Therapists in South Miami, FL

Photo of Marlo Shumway, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, MA, LMHC, LPC
Marlo Shumway
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, MA, LMHC, LPC
South Miami, FL 33143
I work with my clients as partners blending my areas of expertise: EMDR, cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, parent management, relationship counseling, intricacies of family systems, communication skills, and mindfulness with my client's expertise about themselves.
I work with my clients as partners blending my areas of expertise: EMDR, cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, parent management, relationship counseling, intricacies of family systems, communication skills, and mindfulness with my client's expertise about themselves.
(786) 244-2541 View (786) 244-2541
Photo of Kim H. Miller, Psychologist, PsyD
Kim H. Miller
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
South Miami, FL 33143
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist/ Neuropsychologist working with people to improve their general health and well- being. My approach is grounded in cognitive behavioral therapy to empower people to face life's challenges and gain a unique understanding of themselves and their environment. Mindfulness skills and habit training are significant components of my practice as well. I believe healthy lifestyle changes and strong coping strategies are important skills that can be learned and ultimately used to increase one's capacity to live a happy, healthy and meaningful life.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist/ Neuropsychologist working with people to improve their general health and well- being. My approach is grounded in cognitive behavioral therapy to empower people to face life's challenges and gain a unique understanding of themselves and their environment. Mindfulness skills and habit training are significant components of my practice as well. I believe healthy lifestyle changes and strong coping strategies are important skills that can be learned and ultimately used to increase one's capacity to live a happy, healthy and meaningful life.
(305) 851-5303 View (305) 851-5303
Photo of Jonathan D Robbins, Psychologist, PsyD
Jonathan D Robbins
Psychologist, PsyD
South Miami, FL 33143
Whether you have concerns about yourself or your child, setting up a free phone consultation is a great way to get some answers about your therapy needs and to see if we are a good therapeutic fit. I am a psychologist specializing in the treatment of adults, children, teens, and families. Are you unsure if you or your family needs therapy or testing? Are you concerned that your child may have ADHD, dyslexia, or autism? Do they need accommodations in the classroom or on high stakes tests such as the SAT, ACT? If so, your child would benefit from a psychological evaluation, which can help you better understand how they learn best.
Whether you have concerns about yourself or your child, setting up a free phone consultation is a great way to get some answers about your therapy needs and to see if we are a good therapeutic fit. I am a psychologist specializing in the treatment of adults, children, teens, and families. Are you unsure if you or your family needs therapy or testing? Are you concerned that your child may have ADHD, dyslexia, or autism? Do they need accommodations in the classroom or on high stakes tests such as the SAT, ACT? If so, your child would benefit from a psychological evaluation, which can help you better understand how they learn best.
(305) 609-4251 View (305) 609-4251
Photo of Raymond Estefania - R&A Therapeutic Partners, Counselor
R&A Therapeutic Partners has more than 40 years of combined experience in working with individuals and families suffering from complex substance use disorders and mental illness. R&A Therapeutic Partners serves families throughout the South Florida area, as well as nationally and internationally.
R&A Therapeutic Partners has more than 40 years of combined experience in working with individuals and families suffering from complex substance use disorders and mental illness. R&A Therapeutic Partners serves families throughout the South Florida area, as well as nationally and internationally.
(305) 432-9486 View (305) 432-9486
Photo of Lisa Arango, Counselor, PhD, LMHC
Lisa Arango
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
South Miami, FL 33143
Are feeling anxious or disconnected in your life or relationship? Or, seeking to enhance your marriage, improve your communication, feel less anxious, or deal with past relational wounds? Your relationship impacts every area of your life. When it's not good, you may feel alone, hopeless, and find it difficult to focus on other things. Using a compassionate approach, I specialize in helping you address your relationship concerns, leading to insight, healing, and transformation through individual and couples therapy. It is possible to heal, and have a secure loving, long-lasting relationship!
Are feeling anxious or disconnected in your life or relationship? Or, seeking to enhance your marriage, improve your communication, feel less anxious, or deal with past relational wounds? Your relationship impacts every area of your life. When it's not good, you may feel alone, hopeless, and find it difficult to focus on other things. Using a compassionate approach, I specialize in helping you address your relationship concerns, leading to insight, healing, and transformation through individual and couples therapy. It is possible to heal, and have a secure loving, long-lasting relationship!
(305) 770-6291 View (305) 770-6291
Photo of Niza A Tonarely-Busto, Psychologist, PhD
Niza A Tonarely-Busto
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
South Miami, FL 33143
Does your child frequently seek reassurance that everything is going to be fine? Do they fear public speaking or meeting new people? Do they have difficulty getting going, completing school work, seeing friends? Is your child bothered by unwanted thoughts that make him/her fearful, anxious, ashamed, or guilty? Do these thoughts make them wash their hands excessively, check, confess, or doubt? Is your child or toddler having excessive and unmanageable tantrums? Do they frequently break rules or defy you? Is it feeling hard to manage their behavior at home or elsewhere?
Does your child frequently seek reassurance that everything is going to be fine? Do they fear public speaking or meeting new people? Do they have difficulty getting going, completing school work, seeing friends? Is your child bothered by unwanted thoughts that make him/her fearful, anxious, ashamed, or guilty? Do these thoughts make them wash their hands excessively, check, confess, or doubt? Is your child or toddler having excessive and unmanageable tantrums? Do they frequently break rules or defy you? Is it feeling hard to manage their behavior at home or elsewhere?
(954) 429-5880 View (954) 429-5880
Photo of Judith Rey McCalla, Psychologist, PhD
Judith Rey McCalla
Psychologist, PhD
South Miami, FL 33143
Are you depressed, anxious, stressed out, coping with chronic medical diagnoses, suffering with insomnia, low self-esteem, or relationship difficulties? As a licensed psychologist, I can work with you to improve your mood and your ability to cope effectively. I view therapy as a collaborative process in which I use my clinical skills to help you achieve your goals. As a health psychologist, I am interested in helping people increase their physical and emotional well-being and promote heathy lifestyle changes. My specialty is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), but I use other therapy styles based on clients’ needs.
Are you depressed, anxious, stressed out, coping with chronic medical diagnoses, suffering with insomnia, low self-esteem, or relationship difficulties? As a licensed psychologist, I can work with you to improve your mood and your ability to cope effectively. I view therapy as a collaborative process in which I use my clinical skills to help you achieve your goals. As a health psychologist, I am interested in helping people increase their physical and emotional well-being and promote heathy lifestyle changes. My specialty is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), but I use other therapy styles based on clients’ needs.
(305) 748-2932 View (305) 748-2932
Photo of Roxana Tefel, Counselor, LMHC
Roxana Tefel
Counselor, LMHC
3 Endorsed
South Miami, FL 33143
When it comes to trauma, anxiety, and LGBTQ+ minority stress, I’m here to help those who need someone who ‘really’ gets it. Perhaps you’re seeking relief from big emotions you can’t seem to control or you’re experiencing relationship problems with family and friends. Regardless of what brought you to Psychology Today, you’ve already taken the first big step toward finding the right therapist for you. And it could be me based on your search results! Reach out and let’s begin.
When it comes to trauma, anxiety, and LGBTQ+ minority stress, I’m here to help those who need someone who ‘really’ gets it. Perhaps you’re seeking relief from big emotions you can’t seem to control or you’re experiencing relationship problems with family and friends. Regardless of what brought you to Psychology Today, you’ve already taken the first big step toward finding the right therapist for you. And it could be me based on your search results! Reach out and let’s begin.
(954) 852-4901 View (954) 852-4901
Photo of Jennifer Carlo - Thrive Miami, LLC, Counselor, LMHC
Thrive Miami, LLC
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
South Miami, FL 33143
My name is Jennifer and I am a bilingual (Spanish and English) speaking psychotherapist with a passion for helping children, adolescents and their families who struggle with mental health or life transitions. As a qualified parenting coordinator, I help parents who are separating or divorcing navigate the world of co-parenting and time-sharing. As former special education teacher, I can also help parents who have children with special needs. I enjoy educating my clients about available resources within and outside our community. That way, clients feel empowered and informed to make the best choices for their care.
My name is Jennifer and I am a bilingual (Spanish and English) speaking psychotherapist with a passion for helping children, adolescents and their families who struggle with mental health or life transitions. As a qualified parenting coordinator, I help parents who are separating or divorcing navigate the world of co-parenting and time-sharing. As former special education teacher, I can also help parents who have children with special needs. I enjoy educating my clients about available resources within and outside our community. That way, clients feel empowered and informed to make the best choices for their care.
(954) 945-8747 View (954) 945-8747
Photo of Meghan A Terzulli, Psychologist, PsyD, LSP
Meghan A Terzulli
Psychologist, PsyD, LSP
South Miami, FL 33143
As a bilingual (Spanish-speaking) Licensed School Psychologist, I specialize in psycho-educational, gifted, developmental, and social/emotional/behavioral evaluations in South Florida. I also provide support for families through home-school collaboration, individual and group counseling, and parenting skills courses.
As a bilingual (Spanish-speaking) Licensed School Psychologist, I specialize in psycho-educational, gifted, developmental, and social/emotional/behavioral evaluations in South Florida. I also provide support for families through home-school collaboration, individual and group counseling, and parenting skills courses.
(786) 244-7959 View (786) 244-7959
Photo of Naomi S Rosenkranz, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MSEd
Naomi S Rosenkranz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MSEd
South Miami, FL 33143
Recognizing that you need help is a courageous first step toward healing. Life is filled with twists and turns. Sometimes we run into a turn that is too sharp, and we hit a wall. Although we cannot avoid adversity, we can learn and grow from it, even as we experience feelings of insurmountable distress. Together we will work toward uncovering that strength and empowering you to lead an authentic life, filled with self-compassion and enhanced by healthy coping skills and improved relationships. I compassionately work with teens, adults, and couples undergoing life transitions, and suffering from anxiety, depression and grief.
Recognizing that you need help is a courageous first step toward healing. Life is filled with twists and turns. Sometimes we run into a turn that is too sharp, and we hit a wall. Although we cannot avoid adversity, we can learn and grow from it, even as we experience feelings of insurmountable distress. Together we will work toward uncovering that strength and empowering you to lead an authentic life, filled with self-compassion and enhanced by healthy coping skills and improved relationships. I compassionately work with teens, adults, and couples undergoing life transitions, and suffering from anxiety, depression and grief.
(786) 741-8355 View (786) 741-8355
Photo of Lena Sheffield, Counselor, LMHC, LPC, CAP, MAC, CEDS
Lena Sheffield
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, CAP, MAC, CEDS
3 Endorsed
South Miami, FL 33143
Feeling overwhelmed & trapped is exhausting & harmful to your confidence, health & productivity. Are you doubting your competence, overreacting, or having difficulty focusing and making healthy decisions? Reaching out for professional help shows you still have hope, a desire for better life and many personal strengths. We will explore life and relationship patterns that impact you today in an emotionally safe & contained setting. You CAN expand your coping, resiliency, acceptance and mindfulness skills, increase tips for managing ADHD, while reducing the self-numbing activities that have too many negative consequences.
Feeling overwhelmed & trapped is exhausting & harmful to your confidence, health & productivity. Are you doubting your competence, overreacting, or having difficulty focusing and making healthy decisions? Reaching out for professional help shows you still have hope, a desire for better life and many personal strengths. We will explore life and relationship patterns that impact you today in an emotionally safe & contained setting. You CAN expand your coping, resiliency, acceptance and mindfulness skills, increase tips for managing ADHD, while reducing the self-numbing activities that have too many negative consequences.
(786) 288-0493 View (786) 288-0493
Photo of Jacquelyn (Jackie) Patton, Counselor, LMHC
Jacquelyn (Jackie) Patton
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
South Miami, FL 33143
Waitlist for new clients
I work with clients and their families navigating a wide range of challenges including anxiety, depression, bipolar, ADHD, substance use, relationship conflicts, and life transitions. Whether you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or just not like yourself, I’m here to help you make sense of what’s going on and move toward a more grounded, purposeful life. You don’t need to have it all figured out to start therapy—you just need to be willing to show up.
I work with clients and their families navigating a wide range of challenges including anxiety, depression, bipolar, ADHD, substance use, relationship conflicts, and life transitions. Whether you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or just not like yourself, I’m here to help you make sense of what’s going on and move toward a more grounded, purposeful life. You don’t need to have it all figured out to start therapy—you just need to be willing to show up.
(786) 504-7880 View (786) 504-7880
Photo of Coral Seco, Counselor, LMHC
Coral Seco
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
South Miami, FL 33143
Hi! My name is Coral Seco. I am a trauma-informed therapist with a diversified background in helping individuals navigate life’s most challenging moments. My key focus is on understanding how childhood experiences shape who we become as adults, I guide clients through their healing journey by helping them reconnect with their authentic selves.My approach is deeply empathetic and rooted in the belief that every person deserves to live a meaningful, fulfilling life. I'd love to connect and help you on this next phase of your life journey. I am EMDR Certified & Brainspotting certified.
Hi! My name is Coral Seco. I am a trauma-informed therapist with a diversified background in helping individuals navigate life’s most challenging moments. My key focus is on understanding how childhood experiences shape who we become as adults, I guide clients through their healing journey by helping them reconnect with their authentic selves.My approach is deeply empathetic and rooted in the belief that every person deserves to live a meaningful, fulfilling life. I'd love to connect and help you on this next phase of your life journey. I am EMDR Certified & Brainspotting certified.
(786) 705-4102 View (786) 705-4102
Photo of Catherine Schultheis Salum, PhD, EdD, NCSP
Catherine Schultheis Salum
Verified Verified
South Miami, FL 33143
Catherine Salum is a bilingual Licensed School Psychologist working in South Florida who specializes in Psycho-Educational Evaluations. Her professional focus is on conducting comprehensive evaluations that provide an action plan for your child, adolescent, or young adult to achieve their full academic and emotional potential. Catherine believes that every child has strengths and potential that are at times overlooked, therefore understanding their learning style as well as behavioral and emotional functioning can positively impact the delivery of their education.
Catherine Salum is a bilingual Licensed School Psychologist working in South Florida who specializes in Psycho-Educational Evaluations. Her professional focus is on conducting comprehensive evaluations that provide an action plan for your child, adolescent, or young adult to achieve their full academic and emotional potential. Catherine believes that every child has strengths and potential that are at times overlooked, therefore understanding their learning style as well as behavioral and emotional functioning can positively impact the delivery of their education.
(786) 655-8676 View (786) 655-8676
Photo of Eugene E. Muldavin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Eugene E. Muldavin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
South Miami, FL 33143
The emphasis of my practice focuses on utilizing clinical hypnosis to provide brief, supportive, confidential therapy. Major treatment areas include infertility, pain management, anxiety, sleep difficulties, digestive disorders (IBS), smoking cessation, and weight control.
The emphasis of my practice focuses on utilizing clinical hypnosis to provide brief, supportive, confidential therapy. Major treatment areas include infertility, pain management, anxiety, sleep difficulties, digestive disorders (IBS), smoking cessation, and weight control.
(305) 240-6859 View (305) 240-6859
Photo of Liz Mary Lopez - Modern Psychology , Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, RMHCI
Modern Psychology
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, RMHCI
South Miami, FL 33143
Life doesn’t always go as planned. At times, it can feel like you’re caught in a cycle of stress, self-doubt, or emotional overwhelm. I want you to know—you don’t have to navigate it alone. My role as a therapist is to create a safe, judgment-free space where you feel seen, heard, and supported. With over 10 years of experience in behavioral analysis and a background working in community programs, foster care, and substance use treatment centers, I’ve had the privilege of walking alongside people from all walks of life. Therapy isn’t about fixing you, but reconnecting you with your inner clarity, confidence, and peace.
Life doesn’t always go as planned. At times, it can feel like you’re caught in a cycle of stress, self-doubt, or emotional overwhelm. I want you to know—you don’t have to navigate it alone. My role as a therapist is to create a safe, judgment-free space where you feel seen, heard, and supported. With over 10 years of experience in behavioral analysis and a background working in community programs, foster care, and substance use treatment centers, I’ve had the privilege of walking alongside people from all walks of life. Therapy isn’t about fixing you, but reconnecting you with your inner clarity, confidence, and peace.
(786) 980-9248 View (786) 980-9248
Photo of Keith Goldin - Keith Goldin, LMHC, MAC, SAP, Counselor, LMHC, MS, MAC, SAP
Keith Goldin, LMHC, MAC, SAP
Counselor, LMHC, MS, MAC, SAP
South Miami, FL 33143
Ever wonder where those self defeating thoughts come from? Here's an opportunity to explore and learn about where these thoughts are developed. Solutions are created here for anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, stress, marital/relationship stress, sexual issues, addiction, co-dependency, work & school problems and other areas. Individuals and couples are guided in taking control of their thoughts to create positive outcomes, adapt and cope with life, achieve their potential and gain a sense of wellbeing. Solutions are focused on rather than getting stuck in the problem. Call/email now to set up an appointment or free consultation.
Ever wonder where those self defeating thoughts come from? Here's an opportunity to explore and learn about where these thoughts are developed. Solutions are created here for anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, stress, marital/relationship stress, sexual issues, addiction, co-dependency, work & school problems and other areas. Individuals and couples are guided in taking control of their thoughts to create positive outcomes, adapt and cope with life, achieve their potential and gain a sense of wellbeing. Solutions are focused on rather than getting stuck in the problem. Call/email now to set up an appointment or free consultation.
(305) 676-9227 View (305) 676-9227
Photo of Kym McCabe, Psychologist, PhD, LMFT
Kym McCabe
Psychologist, PhD, LMFT
South Miami, FL 33143
I am an experienced licensed psychologist and marriage and family therapist providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and families for a wide range of clinical issues including depression, anxiety, life transitions, and eating disorders. Clinically, my approach is warm, direct and outcome driven. I am very interested in who you are as an individual as well as within the context of your family and other environments. With this in mind, my initial therapeutic goal is to meet you where you are, identify clinical goals and foster an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship in which we work together towards your goals.
I am an experienced licensed psychologist and marriage and family therapist providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and families for a wide range of clinical issues including depression, anxiety, life transitions, and eating disorders. Clinically, my approach is warm, direct and outcome driven. I am very interested in who you are as an individual as well as within the context of your family and other environments. With this in mind, my initial therapeutic goal is to meet you where you are, identify clinical goals and foster an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship in which we work together towards your goals.
(786) 671-5940 View (786) 671-5940
Photo of Miriam K Harrison, Counselor, LMHC, CAP, ICADC
Miriam K Harrison
Counselor, LMHC, CAP, ICADC
South Miami, FL 33143
I work exclusively with teens, young adults and their families. I specialize in helping young people create fulfilling lives, that they want to live. Symptoms addressed might include: depressed mood, anxiety, impulsivity, irritability, perfectionism, intense emotional outbursts or emotional withdrawal, self-injurious acts, substance misuse, disordered eating and suicidal thoughts. These problems are often accompanied by trouble at school and conflict with family/friends. Each person is unique. We will custom tailor treatment to your families needs. I also provide motivational coaching and team building for athletes.
I work exclusively with teens, young adults and their families. I specialize in helping young people create fulfilling lives, that they want to live. Symptoms addressed might include: depressed mood, anxiety, impulsivity, irritability, perfectionism, intense emotional outbursts or emotional withdrawal, self-injurious acts, substance misuse, disordered eating and suicidal thoughts. These problems are often accompanied by trouble at school and conflict with family/friends. Each person is unique. We will custom tailor treatment to your families needs. I also provide motivational coaching and team building for athletes.
(786) 410-3073 View (786) 410-3073

See more therapy options for South Miami

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in South Miami, FL

100+

Average cost per session

$198

Therapists in South Miami, FL who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
56% Stress
55% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
56% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in South Miami, FL see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in South Miami?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.