Therapists in Martin County, FL

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Photo of Stephanie Moreno, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Stephanie Moreno
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
My ideal client is a motivated, high-functioning individual who feels emotionally stuck despite managing daily responsibilities well. They often struggle with anxiety, low self-worth, unresolved family-of-origin wounds, or relational stress, and may carry patterns of people-pleasing, guilt, or over-responsibility. They want to feel emotionally steady, set healthy boundaries without shame, improve communication in their relationships, and experience happiness without bracing for something to go wrong. Ultimately, they seek greater self-trust, resilience, and peace.
My ideal client is a motivated, high-functioning individual who feels emotionally stuck despite managing daily responsibilities well. They often struggle with anxiety, low self-worth, unresolved family-of-origin wounds, or relational stress, and may carry patterns of people-pleasing, guilt, or over-responsibility. They want to feel emotionally steady, set healthy boundaries without shame, improve communication in their relationships, and experience happiness without bracing for something to go wrong. Ultimately, they seek greater self-trust, resilience, and peace.
(772) 773-6150 View (772) 773-6150
Photo of Elizabeth A Blake, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA MFT, RMHCI, MAB
Elizabeth A Blake
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA MFT, RMHCI, MAB
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My academic journey began at Emory University, where I studied Philosophy and Bioethics, and later at Richmont Graduate University, where I trained as a Marriage and Family Therapist. As a bioethicist in one of the nation’s busiest pediatric hospitals, I witnessed families navigating profound suffering, which shaped my approach to addiction and behavioral health. Drawing from both Eastern and Western traditions, I believe we are not defined by our wounds; instead, we can find meaning in suffering and transform it into a source of strength, resilience, and healing.
My academic journey began at Emory University, where I studied Philosophy and Bioethics, and later at Richmont Graduate University, where I trained as a Marriage and Family Therapist. As a bioethicist in one of the nation’s busiest pediatric hospitals, I witnessed families navigating profound suffering, which shaped my approach to addiction and behavioral health. Drawing from both Eastern and Western traditions, I believe we are not defined by our wounds; instead, we can find meaning in suffering and transform it into a source of strength, resilience, and healing.
(772) 213-0663 View (772) 213-0663
Photo of Laura Schoppe, Pre-Licensed Professional
Laura Schoppe
Pre-Licensed Professional
Stuart, FL 34994
Laura Schoppe is here to help people process current or past struggles that come while we navigate life. Her background is in education, athletics, and her own experiences through both wonderful and difficult transitions and challenges in life. As a native of Stuart, Laura is honored to be practicing with the Stuart Center for Couples & Families located in downtown Stuart, the community that she is a part of, and that is a part of her.
Laura Schoppe is here to help people process current or past struggles that come while we navigate life. Her background is in education, athletics, and her own experiences through both wonderful and difficult transitions and challenges in life. As a native of Stuart, Laura is honored to be practicing with the Stuart Center for Couples & Families located in downtown Stuart, the community that she is a part of, and that is a part of her.
(772) 276-4104 View (772) 276-4104
Photo of Melanie Anne Dinardo, Counselor, LMHC
Melanie Anne Dinardo
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Hello there! My name is Melanie. I am a LMHC with over 10 years of experience. I support individuals & couples with understanding the root of their stress, relationship conflicts, and emotional burnout & with creating real, lasting change. You may look successful on the outside, but inside, you feel overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck in patterns that can’t seem to break. Maybe you overthink everything. Maybe relationships feel harder than they should. Maybe you’re tired of being the “strong one” while quietly struggling.
Hello there! My name is Melanie. I am a LMHC with over 10 years of experience. I support individuals & couples with understanding the root of their stress, relationship conflicts, and emotional burnout & with creating real, lasting change. You may look successful on the outside, but inside, you feel overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck in patterns that can’t seem to break. Maybe you overthink everything. Maybe relationships feel harder than they should. Maybe you’re tired of being the “strong one” while quietly struggling.
(772) 356-4556 View (772) 356-4556
Photo of Morgan Montel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Morgan Montel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe therapy works best when you feel both supported and guided. In our work together, I take an active, hands-on approach to help you understand what’s driving your anxiety or depression and gently shift the patterns that are no longer serving you. You don’t need to come in with clear answers or a perfect plan. If you’re feeling stuck or overwhelmed, we’ll slow things down, create structure together, and focus on changes that feel realistic and sustainable. My goal is to help you feel more grounded, capable, and confident as you move through life.
I believe therapy works best when you feel both supported and guided. In our work together, I take an active, hands-on approach to help you understand what’s driving your anxiety or depression and gently shift the patterns that are no longer serving you. You don’t need to come in with clear answers or a perfect plan. If you’re feeling stuck or overwhelmed, we’ll slow things down, create structure together, and focus on changes that feel realistic and sustainable. My goal is to help you feel more grounded, capable, and confident as you move through life.
(772) 252-6492 View (772) 252-6492
Photo of Margaret Lapsley, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Margaret Lapsley
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I work with adult individuals who are struggling with anxiety/depression, experiencing relationship challenges, and navigating major life transitions. I also specialize in the fields of trauma (childhood, military, sexual). I work collaboratively with clients to learn emotional regulation and boundary setting as well as how to heal from trauma.
I work with adult individuals who are struggling with anxiety/depression, experiencing relationship challenges, and navigating major life transitions. I also specialize in the fields of trauma (childhood, military, sexual). I work collaboratively with clients to learn emotional regulation and boundary setting as well as how to heal from trauma.
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Photo of Melissa Lichtenberger, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Melissa Lichtenberger
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
6 Endorsed
Stuart, FL 34994
I understand that past experiences and societal messages can impact your self-worth and overall enjoyment in life. My passion lies in helping clients discover the beauty within and surrounding their everyday lives. I will aid you in developing resiliency within various life circumstances; while providing support as you discover and build upon your internal strengths. I specialize in therapy for tweens, teens, and adults dealing with anxiety, depression, body image issues, disordered eating patterns, and trauma.
I understand that past experiences and societal messages can impact your self-worth and overall enjoyment in life. My passion lies in helping clients discover the beauty within and surrounding their everyday lives. I will aid you in developing resiliency within various life circumstances; while providing support as you discover and build upon your internal strengths. I specialize in therapy for tweens, teens, and adults dealing with anxiety, depression, body image issues, disordered eating patterns, and trauma.
(772) 212-2935 View (772) 212-2935
Photo of Denise Shillingsburg, Pre-Licensed Professional, RCSWI
Denise Shillingsburg
Pre-Licensed Professional, RCSWI
Stuart, FL 34994
Are you facing a major life change—such as divorce, illness, loss, or a shift in identity—that has left you feeling disconnected from yourself or others? Transitions like grieving, moving through trauma, adjusting to life after a diagnosis, or stepping into a caregiving role can feel overwhelming and isolating. Deep down, you may long to rebuild trust, rediscover intimacy, and reconnect with who you were—or who you are ready to become.
Are you facing a major life change—such as divorce, illness, loss, or a shift in identity—that has left you feeling disconnected from yourself or others? Transitions like grieving, moving through trauma, adjusting to life after a diagnosis, or stepping into a caregiving role can feel overwhelming and isolating. Deep down, you may long to rebuild trust, rediscover intimacy, and reconnect with who you were—or who you are ready to become.
(772) 494-2258 View (772) 494-2258
Photo of Ruthie Steinberg - Ruthie Steinberg, LMHC, Counselor, LMHC
Ruthie Steinberg, LMHC
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Palm City, FL 34990
I treat children, adolescents and adults. I am holistic in my treatment and I am a child advocate. I attend meetings at schools when necessary to ensure that every child or adolescent I treat receives the services needed. I am goal oriented and I maintain excellent communication with parents to ensure that the goals are achieved. I treat people from age 3 and up. The foundation I received between my education at Columbia University and my experience at New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, makes me unique to Palm City Florida. If I can help, please call!
I treat children, adolescents and adults. I am holistic in my treatment and I am a child advocate. I attend meetings at schools when necessary to ensure that every child or adolescent I treat receives the services needed. I am goal oriented and I maintain excellent communication with parents to ensure that the goals are achieved. I treat people from age 3 and up. The foundation I received between my education at Columbia University and my experience at New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, makes me unique to Palm City Florida. If I can help, please call!
(772) 675-1507 View (772) 675-1507
Photo of Lance Rao, Counselor, LMHC
Lance Rao
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Hi, I am Lance Rao and I am a licensed mental health counselor, specializing in cognitive behavioral therapy. I primarily use techniques adapted from psychodynamic theory, cognitive behavioral theory, and interpersonal neurobiology. These disciplines combined together create a powerful lens through which we can understand our inner lives with more clarity and improve our relationships with others.
Hi, I am Lance Rao and I am a licensed mental health counselor, specializing in cognitive behavioral therapy. I primarily use techniques adapted from psychodynamic theory, cognitive behavioral theory, and interpersonal neurobiology. These disciplines combined together create a powerful lens through which we can understand our inner lives with more clarity and improve our relationships with others.
(954) 738-8522 View (954) 738-8522
Photo of Ally Dooley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, QS
Ally Dooley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, QS
9 Endorsed
Online Only
Being newly diagnosed with or adjusting to chronic illness, chronic pain, or physical disability can profoundly disrupt your sense of identity. The future you imagined may suddenly feel uncertain. It is not just your body that changes. Your roles, relationships, and sense of direction can feel shaken. Ongoing appointments, complications, or difficult medical experiences may add another layer of exhaustion. You may find yourself grieving who you used to be while trying to adjust to a life that looks different than you expected.
Being newly diagnosed with or adjusting to chronic illness, chronic pain, or physical disability can profoundly disrupt your sense of identity. The future you imagined may suddenly feel uncertain. It is not just your body that changes. Your roles, relationships, and sense of direction can feel shaken. Ongoing appointments, complications, or difficult medical experiences may add another layer of exhaustion. You may find yourself grieving who you used to be while trying to adjust to a life that looks different than you expected.
(772) 666-4561 View (772) 666-4561
Photo of Immediate Opening - Dr. Judith Horvath, Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Immediate Opening - Dr. Judith Horvath
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
1 Endorsed
Stuart, FL 34994
As a Board Certified psychologist, I work closely with children, adolescents, adults, and their families, dealing with a challenging combination of psychiatric and/or neurological issues or crises. The services offered include comprehensive assessment services (psychological and neuropsychological evaluation), psychotherapy, and neurocognitive rehabilitation. I will help identify what hinders your success and develop an individualized, custom-tailored plan for you. I will help you and your family understand you better and guide you as you overcome any fears you may have about beginning or staying in treatment. My job is to assist you so you can achieve your goals as smoothly as possible.
As a Board Certified psychologist, I work closely with children, adolescents, adults, and their families, dealing with a challenging combination of psychiatric and/or neurological issues or crises. The services offered include comprehensive assessment services (psychological and neuropsychological evaluation), psychotherapy, and neurocognitive rehabilitation. I will help identify what hinders your success and develop an individualized, custom-tailored plan for you. I will help you and your family understand you better and guide you as you overcome any fears you may have about beginning or staying in treatment. My job is to assist you so you can achieve your goals as smoothly as possible.
(772) 672-7089 View (772) 672-7089
Photo of Linda Seraphin, Counselor, MS, LMHC, CCTP
Linda Seraphin
Counselor, MS, LMHC, CCTP
Online Only
Navigating through the difficulties of life can seem daunting, uncertain and even scary at times. Some days, the skies are clear, the wind is calm and it is smooth sailing. Other days, the skies are gray, the weather is stormy and you feel completely thrown off course. Let me join you in your journey in navigating these unpredictable waters. At Open Waters Counseling, I take a holistic approach in treating my clients. I will explore various areas of your life in an attempt to get to the root of your problem. We will then work together, client and therapist, to find solutions that will bring greater peace and insight to your life.
Navigating through the difficulties of life can seem daunting, uncertain and even scary at times. Some days, the skies are clear, the wind is calm and it is smooth sailing. Other days, the skies are gray, the weather is stormy and you feel completely thrown off course. Let me join you in your journey in navigating these unpredictable waters. At Open Waters Counseling, I take a holistic approach in treating my clients. I will explore various areas of your life in an attempt to get to the root of your problem. We will then work together, client and therapist, to find solutions that will bring greater peace and insight to your life.
(772) 320-5214 View (772) 320-5214
Photo of Mindi Fetterman - Real Grounded Therapy , Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSWI
Real Grounded Therapy
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSWI
1 Endorsed
Stuart, FL 34994
Hello there! I'm Mindi Fetterman. As a survivor of sexual trauma and the proud founder of an award-winning nonprofit dedicated to supporting survivors, I've spent over 20 years helping individuals like you find their voice, empowerment, joy, and play. My mission is to guide you in reconnecting with your inner spirit and body, helping you regain control and confidence in your life.
Hello there! I'm Mindi Fetterman. As a survivor of sexual trauma and the proud founder of an award-winning nonprofit dedicated to supporting survivors, I've spent over 20 years helping individuals like you find their voice, empowerment, joy, and play. My mission is to guide you in reconnecting with your inner spirit and body, helping you regain control and confidence in your life.
(772) 666-3819 View (772) 666-3819
Photo of Courtney Kalinowski-DeVito, Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Courtney Kalinowski-DeVito
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Stuart, FL 34994
Stress, sadness and anger can feel debilitating at times. Often, we do not know exactly where these emotions are coming from and have tried numerous ways to get rid of them. Sometimes, we can pinpoint a specific event or relationship that set off our negative emotions and we feel stuck trying to "move on." It's exhausting. You are not alone-- the good news is that you have the ability to change the way you’re feeling and rewrite the story of your life. Whether you've experienced a traumatic incident, a challenging life transition, a difficult childhood or a toxic relationship, a peaceful and joyful life is possible.
Stress, sadness and anger can feel debilitating at times. Often, we do not know exactly where these emotions are coming from and have tried numerous ways to get rid of them. Sometimes, we can pinpoint a specific event or relationship that set off our negative emotions and we feel stuck trying to "move on." It's exhausting. You are not alone-- the good news is that you have the ability to change the way you’re feeling and rewrite the story of your life. Whether you've experienced a traumatic incident, a challenging life transition, a difficult childhood or a toxic relationship, a peaceful and joyful life is possible.
(772) 207-3735 View (772) 207-3735
Photo of Susanne Haase, Counselor, LMHC
Susanne Haase
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I specialize in diagnosing and treating OCD, and anxiety and mood disorders. OCD can present in many different ways, often causing confusion, fear, shame, and a sense that one is "stuck" and all alone with distressing thoughts and compulsions. Yet, OCD is highly treatable, and I have helped thousands of persons regain a satisfying and joyful life where they - not their OCD - are in charge. I use specific, evidence-based techniques to help clients reach their treatment goals, with patience and compassion, leading them to develop the skills and confidence to overcome the obstacles to their peace of mind and joyful living.
I specialize in diagnosing and treating OCD, and anxiety and mood disorders. OCD can present in many different ways, often causing confusion, fear, shame, and a sense that one is "stuck" and all alone with distressing thoughts and compulsions. Yet, OCD is highly treatable, and I have helped thousands of persons regain a satisfying and joyful life where they - not their OCD - are in charge. I use specific, evidence-based techniques to help clients reach their treatment goals, with patience and compassion, leading them to develop the skills and confidence to overcome the obstacles to their peace of mind and joyful living.
(305) 614-7938 View (305) 614-7938
Photo of Natalie Rzeznik, Counselor, LMHC
Natalie Rzeznik
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I believe people do well if they can. Together, we will identify your strengths and build the skills and internal & external resources necessary to help you overcome your struggles and navigate the complexities of life. Through a variety of therapeutic techniques, including EMDR, IFS, EFT, CBT, and DBT, we will tailor a treatment plan to meet your specific needs & goals. I have experience in helping individuals with stress & anxiety, depression, personality disorders, mood disorders, addictions, relationship issues, and trauma. I am also an Autism Specialist with over 18 years of experience working with neuordivergent individuals.
I believe people do well if they can. Together, we will identify your strengths and build the skills and internal & external resources necessary to help you overcome your struggles and navigate the complexities of life. Through a variety of therapeutic techniques, including EMDR, IFS, EFT, CBT, and DBT, we will tailor a treatment plan to meet your specific needs & goals. I have experience in helping individuals with stress & anxiety, depression, personality disorders, mood disorders, addictions, relationship issues, and trauma. I am also an Autism Specialist with over 18 years of experience working with neuordivergent individuals.
(772) 356-3931 View (772) 356-3931
Photo of Jamie Turndorf, PhD
Jamie Turndorf
Not Verified Not Verified
Online Only
Perhaps you've been in therapy before, but still feel stuck. Maybe you're lonely and can't find the right relationship or your relationship is breaking your heart. Maybe you want a closer connection with your kids, friends or family. Or perhaps you just aren't happy at work. If you're ready to transform your life, call me and let's begin the journey. It's my mission to help you end the pain, find internal peace, let go of patterns that aren't working for you, experience more joyous relationships, and have more success at work.
Perhaps you've been in therapy before, but still feel stuck. Maybe you're lonely and can't find the right relationship or your relationship is breaking your heart. Maybe you want a closer connection with your kids, friends or family. Or perhaps you just aren't happy at work. If you're ready to transform your life, call me and let's begin the journey. It's my mission to help you end the pain, find internal peace, let go of patterns that aren't working for you, experience more joyous relationships, and have more success at work.
(845) 391-0512 View (845) 391-0512
Photo of Jeanine Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Jeanine Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
On the outside you’re a woman who appears to have it all together, but on the inside you're falling apart. You feel the weight of the world on your shoulders, juggling all of your responsibilities and still feeling like a bad mom, partner, or daughter. You feel like you’re walking on eggshells trying to keep everyone else happy, even when it’s at the expense of your own priorities or self-care. You may have been struggling with this for so long that you don’t even remember a time things didn’t feel this way. But you know life can feel different than it does today, and you’re ready for some support to make that happen.
On the outside you’re a woman who appears to have it all together, but on the inside you're falling apart. You feel the weight of the world on your shoulders, juggling all of your responsibilities and still feeling like a bad mom, partner, or daughter. You feel like you’re walking on eggshells trying to keep everyone else happy, even when it’s at the expense of your own priorities or self-care. You may have been struggling with this for so long that you don’t even remember a time things didn’t feel this way. But you know life can feel different than it does today, and you’re ready for some support to make that happen.
(772) 207-0956 View (772) 207-0956
Photo of Sarah Paulick, Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CCTP-I, EMDR
Sarah Paulick
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CCTP-I, EMDR
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As an LMHC, Certified Clinical Trauma Professional & EMDR Therapist, it's my passion to help those experiencing PTSD, CPTSD, anxiety, depression, dissociation, existential crises, life transitions & stress. With many years of field experience with at-risk kids, youth & adults, I specialize helping first-responders, healthcare professionals, young adults, women, men, BIPOC & LGBTQ+ ally, survivors of childhood & sexual traumas. Together, we'll seek out & enhance your resilience using internal strengths/ external resources, develop post-traumatic growth, heal attachment wounds, break unhealthy patterns, & regulate your nervous system.
As an LMHC, Certified Clinical Trauma Professional & EMDR Therapist, it's my passion to help those experiencing PTSD, CPTSD, anxiety, depression, dissociation, existential crises, life transitions & stress. With many years of field experience with at-risk kids, youth & adults, I specialize helping first-responders, healthcare professionals, young adults, women, men, BIPOC & LGBTQ+ ally, survivors of childhood & sexual traumas. Together, we'll seek out & enhance your resilience using internal strengths/ external resources, develop post-traumatic growth, heal attachment wounds, break unhealthy patterns, & regulate your nervous system.
(772) 217-5905 View (772) 217-5905

See more therapy options for Martin County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Martin County, FL

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Martin County, FL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
79% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
59% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Cigna and Evernorth
85% Aetna
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Martin County, FL see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Martin County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.