Therapists in Nocatee, FL

Photo of Franny Morken, LMHC, LCPC, C-DBT
Franny Morken
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You have built a life that looks right on paper and still find yourself wondering why you don't feel more at home in it. You've worked hard, achieved meaningful things, and become someone others depend on. From the outside, your life may appear successful. Yet privately, you feel disconnected from yourself, uncertain about what you want, or caught in patterns that no longer make sense. Many of the people I work with are not in crisis, in fact, they are functioning well. What brings them to therapy is often a growing realization: despite everything they've built, they feel lost.
You have built a life that looks right on paper and still find yourself wondering why you don't feel more at home in it. You've worked hard, achieved meaningful things, and become someone others depend on. From the outside, your life may appear successful. Yet privately, you feel disconnected from yourself, uncertain about what you want, or caught in patterns that no longer make sense. Many of the people I work with are not in crisis, in fact, they are functioning well. What brings them to therapy is often a growing realization: despite everything they've built, they feel lost.
(630) 974-5717 View (630) 974-5717
Photo of Kai Hutson, Counselor, LMHC
Kai Hutson
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I am Kai Hutson, a licensed mental health counselor located in Florida. I graduated with a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Walden University in November of 2021. With my degree, I also gained a specialization in treating addiction. I completed my internship in mental health counseling with Children’s Home Society from March 2021 through November 2021. During my time in my internship, I counseled patients from the ages of 9-45, and gained experience in counseling with a variety of issues, including anxiety, Depression, OCD, and PTSD.
I am Kai Hutson, a licensed mental health counselor located in Florida. I graduated with a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Walden University in November of 2021. With my degree, I also gained a specialization in treating addiction. I completed my internship in mental health counseling with Children’s Home Society from March 2021 through November 2021. During my time in my internship, I counseled patients from the ages of 9-45, and gained experience in counseling with a variety of issues, including anxiety, Depression, OCD, and PTSD.
(904) 644-5066 View (904) 644-5066
Photo of Kari Eng - Ponte Vedra Neuropsychology, Psychologist
Ponte Vedra Neuropsychology
Psychologist
Nocatee, FL 34268
Ponte Vedra Neuropsychology, the premier neuropsychological and psychological boutique, offers comprehensive and tailored neuropsychological and psychotherapeutic services for an array of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Through our individualized approach, we aim to provide diagnostic clarity and promote the optimization of brain health and wellness.
Ponte Vedra Neuropsychology, the premier neuropsychological and psychological boutique, offers comprehensive and tailored neuropsychological and psychotherapeutic services for an array of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Through our individualized approach, we aim to provide diagnostic clarity and promote the optimization of brain health and wellness.
(904) 709-4542 View (904) 709-4542
Photo of Priyanka Parikh, Psychologist, PsyD
Priyanka Parikh
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You have built a life that looks right on paper and still find yourself wondering why you don't feel more at home in it. You've worked hard, achieved meaningful things, and become someone others depend on. From the outside, your life may appear successful. Yet privately, you feel disconnected from yourself, uncertain about what you want, or caught in patterns that no longer make sense. Many of the people I work with are not in crisis, in fact, they are functioning well. What brings them to therapy is often a growing realization: despite everything they've built, they feel lost.
You have built a life that looks right on paper and still find yourself wondering why you don't feel more at home in it. You've worked hard, achieved meaningful things, and become someone others depend on. From the outside, your life may appear successful. Yet privately, you feel disconnected from yourself, uncertain about what you want, or caught in patterns that no longer make sense. Many of the people I work with are not in crisis, in fact, they are functioning well. What brings them to therapy is often a growing realization: despite everything they've built, they feel lost.
(414) 261-5918 View (414) 261-5918
Photo of Katherine Fox, Psychologist, Psy.D.
Katherine Fox
Psychologist, Psy.D.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Trauma can be debilitating. With over a decade of experience in both inpatient and outpatient hospital settings (VA) and specialization in trauma recovery I am honored to help individuals recover and reclaim a life driven by goals and values. I am well versed in evidenced based therapies for a myriad of disorders such as trauma related disorders, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, substance use, anger management, spiritual difficulties and shame. I completed a trauma focused fellowship and developed trauma focused programing for both residential and outpatient programs.
Trauma can be debilitating. With over a decade of experience in both inpatient and outpatient hospital settings (VA) and specialization in trauma recovery I am honored to help individuals recover and reclaim a life driven by goals and values. I am well versed in evidenced based therapies for a myriad of disorders such as trauma related disorders, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, substance use, anger management, spiritual difficulties and shame. I completed a trauma focused fellowship and developed trauma focused programing for both residential and outpatient programs.
(561) 300-5546 View (561) 300-5546
Photo of Lisa-Marie Lord, Counselor, LMHC, LPC, MA
Lisa-Marie Lord
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, MA
Online Only
Relationships, family dynamics, and life's unexpected challenges can leave us feeling disconnected from ourselves and the people we care about most. You may be carrying anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, or the weight of difficult relationships while trying to hold everything together for everyone else. Over time, that can feel exhausting and isolating. I believe therapy offers a space to slow down, feel truly heard, and begin making sense of what you're experiencing so you can move toward greater peace, confidence, and emotional balance.
Relationships, family dynamics, and life's unexpected challenges can leave us feeling disconnected from ourselves and the people we care about most. You may be carrying anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, or the weight of difficult relationships while trying to hold everything together for everyone else. Over time, that can feel exhausting and isolating. I believe therapy offers a space to slow down, feel truly heard, and begin making sense of what you're experiencing so you can move toward greater peace, confidence, and emotional balance.
(407) 842-8524 View (407) 842-8524
Photo of Michele Aaron Fouts, Psychologist, MA
Michele Aaron Fouts
Psychologist, MA
Serves Area
I offer parent and caregiver coaching in your home to support healthy development for infants and toddlers (birth-3 years). Caring for young children can be joyous and frustrating as you navigate rapid developmental changes and adjust to new roles and family members. Brief goal focused coaching can help you better understand how to respond to your child’s needs and create simple routines to minimize distress for everyone. I no longer offer therapy but I can help you determine if further evaluation or professional support is needed.
I offer parent and caregiver coaching in your home to support healthy development for infants and toddlers (birth-3 years). Caring for young children can be joyous and frustrating as you navigate rapid developmental changes and adjust to new roles and family members. Brief goal focused coaching can help you better understand how to respond to your child’s needs and create simple routines to minimize distress for everyone. I no longer offer therapy but I can help you determine if further evaluation or professional support is needed.
(904) 789-4815 View (904) 789-4815
Photo of Hope Murphy, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Hope Murphy
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Serves Area
I have worked in the field of counseling for over 20 years. Many of my clients Struggles revolve around Depression,Generalized Anxiety ,Emotional eating , relationship issues, anxiety/panic attacks and childhood trauma. I help a person learn to manage the symptoms revolved around their emotions Let’s learn how to be the best version of you
I have worked in the field of counseling for over 20 years. Many of my clients Struggles revolve around Depression,Generalized Anxiety ,Emotional eating , relationship issues, anxiety/panic attacks and childhood trauma. I help a person learn to manage the symptoms revolved around their emotions Let’s learn how to be the best version of you
(904) 456-8853 View (904) 456-8853
Photo of Cindy L Richetti, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC
Cindy L Richetti
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Resilience, joy, gratitude. Want more of them? Happiness and peace can be found, even in difficult circumstances. If you experience annoying thoughts, you'll learn completely new strategies. Anxiety, grief, illness, serious challenges...all can be handled with grace and even humor, if we put our minds to it. It's my goal to treat people of all ages and situations with the utmost respect and put them at ease. Whatever brings you to my practice, I believe you'll leave feeling optimistic, confident, and refreshed.
Resilience, joy, gratitude. Want more of them? Happiness and peace can be found, even in difficult circumstances. If you experience annoying thoughts, you'll learn completely new strategies. Anxiety, grief, illness, serious challenges...all can be handled with grace and even humor, if we put our minds to it. It's my goal to treat people of all ages and situations with the utmost respect and put them at ease. Whatever brings you to my practice, I believe you'll leave feeling optimistic, confident, and refreshed.
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Photo of Linda Ritch - Open Arms Counseling Center & Supervision, Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCMHCE
Open Arms Counseling Center & Supervision
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCMHCE
Serves Area
We specialize in anxiety, grief and loss, mood disorders, trauma, depression, eating disorders, relationships, and more. We are certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) for trauma, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Level 3 Trained Gottman Therapy for Couples, in addition to other treatment modalities. We are here to help individuals and families of any age. We also offer board approved supervision to RMHCI's. With all of our therapists, we believe change begins with you and anything is possible with God.
We specialize in anxiety, grief and loss, mood disorders, trauma, depression, eating disorders, relationships, and more. We are certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) for trauma, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Level 3 Trained Gottman Therapy for Couples, in addition to other treatment modalities. We are here to help individuals and families of any age. We also offer board approved supervision to RMHCI's. With all of our therapists, we believe change begins with you and anything is possible with God.
(904) 853-3016 View (904) 853-3016
Photo of Kati Lambert, MS, NBCCHt, CIHt, CTHt, FACHE
Kati Lambert
Verified Verified
Serves Area
My clients gain freedom from negative thoughts, beliefs, symptoms, and symptoms related to medical conditions. It is a safe, evidence-based practice using natural states of mind to create optimal environments for healing. Hypnosis is not a cure for mental health or medical conditions. Rather, it can help with pain, fears, phobias, and anxiety as much as it can help with confidence and self-esteem so you can get on with being even more magnificent than you already are. Sessions are typically 1-1/2 to 2 hours at 2 convenient locations or virtually. Consult your insurance provider for coverage or reimbursement. Free 30min consults.
My clients gain freedom from negative thoughts, beliefs, symptoms, and symptoms related to medical conditions. It is a safe, evidence-based practice using natural states of mind to create optimal environments for healing. Hypnosis is not a cure for mental health or medical conditions. Rather, it can help with pain, fears, phobias, and anxiety as much as it can help with confidence and self-esteem so you can get on with being even more magnificent than you already are. Sessions are typically 1-1/2 to 2 hours at 2 convenient locations or virtually. Consult your insurance provider for coverage or reimbursement. Free 30min consults.
(904) 439-7951 View (904) 439-7951
Photo of Carolyn Lee Downes, Counselor, LMHC, EMDR-C
Carolyn Lee Downes
Counselor, LMHC, EMDR-C
Online Only
Trauma responses & beliefs can FEEL permanent when you have the coping skills but LACK the ability to access them. What you need is a more somatic approach to healing memory networks w/ more desirable response patterns learned from what's past, to reflexively improve responses in similar future instances. EMDR does wonders for issues w/ control, self-worth, attachment, identity, performance, and/or hypersensitivity. We’ll demystify how EMDR works as a domino healing effect, prepare you for what to expect, AND give you a taste of its efficiency. If the goal is therapy that works to become PRN, I'm the EMDR Therapist for you.
Trauma responses & beliefs can FEEL permanent when you have the coping skills but LACK the ability to access them. What you need is a more somatic approach to healing memory networks w/ more desirable response patterns learned from what's past, to reflexively improve responses in similar future instances. EMDR does wonders for issues w/ control, self-worth, attachment, identity, performance, and/or hypersensitivity. We’ll demystify how EMDR works as a domino healing effect, prepare you for what to expect, AND give you a taste of its efficiency. If the goal is therapy that works to become PRN, I'm the EMDR Therapist for you.
(804) 587-7298 View (804) 587-7298
Photo of Joe Rawlins, Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, MSW
Joe Rawlins
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, MSW
Serves Area
If you're neurospicy, relationally spicy, sexually spicy, or not confident you’re spicy at all, I'm excited to work with you! I offer individual therapy and couples therapy for those who are navigating their thoughts and feelings when it all gets tangled, messy, and hard to put to words. I specialize in a few areas of neurodiversity, intimacy, queerness, and parenting that can be viewed in depth on my website.
If you're neurospicy, relationally spicy, sexually spicy, or not confident you’re spicy at all, I'm excited to work with you! I offer individual therapy and couples therapy for those who are navigating their thoughts and feelings when it all gets tangled, messy, and hard to put to words. I specialize in a few areas of neurodiversity, intimacy, queerness, and parenting that can be viewed in depth on my website.
(904) 664-1643 View (904) 664-1643
Photo of Jesenia Villoldo, EMDR, LMHC, LMFT
Jesenia Villoldo
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you feel anxious, depressed, have symptoms of complex trauma (C-PTSD) or PTSD, have bodily symptoms that you can’t seem to control and feel like your mind and body are disconnected? Going through stressful events and unresolved traumatic life experiences can feel extremely overwhelming. It can feel even more daunting when you feel like you are alone and don’t have the correct coping skills and tools to get through it or you’ve been putting your head down and plowing forward for so long you aren’t even sure where to start. You are not overreacting. I can help individuals and couples go from “surviving” to “thriving”.
Do you feel anxious, depressed, have symptoms of complex trauma (C-PTSD) or PTSD, have bodily symptoms that you can’t seem to control and feel like your mind and body are disconnected? Going through stressful events and unresolved traumatic life experiences can feel extremely overwhelming. It can feel even more daunting when you feel like you are alone and don’t have the correct coping skills and tools to get through it or you’ve been putting your head down and plowing forward for so long you aren’t even sure where to start. You are not overreacting. I can help individuals and couples go from “surviving” to “thriving”.
(904) 826-7220 View (904) 826-7220
Photo of Katrina Brown, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Katrina Brown
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Serves Area
Life can leave deep marks, especially when trauma, anxiety, depression, or loss make it hard to feel safe within yourself or connect to others. As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Certified Master Trauma Therapist with over ten years of experience, I offer a compassionate space where you can be still, allowing healing, understanding, and growth to take root. In our work together, we'll focus on developing emotional intelligence, self-regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness so that you can navigate life's challenges with greater clarity and resilience.
Life can leave deep marks, especially when trauma, anxiety, depression, or loss make it hard to feel safe within yourself or connect to others. As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Certified Master Trauma Therapist with over ten years of experience, I offer a compassionate space where you can be still, allowing healing, understanding, and growth to take root. In our work together, we'll focus on developing emotional intelligence, self-regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness so that you can navigate life's challenges with greater clarity and resilience.
(904) 736-2028 View (904) 736-2028
Photo of Joyce E Heimerle, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Joyce E Heimerle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Online Only
Compassion and change, I have 20 years in the caring field. My passion is to help you get your life back on track, understand, heal, and be emotionally whole. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) isn't like traditional talk therapy. It helps remove unwanted behaviors and works when other therapies have failed. I assist my clients in gaining insight into their unhealthy behaviors and learn new ones. I understand childhood trauma, abuse, and the painful side of life.
Compassion and change, I have 20 years in the caring field. My passion is to help you get your life back on track, understand, heal, and be emotionally whole. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) isn't like traditional talk therapy. It helps remove unwanted behaviors and works when other therapies have failed. I assist my clients in gaining insight into their unhealthy behaviors and learn new ones. I understand childhood trauma, abuse, and the painful side of life.
(904) 364-1102 View (904) 364-1102
Photo of Dr. Cara O'Connell-Edwards, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Cara O'Connell-Edwards
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I provide thoughtful, evidence-based therapy for adults navigating life’s emotional challenges, as well as teens and young adults during important developmental transitions. My approach is grounded primarily in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), DBT-informed skills, and practical stress management strategies tailored to each individual’s needs. My practice focuses on anxiety disorders, depression and other mood-related concerns, ADHD, women’s mental health, and life transitions.
I provide thoughtful, evidence-based therapy for adults navigating life’s emotional challenges, as well as teens and young adults during important developmental transitions. My approach is grounded primarily in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), DBT-informed skills, and practical stress management strategies tailored to each individual’s needs. My practice focuses on anxiety disorders, depression and other mood-related concerns, ADHD, women’s mental health, and life transitions.
(904) 937-0164 View (904) 937-0164
Photo of Adam Anderson, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, MBA
Adam Anderson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, MBA
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I help couples seeking to repair their marriage. These couples often face emotional intimacy breakdowns, feelings of abandonment or loneliness, trust issues and conflict masked as "communication issues." Using Emotionally Focused Therapy I guide them through fostering deeper emotional bonds and lasting change by helping partners become accessible, responsive, and engaged with one another. On the other side, they experience emotional safety, can share openly without fear, and are met with a partner who truly listens and cares. They leave with the confidence that they not only matter to their partner but strengthen themselves as well.
I help couples seeking to repair their marriage. These couples often face emotional intimacy breakdowns, feelings of abandonment or loneliness, trust issues and conflict masked as "communication issues." Using Emotionally Focused Therapy I guide them through fostering deeper emotional bonds and lasting change by helping partners become accessible, responsive, and engaged with one another. On the other side, they experience emotional safety, can share openly without fear, and are met with a partner who truly listens and cares. They leave with the confidence that they not only matter to their partner but strengthen themselves as well.
(904) 590-2710 View (904) 590-2710
Photo of Lee Ann Annotti - Milestones Child Psychology, Psychologist, PhD
Milestones Child Psychology
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
Waiting for answers when your child is struggling can feel unbearable. You know your child needs support now, yet you are likely facing 18-to-24-month waitlists at major centers for the evaluations they need. At Milestones Child Psychology, we believe waiting two years for critical developmental services is unacceptable. We founded our practice to change that narrative, offering "gold standard," hospital-quality neuropsychological evaluations with a turnaround time of just approximately three weeks.
Waiting for answers when your child is struggling can feel unbearable. You know your child needs support now, yet you are likely facing 18-to-24-month waitlists at major centers for the evaluations they need. At Milestones Child Psychology, we believe waiting two years for critical developmental services is unacceptable. We founded our practice to change that narrative, offering "gold standard," hospital-quality neuropsychological evaluations with a turnaround time of just approximately three weeks.
(904) 650-3509 View (904) 650-3509
Photo of Anita Moreno, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LCSW
Anita Moreno
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life can feel overwhelming, no matter how hard you try to keep everything together. Whether your challenges are new or have been building for years, I’m here to help. With 35 years of experience, I work with adults, children, teens, and families facing a wide range of concerns. I focus on everyday struggles, helping you understand what may be holding you back and uncover strengths you might not realize you have. Together, we’ll support your growth, build confidence, and help you create a more meaningful life.
Life can feel overwhelming, no matter how hard you try to keep everything together. Whether your challenges are new or have been building for years, I’m here to help. With 35 years of experience, I work with adults, children, teens, and families facing a wide range of concerns. I focus on everyday struggles, helping you understand what may be holding you back and uncover strengths you might not realize you have. Together, we’ll support your growth, build confidence, and help you create a more meaningful life.
(904) 344-5995 View (904) 344-5995

See more therapy options for Nocatee

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Nocatee, FL

20+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Nocatee, FL who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
90% Social Anxiety
90% Health Anxiety
90% Driving Anxiety
80% Depression
80% Trauma and PTSD
80% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
77% Cigna and Evernorth
69% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Nocatee, FL see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

90% Female
10% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Nocatee?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.