Therapists in Duval County, FL

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Photo of Ariadna Hoots, Counselor, LMHC
Ariadna Hoots
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I am a licensed mental health therapist that believes in the power of choice and truth. My hope is to help others discover the best versions of themselves. This is by looking at the problem from a can do perspective. The idea is to look at the strengths you've gained given the life you have lived. Then we are able to take those strengths and utilize them in areas where one might not feel as strong.
I am a licensed mental health therapist that believes in the power of choice and truth. My hope is to help others discover the best versions of themselves. This is by looking at the problem from a can do perspective. The idea is to look at the strengths you've gained given the life you have lived. Then we are able to take those strengths and utilize them in areas where one might not feel as strong.
(904) 689-7941 View (904) 689-7941
Photo of Ester Buchnik, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, RMFTI
Ester Buchnik
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, RMFTI
Jacksonville, FL 32246
Are you feeling overwhelmed, frustrated, and exhausted? Do you feel stuck in patterns that keep repeating, allowing you not to move forward? Are you drained because of disagreements and not able to be heard? Are you interested in healing problems with your behaviors? Combat issues like self-sabotage & allow you to learn how to react and respond to individuals in your family, community, & work environments. The ideal client comes to therapy, is consistent, and is ready to do the work and heavy lifting. A person who understands how important it is to process areas in their life that are no longer healthy and need to be addressed.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, frustrated, and exhausted? Do you feel stuck in patterns that keep repeating, allowing you not to move forward? Are you drained because of disagreements and not able to be heard? Are you interested in healing problems with your behaviors? Combat issues like self-sabotage & allow you to learn how to react and respond to individuals in your family, community, & work environments. The ideal client comes to therapy, is consistent, and is ready to do the work and heavy lifting. A person who understands how important it is to process areas in their life that are no longer healthy and need to be addressed.
(904) 822-7509 View (904) 822-7509
Photo of Sally Anderson, Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Sally Anderson
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32204
Not accepting new clients
I am a Jacksonville native and have been counseling for 20 years. Counseling is a calling and I consider it a privilege to work with individuals, families, and young adults towards the goal of enhancing their lives. Both my practice and lifestyle are a reflection of my belief in the value of fun, health, and balance. My practice is located in a beautiful two-story historic home in the Riverside/Five Points area. My 'office' is one of several independent practices in the home, and is a comfortable, warm, and private space for us to do good work.
I am a Jacksonville native and have been counseling for 20 years. Counseling is a calling and I consider it a privilege to work with individuals, families, and young adults towards the goal of enhancing their lives. Both my practice and lifestyle are a reflection of my belief in the value of fun, health, and balance. My practice is located in a beautiful two-story historic home in the Riverside/Five Points area. My 'office' is one of several independent practices in the home, and is a comfortable, warm, and private space for us to do good work.
(904) 945-5642 View (904) 945-5642
Photo of Anchetta Sutton - A+ Supportive Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdS, LCSW, CSAM, PMH-C
A+ Supportive Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdS, LCSW, CSAM, PMH-C
Online Only
Change your thoughts and you change your world were words of wisdom spoken so eloquently by Norman Vincent Peale. I believe our thoughts, the manner in which we process our surroundings, have great impact on our emotions and are the root of our actions. I believe awareness of our thoughts and how we choose to process them can change the trajectory of our outcomes. I have experience working with women before, during, and after pregnancy, and working with patients with new and/or chronic medical diagnoses. I also have experience working with foster care, adoptions, birth mothers, and potential adoptive parents.
Change your thoughts and you change your world were words of wisdom spoken so eloquently by Norman Vincent Peale. I believe our thoughts, the manner in which we process our surroundings, have great impact on our emotions and are the root of our actions. I believe awareness of our thoughts and how we choose to process them can change the trajectory of our outcomes. I have experience working with women before, during, and after pregnancy, and working with patients with new and/or chronic medical diagnoses. I also have experience working with foster care, adoptions, birth mothers, and potential adoptive parents.
(904) 606-1189 View (904) 606-1189
Photo of Carmen del Valle-Izurieta, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Carmen del Valle-Izurieta
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Jacksonville, FL 32257
According to the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, “That which does not kill us makes us stronger.” I disagree! Instead, trauma, if left unprocessed/untreated, it has the potential to cause unnecessary and significant mental distress. Throughout our lives, we, the vast majority of us, may experience traumatic events (micro and/or macro). During these trauma(s)—our role is simple—Survival. After the event(s), when we find ourselves on the other side of the trauma(s), again—our role is simple—To Go On With Life.
According to the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, “That which does not kill us makes us stronger.” I disagree! Instead, trauma, if left unprocessed/untreated, it has the potential to cause unnecessary and significant mental distress. Throughout our lives, we, the vast majority of us, may experience traumatic events (micro and/or macro). During these trauma(s)—our role is simple—Survival. After the event(s), when we find ourselves on the other side of the trauma(s), again—our role is simple—To Go On With Life.
(904) 944-5701 View (904) 944-5701
Photo of Kim Norwicz, Counselor, LMHC, QS
Kim Norwicz
Counselor, LMHC, QS
2 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32256
I know that choosing a therapist can be quite the quest, as there are so many of us out there. With all the fish in the sea, it is important that you find someone that you resonate with. YOU are the main character in this journey. I'm here to walk alongside you as you navigate all the roads (and road blocks) to your goals! Therapy can be intimidating, but I promise it is not as bizarre as the movies portray it to be... in fact, I’m just like you, with real feelings and real experiences! So, whether you are a therapy veteran or a newbie, you are a courageous human for taking this step and I am elated that you are here.
I know that choosing a therapist can be quite the quest, as there are so many of us out there. With all the fish in the sea, it is important that you find someone that you resonate with. YOU are the main character in this journey. I'm here to walk alongside you as you navigate all the roads (and road blocks) to your goals! Therapy can be intimidating, but I promise it is not as bizarre as the movies portray it to be... in fact, I’m just like you, with real feelings and real experiences! So, whether you are a therapy veteran or a newbie, you are a courageous human for taking this step and I am elated that you are here.
(904) 293-1476 View (904) 293-1476
Photo of Deena Self, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Deena Self
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Hi! I am a licensed therapist. I received my degree in 2000 and have been practicing for the past 25 years, with experience in substance abuse treatment for several years before that. My experience as a therapist includes using a variety of tools and interventions to help you re-frame your experience, and begin living your best imagined life. As a military veteran my experience in traveling and living in different countries around the world enables a broad spectrum of understanding for the broad spectrum of people i meet in therapy.
Hi! I am a licensed therapist. I received my degree in 2000 and have been practicing for the past 25 years, with experience in substance abuse treatment for several years before that. My experience as a therapist includes using a variety of tools and interventions to help you re-frame your experience, and begin living your best imagined life. As a military veteran my experience in traveling and living in different countries around the world enables a broad spectrum of understanding for the broad spectrum of people i meet in therapy.
(904) 977-3038 View (904) 977-3038
Photo of Juanita C Bruno, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Juanita C Bruno
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Jacksonville, FL 32216
I have over 15 years of experience servicing a variety of dynamics such as mother-daughter, husband-wife, and fiances preparing for a more committed relationship, and overall family dynamics. I provide a supportive and non-judgmental atmosphere where you can openly examine specific areas of concerns and flourish while breaching unsupportive and rigid pattern of interacting with others. I serve a limited number of individuals/families each day to ensure that you receive the individualized attention you deserve."
I have over 15 years of experience servicing a variety of dynamics such as mother-daughter, husband-wife, and fiances preparing for a more committed relationship, and overall family dynamics. I provide a supportive and non-judgmental atmosphere where you can openly examine specific areas of concerns and flourish while breaching unsupportive and rigid pattern of interacting with others. I serve a limited number of individuals/families each day to ensure that you receive the individualized attention you deserve."
(904) 587-2229 View (904) 587-2229
Photo of Shawna Rohrer, LPC Intern, MA, LMHC-RI
Shawna Rohrer
LPC Intern, MA, LMHC-RI
Neptune Beach, FL 32266
My ideal client is a parent or a person who's interested in creating a life for themselves that is rich with meaning and purpose. Someone who wants support with sifting through the messiness of life and building a foundation of a strong self-concept. I'm passionate about working with children and families to create agency and gratitude but this wish extends to all individuals.
My ideal client is a parent or a person who's interested in creating a life for themselves that is rich with meaning and purpose. Someone who wants support with sifting through the messiness of life and building a foundation of a strong self-concept. I'm passionate about working with children and families to create agency and gratitude but this wish extends to all individuals.
(904) 822-4822 View (904) 822-4822
Photo of Lajosha Miller - True Me Counseling, LLC, Counselor, LMHC , QSMH
True Me Counseling, LLC
Counselor, LMHC , QSMH
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32210
Hello , I am Lajosha a LMHC and Qualified Clinical Supervisor, who is trained in EMDR located in Florida . My goal is to help you discover your true self by assessing, acknowledging, recognizing, and gaining awareness on challenges associated with distorted thinking. The focus of counseling is tailored to your needs and wants, by allowing you to have a voice on the direction of treatment. I've practiced in the community of Jacksonville for more than 16 years. I have been a licensed professional counselor for 12 years. I have experience conducting individual, family psychotherapy, group, initial diagnostic interviews, and crisis
Hello , I am Lajosha a LMHC and Qualified Clinical Supervisor, who is trained in EMDR located in Florida . My goal is to help you discover your true self by assessing, acknowledging, recognizing, and gaining awareness on challenges associated with distorted thinking. The focus of counseling is tailored to your needs and wants, by allowing you to have a voice on the direction of treatment. I've practiced in the community of Jacksonville for more than 16 years. I have been a licensed professional counselor for 12 years. I have experience conducting individual, family psychotherapy, group, initial diagnostic interviews, and crisis
(904) 606-9483 View (904) 606-9483
Photo of Shannon Jaycox, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Shannon Jaycox
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32207
Life is full of transitions; whether it be adolescents transitioning into adulthood, adults transitioning into new professional or personal roles or injured/ill individuals adjusting to their new normal. I provide counseling to individuals and their families who are facing difficulty with stress, adjusting to change, mood and anxiety disorders, addiction, chronic pain and trauma. I also specialize in brain injury and post-concussive symptoms. I have extensive clinical experience working with socioculturally diverse populations in hospital, community and private-based settings.
Life is full of transitions; whether it be adolescents transitioning into adulthood, adults transitioning into new professional or personal roles or injured/ill individuals adjusting to their new normal. I provide counseling to individuals and their families who are facing difficulty with stress, adjusting to change, mood and anxiety disorders, addiction, chronic pain and trauma. I also specialize in brain injury and post-concussive symptoms. I have extensive clinical experience working with socioculturally diverse populations in hospital, community and private-based settings.
(904) 290-1105 View (904) 290-1105
Photo of Kevin G Goolsby, Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Kevin G Goolsby
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32210
I am a Licensed Mental Health Therapist and a National Certified Counselor, who believes in forming a positive relationship with my clients, by providing them with a safe and nonjudgmental environment, empathy, and genuineness. My goal is to promote positive changes in my client's life, help alleviate emotional distress, and help create healthy relationships within their lives. I specialize in trauma therapy, anxiety, depression, and relationship conflicts. If you are faced with physical or emotional distress, I am committed to assisting and helping you deal more effectively with all that life brings.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Therapist and a National Certified Counselor, who believes in forming a positive relationship with my clients, by providing them with a safe and nonjudgmental environment, empathy, and genuineness. My goal is to promote positive changes in my client's life, help alleviate emotional distress, and help create healthy relationships within their lives. I specialize in trauma therapy, anxiety, depression, and relationship conflicts. If you are faced with physical or emotional distress, I am committed to assisting and helping you deal more effectively with all that life brings.
(904) 674-3920 View (904) 674-3920
Photo of Amanda Cioffi - Creative Coping Studio, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Creative Coping Studio
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
1 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32256
As a dedicated mental health counselor with over five years of experience in mental health and behavioral services, I have developed a deep commitment to supporting individuals and families through life's challenges. My background includes providing therapy for diverse clients, from children to adults, and working closely with families to foster healthier dynamics. With a strong foundation in evidence-based practices, I specialize in addressing mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and behavioral issues, while offering compassionate care tailored to each client's unique needs.
As a dedicated mental health counselor with over five years of experience in mental health and behavioral services, I have developed a deep commitment to supporting individuals and families through life's challenges. My background includes providing therapy for diverse clients, from children to adults, and working closely with families to foster healthier dynamics. With a strong foundation in evidence-based practices, I specialize in addressing mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and behavioral issues, while offering compassionate care tailored to each client's unique needs.
(904) 747-3156 View (904) 747-3156
Photo of Melissa Ruff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Melissa Ruff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jacksonville, FL 32207
I am a practicing clinical social worker with 29 years of experience and have practiced in Maryland; currently new to Florida. I utilize a collaborative approach to self determination and self improvement with adults and families.
I am a practicing clinical social worker with 29 years of experience and have practiced in Maryland; currently new to Florida. I utilize a collaborative approach to self determination and self improvement with adults and families.
(904) 709-7902 View (904) 709-7902
Photo of Cc Criollo, Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSWI, MSW
Cc Criollo
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSWI, MSW
Jacksonville, FL 32257
We have all struggled in life in some way! If you struggle with excessive worry, indecisiveness, overthinking, self-doubt, low self-esteem, you are not alone! Many people are trapped in fear which can show up as anxiety, lack of motivation, depression, reduced immunity, and illness. Fear can paralyze us from living a fulfilling life, achieving our goals and experiencing joy. If you are in the midst of a struggle, I want you to know that whatever it is you’re going through right now is not forever, and change is possible! Allow me to use my years of professional and lived experience to help you gain the skills to reach your goals!
We have all struggled in life in some way! If you struggle with excessive worry, indecisiveness, overthinking, self-doubt, low self-esteem, you are not alone! Many people are trapped in fear which can show up as anxiety, lack of motivation, depression, reduced immunity, and illness. Fear can paralyze us from living a fulfilling life, achieving our goals and experiencing joy. If you are in the midst of a struggle, I want you to know that whatever it is you’re going through right now is not forever, and change is possible! Allow me to use my years of professional and lived experience to help you gain the skills to reach your goals!
(904) 867-7359 View (904) 867-7359
Photo of Noel Magwood, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern
Noel Magwood
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern
Jacksonville, FL 32216
Are you, or someone you know, struggling with debilitating perfectionism? Do you ever find yourself sabotaging your own journey or relationships? Are you trying to rediscover your identity after you've been met with pain, whether in the form of trauma, an eating disorder, or general disappointment? You don't have to walk this out alone. Let's work toward peeling back the layers and unlocking the truest version of yourself for a life more fulfilling.
Are you, or someone you know, struggling with debilitating perfectionism? Do you ever find yourself sabotaging your own journey or relationships? Are you trying to rediscover your identity after you've been met with pain, whether in the form of trauma, an eating disorder, or general disappointment? You don't have to walk this out alone. Let's work toward peeling back the layers and unlocking the truest version of yourself for a life more fulfilling.
(904) 468-6102 View (904) 468-6102
Photo of Christopher Maniscalco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Christopher Maniscalco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jacksonville, FL 32218
Do you struggle with past or present traumatic life experiences, be that from combat, sexual trauma, childhood trauma, natural disasters, or other emotionally disturbing experiences? Are you willing to embrace connection over protection and open up about your struggles? I will provide you with the tools and support needed to reduce the frequency, intensity, and duration of your presenting symptoms or increase your ability to manage them healthily. If you want to learn how your past may be negatively impacting your present & learn tools to manage or replace maladaptive behaviors, then I'm the clinician for you!
Do you struggle with past or present traumatic life experiences, be that from combat, sexual trauma, childhood trauma, natural disasters, or other emotionally disturbing experiences? Are you willing to embrace connection over protection and open up about your struggles? I will provide you with the tools and support needed to reduce the frequency, intensity, and duration of your presenting symptoms or increase your ability to manage them healthily. If you want to learn how your past may be negatively impacting your present & learn tools to manage or replace maladaptive behaviors, then I'm the clinician for you!
(904) 750-4994 View (904) 750-4994
Photo of Michelle McGriff, LMHC
Michelle McGriff
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Jacksonville, FL 32256
Life can be challenging, and there are days when the journey can feel out of control. As a person centered counselor, I wholeheartedly believe that no matter how difficult things get, we have the ability to heal, grow, and regain a sense of control. I often remind my clients that they have the power to create the life they wish to live and the change they want to see. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I am truly honored and excited to start this healing journey with you. Taking the first step towards healing can be difficult, but I will be here to ensure support, validation, and care. I am honored to be part of your journey.
Life can be challenging, and there are days when the journey can feel out of control. As a person centered counselor, I wholeheartedly believe that no matter how difficult things get, we have the ability to heal, grow, and regain a sense of control. I often remind my clients that they have the power to create the life they wish to live and the change they want to see. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I am truly honored and excited to start this healing journey with you. Taking the first step towards healing can be difficult, but I will be here to ensure support, validation, and care. I am honored to be part of your journey.
(904) 467-9525 View (904) 467-9525
Photo of Benjamin Miller, Counselor, LMHC
Benjamin Miller
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My name is Benjamin Miller, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I specialize in working with adults who struggle with Drug and Alcohol addiction, Grief and Loss, Relationship Issues, Self Esteem and Identity Issues, Career Counseling, Personal Growth, Depression, or your common day to day stressors. I am here to listen and connect with those that feel like nobody understands them; often being misjudged. I am here to give you hope and remind you that you deserve a meaningful life. I help by creating an atmosphere for people to work through feelings, problem solve and find solutions to a goal oriented meaningful lifestyle.
My name is Benjamin Miller, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I specialize in working with adults who struggle with Drug and Alcohol addiction, Grief and Loss, Relationship Issues, Self Esteem and Identity Issues, Career Counseling, Personal Growth, Depression, or your common day to day stressors. I am here to listen and connect with those that feel like nobody understands them; often being misjudged. I am here to give you hope and remind you that you deserve a meaningful life. I help by creating an atmosphere for people to work through feelings, problem solve and find solutions to a goal oriented meaningful lifestyle.
(954) 466-1916 View (954) 466-1916
Photo of Zhanna Caroline Cohen, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC
Zhanna Caroline Cohen
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC
Online Only
Life brings many challenges and hardships. You may be burdened by insecurities, fears, anger, or resentment. Relationships or work may be unsatisfying. Most likely you have tried to feel better on your own; some things may have helped, but not always fully or lasting. The source of some problems can be identified, while other problems are vague and unclear. In the end, you come with your own set of difficulties and life circumstances. I believe psychotherapy enhances our natural tendency to understand ourselves as we strive to realize our hopes and aspirations.
Life brings many challenges and hardships. You may be burdened by insecurities, fears, anger, or resentment. Relationships or work may be unsatisfying. Most likely you have tried to feel better on your own; some things may have helped, but not always fully or lasting. The source of some problems can be identified, while other problems are vague and unclear. In the end, you come with your own set of difficulties and life circumstances. I believe psychotherapy enhances our natural tendency to understand ourselves as we strive to realize our hopes and aspirations.
(203) 587-4304 View (203) 587-4304

See more therapy options for Duval County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Duval County, FL

2,000+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Duval County, FL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
74% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
65% Trauma and PTSD
64% Relationship Issues
64% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Aetna
83% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Duval County, FL see their clients

55% Online Only
45% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Duval County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.