recognize and seek help to not just survive in this thing called life, but to also thrive. As a clinician, I help navigate clients through past and present experiences and assist in crafting a better future by working collectively with individuals (adolescents and adults), couples, and families. I provide my clients with practical coping skills to manage the challenges of life and unlearn unhealthy defense mechanisms.
First, I want to congratulate you for taking the first step in taking authority over your healing and wholeness journey. The stressors of life is a lot to manage alone at times. It takes a lot of strength to recognize and seek help to not just survive in this thing called life, but to also thrive. As a clinician, I help navigate clients through past and present experiences and assist in crafting a better future by working collectively with individuals (adolescents and adults), couples, and families. I provide my clients with practical coping skills to manage the challenges of life and unlearn unhealthy defense mechanisms.
(214) 949-4634 View (214) 949-4634
Photo of Joseph Silva, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Joseph Silva
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75243
Naturally, we gravitate towards what's most comfortable but often what's most comfortable is what keeps us "stuck." Life can feel unmanageable without clear direction, guidance or support. Whether you're dealing with the lingering stress from our historical pandemic, relationship stress, substance abuse issues, general stress, or other past traumatic events, I'm here to help and support you with overcoming life's obstacles.
Naturally, we gravitate towards what's most comfortable but often what's most comfortable is what keeps us "stuck." Life can feel unmanageable without clear direction, guidance or support. Whether you're dealing with the lingering stress from our historical pandemic, relationship stress, substance abuse issues, general stress, or other past traumatic events, I'm here to help and support you with overcoming life's obstacles.
(214) 216-6453 View (214) 216-6453
Photo of John Camacho, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
John Camacho
Licensed Professional Counselor, MCRC, CRC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75252
Thoreau wrote: “All change is a miracle to contemplate, but it is a miracle which is taking place every instant.” Right now, you may be struggling with interpersonal conflict, insomnia, low productivity, loneliness, chronic stress, or insecure relationships. Maybe this counselor profile is the first you’ve read, or the thousandth. Either way, now is the best time to seek some guidance along your journey of life. As a counselor, I hope to help you find the answers to the challenging and painful questions that have been holding you back. That way, you can start positively influencing your future by mindfully living in this moment.
Thoreau wrote: “All change is a miracle to contemplate, but it is a miracle which is taking place every instant.” Right now, you may be struggling with interpersonal conflict, insomnia, low productivity, loneliness, chronic stress, or insecure relationships. Maybe this counselor profile is the first you’ve read, or the thousandth. Either way, now is the best time to seek some guidance along your journey of life. As a counselor, I hope to help you find the answers to the challenging and painful questions that have been holding you back. That way, you can start positively influencing your future by mindfully living in this moment.
(469) 529-7156 View (469) 529-7156
Photo of Ana Maria Cubilla, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Ana Maria Cubilla
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75254  (Online Only)
Ana Maria Cubilla is a licensed clinical social worker in Boca Raton and Coral Springs, FL. She obtained her Master’s in Clinical Social Work from Florida Atlantic University and is licensed in the state of Florida. Ana Maria has over 5 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. She also has extensive experience working within the foster care system and holds a child welfare certificate. She is fluent and holds sessions in both English and Spanish.
Ana Maria Cubilla is a licensed clinical social worker in Boca Raton and Coral Springs, FL. She obtained her Master’s in Clinical Social Work from Florida Atlantic University and is licensed in the state of Florida. Ana Maria has over 5 years of experience working with children, adolescents and adults. She also has extensive experience working within the foster care system and holds a child welfare certificate. She is fluent and holds sessions in both English and Spanish.
(469) 437-7803 View (469) 437-7803
Photo of Audrey Hardin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Audrey Hardin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204
I approach the therapeutic process as a blueprint for growth which integrates the whole person. To "live your best life" you must become aware of and nurture development in all four parts of yourself: Physical, Emotional, Social, and Spiritual. My goal is to foster holistic growth and help empower you by using a collaborative, evidence-based approach, along with neuroscience and practical techniques that produce real change. I believe that with a commitment to growth people can change and therefore, their world can change.
I approach the therapeutic process as a blueprint for growth which integrates the whole person. To "live your best life" you must become aware of and nurture development in all four parts of yourself: Physical, Emotional, Social, and Spiritual. My goal is to foster holistic growth and help empower you by using a collaborative, evidence-based approach, along with neuroscience and practical techniques that produce real change. I believe that with a commitment to growth people can change and therefore, their world can change.
(214) 531-3120 View (214) 531-3120
Photo of April K Fich, Licensed Master Social Worker in Dallas, TX
April K Fich
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75232  (Online Only)
Are you exhausted with life? Are you expected to live up to high expectations in your career, school, home life or your relationships? As a woman, I understand the internal struggles of trying to be the best at everything and putting our own needs last. As a black woman, I have remained stoic in times of despair to avoid appearing weak and felt undervalued despite working harder than my peers. And as a child of an immigrant, I understand the hopes put on the first generation American to achieve the goals that your parents could only dream of.
Are you exhausted with life? Are you expected to live up to high expectations in your career, school, home life or your relationships? As a woman, I understand the internal struggles of trying to be the best at everything and putting our own needs last. As a black woman, I have remained stoic in times of despair to avoid appearing weak and felt undervalued despite working harder than my peers. And as a child of an immigrant, I understand the hopes put on the first generation American to achieve the goals that your parents could only dream of.
(469) 228-8433 View (469) 228-8433
Photo of The Authentic Approach, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
The Authentic Approach
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75206  (Online Only)
I want to help you become a free, authentic version of yourself
I want to help you become a free, authentic version of yourself
(214) 225-1570 View (214) 225-1570
Photo of Renee' Austin Trauma Therapy North Dallas PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Renee' Austin Trauma Therapy North Dallas PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S, EMDR
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75252
Trauma is often weaved in and through the fabric of our lives. Many think of trauma as one large scale traumatic event. However, complex trauma is not always a single event. It could be a failed attachment to our care takers, experiencing abuse/neglect, multiple losses, shattered relationships, or the inability to protect ourselves emotionally with healthy boundaries. The most disturbing part of a trauma is not only the event itself, but how we perceived the event, and the internalized negative core beliefs about ourselves that developed.
Trauma is often weaved in and through the fabric of our lives. Many think of trauma as one large scale traumatic event. However, complex trauma is not always a single event. It could be a failed attachment to our care takers, experiencing abuse/neglect, multiple losses, shattered relationships, or the inability to protect ourselves emotionally with healthy boundaries. The most disturbing part of a trauma is not only the event itself, but how we perceived the event, and the internalized negative core beliefs about ourselves that developed.
(972) 318-2943 View (972) 318-2943
Photo of Abby Jo Hawkins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Abby Jo Hawkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC, MS BS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75205
Please check out my quick and easy insurance verification via website(takes less than 2 min) Focus on Trauma, Grief, and Addictions (of all kinds) alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, sex, shopping and eating issues. Abby works with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder and Personality Disorders on a consistent basis. When working with a client they first establishes goals the client identifies as being their primary focus and then explains options such as plans for different types of therapy and steps to the goal from personalized plans the therapist and client create together for stair step process to ensure client moves forward.
Please check out my quick and easy insurance verification via website(takes less than 2 min) Focus on Trauma, Grief, and Addictions (of all kinds) alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, sex, shopping and eating issues. Abby works with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder and Personality Disorders on a consistent basis. When working with a client they first establishes goals the client identifies as being their primary focus and then explains options such as plans for different types of therapy and steps to the goal from personalized plans the therapist and client create together for stair step process to ensure client moves forward.
(254) 876-4220 View (254) 876-4220

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Dallas, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Dallas, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
73% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Dallas, TX see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Dallas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.