Brainspotting Therapists in Polk County, FL

Photo of Steffany Morel Sandoval, Counselor, LMHC
Steffany Morel Sandoval
Counselor, LMHC
Davenport, FL 33837
Together, we'll bring what's troubling you into the light and start doing things differently. I specialize in trauma resolution and the effect trauma has on the body, mind and conception of self. Trauma effects can show up in a spectrum of physical, emotional and mental symptoms- anxiety, depression, OCD, chronic pain, pornography addiction, over working, alcohol, drugs, etc. I'm here to show you the way out of what has been holding you back from being the most genuine and free version of yourself.
Together, we'll bring what's troubling you into the light and start doing things differently. I specialize in trauma resolution and the effect trauma has on the body, mind and conception of self. Trauma effects can show up in a spectrum of physical, emotional and mental symptoms- anxiety, depression, OCD, chronic pain, pornography addiction, over working, alcohol, drugs, etc. I'm here to show you the way out of what has been holding you back from being the most genuine and free version of yourself.
(786) 807-8560 View (786) 807-8560
Photo of Hilary Kutik, Counselor, LMHC
Hilary Kutik
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Congrats on starting your therapy journey. I look forward to our sessions together. I am a Licensed Mental Health Therapist in Florida. I received my Master of Science in Mental Health Counseling from Nova Southeastern University in 2017. From 2017-2025, I have been actively working with children, adolescents & adults dealing with life changes and psychosis. Currently, I am primarily working with adults & adolescents.
Congrats on starting your therapy journey. I look forward to our sessions together. I am a Licensed Mental Health Therapist in Florida. I received my Master of Science in Mental Health Counseling from Nova Southeastern University in 2017. From 2017-2025, I have been actively working with children, adolescents & adults dealing with life changes and psychosis. Currently, I am primarily working with adults & adolescents.
(786) 822-7690 View (786) 822-7690
Photo of Brianna McLaughlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Brianna McLaughlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
Trauma therapist specializing in EMDR. Let's process the hard stuff and find calm in uncertain times.
Trauma therapist specializing in EMDR. Let's process the hard stuff and find calm in uncertain times.
(813) 279-6342 View (813) 279-6342
Photo of Grace Rocca, Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSWI
Grace Rocca
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSWI
Lakeland, FL 33803
Life’s challenges can sometimes leave you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or uncertain about your next step. You may be struggling to find balance in your relationships, peace in your mind, or direction in your faith. I offer a compassionate and supportive space where you can slow down, explore what’s weighing on your heart, and begin the journey toward healing and clarity. My approach blends faith with evidence-based practices to address the whole person—mind, body, and spirit.
Life’s challenges can sometimes leave you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or uncertain about your next step. You may be struggling to find balance in your relationships, peace in your mind, or direction in your faith. I offer a compassionate and supportive space where you can slow down, explore what’s weighing on your heart, and begin the journey toward healing and clarity. My approach blends faith with evidence-based practices to address the whole person—mind, body, and spirit.
(813) 522-8473 View (813) 522-8473
Photo of Dr. Philip Daniels, Counselor, PhD, LMHC, NCC, BC-TMH
Dr. Philip Daniels
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, NCC, BC-TMH
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida and Counselor Educator. I earned my PhD in Counseling and Counselor Education from the University of Florida. My pronouns are he/him. My professional interests include working with individuals and couples who have experienced trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, career counseling, and marriage and family therapy. I also have expertise in working with topics and situations such as caregivers of individuals with neurocognitive disorders, death and dying, end-of-life issues, and grief and variations e.g. anticipatory & complicated.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida and Counselor Educator. I earned my PhD in Counseling and Counselor Education from the University of Florida. My pronouns are he/him. My professional interests include working with individuals and couples who have experienced trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, career counseling, and marriage and family therapy. I also have expertise in working with topics and situations such as caregivers of individuals with neurocognitive disorders, death and dying, end-of-life issues, and grief and variations e.g. anticipatory & complicated.
(352) 724-0447 View (352) 724-0447
Photo of Dr. Arielle Saunders Blum, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Dr. Arielle Saunders Blum
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I offer Brainspotting treatment upon request.
As a couple and family therapist, I'm passionate about helping people address all types of relational problems. These can look different for everyone, but they include anything that negatively impacts you or how you interact with the people in your life. I believe the stories we tell ourselves have a very powerful impact on our lives and how we see the world. Many times, those stories end up holding us back in some way. I guide the therapy process as you change those narratives to be more in line with the life you want to live. My goal is to help people create a life where they feel empowered, courageous, and authentic.
I offer Brainspotting treatment upon request.
As a couple and family therapist, I'm passionate about helping people address all types of relational problems. These can look different for everyone, but they include anything that negatively impacts you or how you interact with the people in your life. I believe the stories we tell ourselves have a very powerful impact on our lives and how we see the world. Many times, those stories end up holding us back in some way. I guide the therapy process as you change those narratives to be more in line with the life you want to live. My goal is to help people create a life where they feel empowered, courageous, and authentic.
(678) 249-3728 View (678) 249-3728

Online Therapists

Photo of DeCarlos Scippio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
DeCarlos Scippio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hello, my name is DeCarlos Scippio. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida with 8 years of professional work experience. I have experience helping clients with trauma, abuse, motivation, self-esteem, confidence, anger, career difficulties, & depression. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage, and I am proud of you for getting started!
Hello, my name is DeCarlos Scippio. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida with 8 years of professional work experience. I have experience helping clients with trauma, abuse, motivation, self-esteem, confidence, anger, career difficulties, & depression. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage, and I am proud of you for getting started!
(786) 829-5929 View (786) 829-5929
Photo of Roger J. LaVine, Psychologist, PsyD
Roger J. LaVine
Psychologist, PsyD
Cocoa Beach, FL 32931
Dr. LaVine's remedies are based on modern neuroscience, psychological techniques, cognitive mind body practices, clinical experience and spirituality. Specializing in ADHD, anxiety and neurological related issues such as TBI (brain injuries), MS, Parkinson's and Epilepsy. He is particularly effective with ADOLESCENTS. He is also uniquely qualified to deal with executives and their issues with over 30 years experience as an executive.
Dr. LaVine's remedies are based on modern neuroscience, psychological techniques, cognitive mind body practices, clinical experience and spirituality. Specializing in ADHD, anxiety and neurological related issues such as TBI (brain injuries), MS, Parkinson's and Epilepsy. He is particularly effective with ADOLESCENTS. He is also uniquely qualified to deal with executives and their issues with over 30 years experience as an executive.
(954) 627-1860 View (954) 627-1860
Photo of Vanessa Villarreal, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, NCC, EMDR
Vanessa Villarreal
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, NCC, EMDR
2 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702
Brainspotting Trained
I use Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) to challenge and change maladaptive cognitive distortions and behaviors which have negatively impacted ones life, and provide tools to improve emotion regulation, and the development of personal coping strategies to effectively problem solve independently. I am also certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), which is a psychotherapy that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences stemming from a variety of stressors, most notably: trauma, depression, anxiety, panic, disturbing memories, and PTSD.
Brainspotting Trained
I use Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) to challenge and change maladaptive cognitive distortions and behaviors which have negatively impacted ones life, and provide tools to improve emotion regulation, and the development of personal coping strategies to effectively problem solve independently. I am also certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), which is a psychotherapy that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences stemming from a variety of stressors, most notably: trauma, depression, anxiety, panic, disturbing memories, and PTSD.
(956) 435-7118 View (956) 435-7118
Photo of Amanda Felhofer, Counselor, LPC
Amanda Felhofer
Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I take an integrative approach and draw from Brainspotting, CBT/CPT, DBT, solution-focused, and trauma-focused methods based on what fits your needs.
If your mind feels like it never shuts off, you’re constantly overthinking, or you feel stuck in patterns you can’t seem to break, it can get exhausting. You might replay conversations, second-guess decisions, or feel on edge without fully understanding why. On the outside, you’re handling things, but internally, it’s a different story, like your system is still bracing for something. As a military veteran, I understand that “just push through it” mindset and how hard it can be to come out of that once your body is used to staying on high alert.
I take an integrative approach and draw from Brainspotting, CBT/CPT, DBT, solution-focused, and trauma-focused methods based on what fits your needs.
If your mind feels like it never shuts off, you’re constantly overthinking, or you feel stuck in patterns you can’t seem to break, it can get exhausting. You might replay conversations, second-guess decisions, or feel on edge without fully understanding why. On the outside, you’re handling things, but internally, it’s a different story, like your system is still bracing for something. As a military veteran, I understand that “just push through it” mindset and how hard it can be to come out of that once your body is used to staying on high alert.
(501) 331-1894 View (501) 331-1894
Photo of Dr. Yamilka Urquiza-Mendoza, Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Dr. Yamilka Urquiza-Mendoza
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
11 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33612
I have specialized training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Therapy (AEDP), Brainspotting, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Individuals, couples, and families navigating the complexities of stress, trauma, and multicultural relationships often encounter unique challenges. Cultural differences, life transitions, and emotional trauma can be daunting. I'm here to guide you with empathy and openness. By fostering heartfelt communication, I empower you to embrace your journey and navigate adversity with grace. Together, we turn challenges into growth, equipping you with tools to heal and envision a future filled with hope, resilience, and unity. Let's transform obstacles into stepping stones for a brighter tomorrow.
I have specialized training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Therapy (AEDP), Brainspotting, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Individuals, couples, and families navigating the complexities of stress, trauma, and multicultural relationships often encounter unique challenges. Cultural differences, life transitions, and emotional trauma can be daunting. I'm here to guide you with empathy and openness. By fostering heartfelt communication, I empower you to embrace your journey and navigate adversity with grace. Together, we turn challenges into growth, equipping you with tools to heal and envision a future filled with hope, resilience, and unity. Let's transform obstacles into stepping stones for a brighter tomorrow.
(813) 896-3788 View (813) 896-3788
Photo of Ariel Bracey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ariel Bracey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I don’t know just yet what led you here, but I am so happy you are here and excited to work with you! I am a Millennial Therapist, Clinical Social Worker and Owner of Healing Deserved Holistic Counseling. With 8+ years of experience, I provide passionate and dedicated therapy services to children, tweens, teens, families, and adults. My approach and mission are simple: I aim to empower the resilience already within you. I am a firm believer that we all have the power within us to make change. We just need assistance at times with tools, validation, and support. Collaborating, we can help you and/or your family grow, learn, and heal.
I don’t know just yet what led you here, but I am so happy you are here and excited to work with you! I am a Millennial Therapist, Clinical Social Worker and Owner of Healing Deserved Holistic Counseling. With 8+ years of experience, I provide passionate and dedicated therapy services to children, tweens, teens, families, and adults. My approach and mission are simple: I aim to empower the resilience already within you. I am a firm believer that we all have the power within us to make change. We just need assistance at times with tools, validation, and support. Collaborating, we can help you and/or your family grow, learn, and heal.
(954) 519-3810 View (954) 519-3810
Photo of Jillian Hudson, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MCAP, NCC, C-DBT
Jillian Hudson
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MCAP, NCC, C-DBT
4 Endorsed
Rockledge, FL 32955
I help clients manage anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, and relationship stress using practical tools, Brainspotting, and honest conversation.
Do you ever think, “How did my life get here?” Whether you’re overwhelmed, stuck in old patterns, or trying to be a healthier version of yourself, I’m here to help you untangle the chaos. My style is direct, compassionate, and grounded in real tools—not fluff. We’ll work through what’s happening now and what’s still hurting underneath. I align therapy with your values, so growth feels real, not forced. If you’re ready to feel more like yourself again, let’s talk.
I help clients manage anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, and relationship stress using practical tools, Brainspotting, and honest conversation.
Do you ever think, “How did my life get here?” Whether you’re overwhelmed, stuck in old patterns, or trying to be a healthier version of yourself, I’m here to help you untangle the chaos. My style is direct, compassionate, and grounded in real tools—not fluff. We’ll work through what’s happening now and what’s still hurting underneath. I align therapy with your values, so growth feels real, not forced. If you’re ready to feel more like yourself again, let’s talk.
(321) 342-2941 View (321) 342-2941
Photo of Kelly Jackson - VIP Coaching & Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
VIP Coaching & Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Our staff consists of Life Coaches who are Gottman Level 3 trained, IFS Level 1 Trained, Certified Brainspotting, Sex therapists, Pastoral counselors, Christian counselors, Health and Wellness Certified Trainers, Mentors, Licensed Clinicians, and Self-Care Experts with over 10 years of experience.
Are you ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery, growth, and empowerment? We at VIP Coaching and Consulting are here to partner with you through your life's journey of self-discovery, growth, and self-empowerment. Together, we can navigate through this period of reflection and uncertainty and create a plan for positive transformation and transition. We understand that, at times, many of us need compassionate support, guidance, and accountability in taking the next step; we are here for you and will create a personalized plan to meet your needs.
Our staff consists of Life Coaches who are Gottman Level 3 trained, IFS Level 1 Trained, Certified Brainspotting, Sex therapists, Pastoral counselors, Christian counselors, Health and Wellness Certified Trainers, Mentors, Licensed Clinicians, and Self-Care Experts with over 10 years of experience.
Are you ready to embark on a journey of self-discovery, growth, and empowerment? We at VIP Coaching and Consulting are here to partner with you through your life's journey of self-discovery, growth, and self-empowerment. Together, we can navigate through this period of reflection and uncertainty and create a plan for positive transformation and transition. We understand that, at times, many of us need compassionate support, guidance, and accountability in taking the next step; we are here for you and will create a personalized plan to meet your needs.
(727) 739-2182 View (727) 739-2182
Photo of Teresa A Pilacek, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Teresa A Pilacek
Counselor, MA, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
To get to the root of emotionally driven behaviors, I offer Internal Family Systems Therapy, EMDR, Brainspotting, and mindfulness based interventions to help navigate blocks that keep you from fulfillment.
Navigating life’s challenges can be tough, particularly when you are in “push through it” mode and neglecting the parts of your life that help you to thrive. This is when you are most vulnerable to anxiety and depression and most likely to fall out of attunement with your best self. Relationships begin to suffer and sometimes it's hard to plow through the weight of past judgments, prejudices, feelings of shame, and guilt. Those types of past experiences can feel like unwelcome guests and their impact can be profound, but if we can learn to turn toward them with openness and understanding, change can be found around the corner.
To get to the root of emotionally driven behaviors, I offer Internal Family Systems Therapy, EMDR, Brainspotting, and mindfulness based interventions to help navigate blocks that keep you from fulfillment.
Navigating life’s challenges can be tough, particularly when you are in “push through it” mode and neglecting the parts of your life that help you to thrive. This is when you are most vulnerable to anxiety and depression and most likely to fall out of attunement with your best self. Relationships begin to suffer and sometimes it's hard to plow through the weight of past judgments, prejudices, feelings of shame, and guilt. Those types of past experiences can feel like unwelcome guests and their impact can be profound, but if we can learn to turn toward them with openness and understanding, change can be found around the corner.
(407) 738-4463 View (407) 738-4463
Photo of Melissa Collins - Seasons Psychotherapy Associates, Tampa FL, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Seasons Psychotherapy Associates, Tampa FL
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33618
Melissa Collins, LCSW, is the Clinical Director at Seasons Psychotherapy Associates in Tampa, Florida. A Florida-licensed social worker, she has extensive experience supporting Veterans, adults, and youths across various clinical needs. Practicing with unconditional positive regard, Ms. Collins offers a secure, strengths-based environment that respects each client's expertise in their own life and fosters psychological resilience.
Melissa Collins, LCSW, is the Clinical Director at Seasons Psychotherapy Associates in Tampa, Florida. A Florida-licensed social worker, she has extensive experience supporting Veterans, adults, and youths across various clinical needs. Practicing with unconditional positive regard, Ms. Collins offers a secure, strengths-based environment that respects each client's expertise in their own life and fosters psychological resilience.
(727) 617-6313 View (727) 617-6313
Photo of Lisa Balderman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, LCSW-R
Lisa Balderman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, LCSW-R
1 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32809
I integrate trauma-informed and evidence-based approaches such as EMDR, Brainspotting, and Progressive Counting, along with somatic and attachment-focused work.
I work with adults who are navigating the effects of trauma, relationship challenges, and grief. This may include childhood or relational trauma, complicated loss, ongoing conflict or disconnection in relationships, or feeling overwhelmed by emotional patterns that no longer serve you. My approach is warm, grounded, and collaborative, with a strong focus on helping your nervous system feel safer and more regulated. Rather than just talking about what’s wrong, we work gently and intentionally to process what’s been stored in the body and mind — so healing can happen at a deeper level.
I integrate trauma-informed and evidence-based approaches such as EMDR, Brainspotting, and Progressive Counting, along with somatic and attachment-focused work.
I work with adults who are navigating the effects of trauma, relationship challenges, and grief. This may include childhood or relational trauma, complicated loss, ongoing conflict or disconnection in relationships, or feeling overwhelmed by emotional patterns that no longer serve you. My approach is warm, grounded, and collaborative, with a strong focus on helping your nervous system feel safer and more regulated. Rather than just talking about what’s wrong, we work gently and intentionally to process what’s been stored in the body and mind — so healing can happen at a deeper level.
(216) 677-5551 View (216) 677-5551
Photo of Patricia Boddie, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Patricia Boddie
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Hello. I’m Patricia. We all face challenges in our lives. Some big, and some small. My goal is to help you successfully address challenges in your life that have become burdensome. I believe therapy should address the whole person because life challenges are often complex and can interrupt several parts of your life. I am dedicated to helping you by taking a therapeutic approach to include your physical, mental, and emotional needs. I use evidence-based therapy practices that have been proven to be effective. I provide services in a confidential, safe, caring and encouraging atmosphere.
Hello. I’m Patricia. We all face challenges in our lives. Some big, and some small. My goal is to help you successfully address challenges in your life that have become burdensome. I believe therapy should address the whole person because life challenges are often complex and can interrupt several parts of your life. I am dedicated to helping you by taking a therapeutic approach to include your physical, mental, and emotional needs. I use evidence-based therapy practices that have been proven to be effective. I provide services in a confidential, safe, caring and encouraging atmosphere.
(772) 297-2417 View (772) 297-2417
Photo of Kristen R Weick, Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC, NCC
Kristen R Weick
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you looking for a safe and affirming space to explore your sexuality &/or gender? Are you going through a life change or making decisions & need someone to talk to outside of your family and friends? Are you in an open, polyamorous, or other non-monogamous relationship format and want guidance and tools either before opening up &/or how to have healthy relationships either via individual therapy or couples / marriage / relationship counseling? Do you need support as a loved one of an LGBTQIA+ person? Do you just need a non-judgemental place to process life? If so, I would be honored to walk with you as your path unfolds.
Are you looking for a safe and affirming space to explore your sexuality &/or gender? Are you going through a life change or making decisions & need someone to talk to outside of your family and friends? Are you in an open, polyamorous, or other non-monogamous relationship format and want guidance and tools either before opening up &/or how to have healthy relationships either via individual therapy or couples / marriage / relationship counseling? Do you need support as a loved one of an LGBTQIA+ person? Do you just need a non-judgemental place to process life? If so, I would be honored to walk with you as your path unfolds.
(321) 320-6393 View (321) 320-6393
Photo of Jonathan Michael Chamblee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Jonathan Michael Chamblee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702
I use a combination of ACT, EMDR, Brainspotting, IFS, CBT, and Narrative Therapies that have been shown to be effective for a wide range of challenges including: PTSD, OCD, Depression, Anxiety, and Addictions.
Everyone has a story with ups and downs, twists and turns, hopes and disappointments. Being alive is about doing what you care about, in service of your values, while accepting and thriving through your story’s plot twists. I enjoy helping people make sense of their story and to set free their free will, so as to live in the freedom of your chosen values. In addition to my Masters in Social Work, I also have a Master of Arts in Theology. While I will honor every client’s personal/spiritual beliefs as valid and their own, clients that wish to include their Catholic/Christian values will find the support they are looking for.
I use a combination of ACT, EMDR, Brainspotting, IFS, CBT, and Narrative Therapies that have been shown to be effective for a wide range of challenges including: PTSD, OCD, Depression, Anxiety, and Addictions.
Everyone has a story with ups and downs, twists and turns, hopes and disappointments. Being alive is about doing what you care about, in service of your values, while accepting and thriving through your story’s plot twists. I enjoy helping people make sense of their story and to set free their free will, so as to live in the freedom of your chosen values. In addition to my Masters in Social Work, I also have a Master of Arts in Theology. While I will honor every client’s personal/spiritual beliefs as valid and their own, clients that wish to include their Catholic/Christian values will find the support they are looking for.
(317) 204-8481 View (317) 204-8481

See more therapy options for Polk County

Brainspotting Therapists
How does brainspotting work?
Brainspotting works by using eye positioning to identify and process traumatic memories so that a client is better able to move forward and live with less fear. The theory behind brainspotting is that by identifying where a person looks when thinking of traumatic memories, a therapist will be able to guide them to focus on that spot and work with the client to get them out of the “fight, flight, freeze” response associated with the traumatic memory.

Is brainspotting an evidence-based therapy?
Brainspotting is a theory-based alternative therapy. It is one of the newest forms of treatment, so very little research has been completed that examines the mechanism by which it works. The theory behind brainspotting is that eye position can be linked to areas of the brain that store and process memory.

How effective is brainspotting?
Because it is such a new treatment, the effectiveness of brainspotting cannot be quantified. Some people have found it to be effective on its own, or in conjunction with other types of therapy. It is considered an alternative therapy, and it is popular with people for whom more traditional therapies have proven ineffective.

How long does brainspotting take to work?
A typical brainspotting session will last between 60 to 90 minutes. There is no required number of sessions needed to complete brainspotting therapy, but in many cases it is delivered over the course of about six sessions. Clients are encouraged to rate their level of distress prior to a session and again following a session, and to track progress.