Therapists in Fairfax, VA

Photo of Sierra Rosenzwog, Pre-Licensed Professional in Fairfax, VA
Sierra Rosenzwog
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030  (Online Only)
I aid adults seeking support with life's challenging moments and inevitable shifts. I strongly believe in the mind-body connection, and I help to support individuals experiencing emotional and physiological distress. I recognize that a strong relationship is essential for the therapeutic space, and I strive to provide support and unconditional positive regard to all individuals. I aim to always practice with openness, genuine compassion, and empathic communication.
I aid adults seeking support with life's challenging moments and inevitable shifts. I strongly believe in the mind-body connection, and I help to support individuals experiencing emotional and physiological distress. I recognize that a strong relationship is essential for the therapeutic space, and I strive to provide support and unconditional positive regard to all individuals. I aim to always practice with openness, genuine compassion, and empathic communication.
(804) 944-8931 View (804) 944-8931
Photo of Racquel Semeraro in Fairfax, VA
Racquel Semeraro
LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
Are you ready to change your life? As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I have worked with individual, couples and families for over twenty years. My goal is to help you enhance your life, improve your overall functioning and have a better understanding on how to care for yourself. My approach is gentle but direct and strength based.
Are you ready to change your life? As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I have worked with individual, couples and families for over twenty years. My goal is to help you enhance your life, improve your overall functioning and have a better understanding on how to care for yourself. My approach is gentle but direct and strength based.
(571) 222-4958 View (571) 222-4958
Photo of Gerald Smolen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Gerald Smolen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22031
Tired of second guessing yourself ? Challenged by anxiety, communication problems, anger or sadness? I offer a solution focused approach to resolve self-defeating behaviors. Do you often act out your emotional needs, even when knowing, logically it is not the best choice you can make? Learning how to integrate your emotional experience with your best-self needs, is a much more satisfying experience I can help you achieve.
Tired of second guessing yourself ? Challenged by anxiety, communication problems, anger or sadness? I offer a solution focused approach to resolve self-defeating behaviors. Do you often act out your emotional needs, even when knowing, logically it is not the best choice you can make? Learning how to integrate your emotional experience with your best-self needs, is a much more satisfying experience I can help you achieve.
(703) 794-2203 View (703) 794-2203
Photo of Claire D Felps, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Claire D Felps
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22033
It is not easy to ask for help, but in working with me you will find a safe, compassionate, and accepting space that fosters growth and personal development. My strengths-focused approach relies on mindfulness, insight and working to help get you unstuck. I take a holistic approach in working with issues of anxiety and depression, postpartum depression and anxiety, infertility, life transitions, parent coaching, and persistent relationship or family difficulties. I am a safe place where you can explore the past and we will work to build the future you choose from a place of love and compassion.
It is not easy to ask for help, but in working with me you will find a safe, compassionate, and accepting space that fosters growth and personal development. My strengths-focused approach relies on mindfulness, insight and working to help get you unstuck. I take a holistic approach in working with issues of anxiety and depression, postpartum depression and anxiety, infertility, life transitions, parent coaching, and persistent relationship or family difficulties. I am a safe place where you can explore the past and we will work to build the future you choose from a place of love and compassion.
(703) 372-9038 View (703) 372-9038
Photo of Beth Brocato, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Beth Brocato
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
New Patients: please contact me via email to get started! Welcome! I have deep admiration and respect for anyone willing to do the work to grow! I am well aware that the therapeutic process can be both healing and challenging as you are looking more closely at your emotional needs, thoughts, reactions, relationships, and struggles. Therefore, I highly value creating a space that feels safe, non-judgmental, and where you feel supported and validated. I understand you are bringing in personal and intimate details of your life and I treat those with the utmost respect.
New Patients: please contact me via email to get started! Welcome! I have deep admiration and respect for anyone willing to do the work to grow! I am well aware that the therapeutic process can be both healing and challenging as you are looking more closely at your emotional needs, thoughts, reactions, relationships, and struggles. Therefore, I highly value creating a space that feels safe, non-judgmental, and where you feel supported and validated. I understand you are bringing in personal and intimate details of your life and I treat those with the utmost respect.
(703) 291-1507 View (703) 291-1507
Photo of Julie Turner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Julie Turner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Virginia. I earned my Masters Degree in Social Work at Virginia Commonwealth University and my Bachelor of Science Degree in Criminal Justice from the University of Maryland. I have been working in the clinical field since 1999. My passion is working directly with people who are experiencing challenges and assisting them through difficult times. I believe in the strength of individuals to overcome obstacles in life but recognize that everyone needs support through these times. A variety of evidence based practices assist clients in reaching their goals and living a fuller life.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Virginia. I earned my Masters Degree in Social Work at Virginia Commonwealth University and my Bachelor of Science Degree in Criminal Justice from the University of Maryland. I have been working in the clinical field since 1999. My passion is working directly with people who are experiencing challenges and assisting them through difficult times. I believe in the strength of individuals to overcome obstacles in life but recognize that everyone needs support through these times. A variety of evidence based practices assist clients in reaching their goals and living a fuller life.
(703) 940-9767 View (703) 940-9767
Photo of Kristin Bultman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Fairfax, VA
Kristin Bultman
Pre-Licensed Professional, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
I believe in being a kind and compassionate therapist. I have years of experience working with adults, adolescents, and children in various roles throughout my career. I enjoy working with a wide range of clients, including individuals who are navigating life stressors, coping with depression, anxiety, or have experienced trauma.
I believe in being a kind and compassionate therapist. I have years of experience working with adults, adolescents, and children in various roles throughout my career. I enjoy working with a wide range of clients, including individuals who are navigating life stressors, coping with depression, anxiety, or have experienced trauma.
(571) 202-6459 View (571) 202-6459
Photo of Carolyn E Kuchel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Carolyn E Kuchel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
I work with those in recovery and those still struggling with substance abuse and other addictive behaviors. Once in recovery, we work together to attain the personal growth and fulfilling life you are striving for and deserve to experience. Recovery from alcohol or drug dependence or other addictive behavior is a process that affects the entire family as well as the individual. Family and couples counseling can bring you and your family the harmony and ease in recovery that may have once seemed unattainable. Discover the healthier lifestyle choices that can bring you a joyous life in recovery.
I work with those in recovery and those still struggling with substance abuse and other addictive behaviors. Once in recovery, we work together to attain the personal growth and fulfilling life you are striving for and deserve to experience. Recovery from alcohol or drug dependence or other addictive behavior is a process that affects the entire family as well as the individual. Family and couples counseling can bring you and your family the harmony and ease in recovery that may have once seemed unattainable. Discover the healthier lifestyle choices that can bring you a joyous life in recovery.
(703) 627-6659 View (703) 627-6659
Keisha B. Matthews
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22033  (Online Only)
Are you having challenges with completing daily tasks? Have you lost interest in pleasurable activities? Do you feel like a dark cloud hovers over you? Do you feel like all of your positive qualities and accomplishments have diminished? If you answered "Yes " to any of these questions, I am here to help you. In order to help individuals reach their goals or true potential, therapy must be tailored to suit their individual needs.You will find that level of care with Face It Counseling Services, LLC .
Are you having challenges with completing daily tasks? Have you lost interest in pleasurable activities? Do you feel like a dark cloud hovers over you? Do you feel like all of your positive qualities and accomplishments have diminished? If you answered "Yes " to any of these questions, I am here to help you. In order to help individuals reach their goals or true potential, therapy must be tailored to suit their individual needs.You will find that level of care with Face It Counseling Services, LLC .
(703) 957-8975 View (703) 957-8975
Photo of The Pragmatic Therapist(s), Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
The Pragmatic Therapist(s)
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
In a world often shadowed by the remnants of past traumas, our group mental health practice stands as a beacon of hope and healing. We specialize in EMDR, IFS, and Gottman Method Couples Therapy, uniquely tailoring our approach to help adults navigate and overcome the complexities of childhood trauma. Our team believes in a holistic path to recovery, blending innovative therapies with compassion and understanding, guiding each individual towards a life of resilience, peace, and emotional well-being.
In a world often shadowed by the remnants of past traumas, our group mental health practice stands as a beacon of hope and healing. We specialize in EMDR, IFS, and Gottman Method Couples Therapy, uniquely tailoring our approach to help adults navigate and overcome the complexities of childhood trauma. Our team believes in a holistic path to recovery, blending innovative therapies with compassion and understanding, guiding each individual towards a life of resilience, peace, and emotional well-being.
(571) 366-8127 View (571) 366-8127
Photo of Tammy Usher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Tammy Usher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counsellor (LPC) serving clients throughout the state of Virginia. I received my Masters from Liberty University and have been practicing for 7 years. I help young adults, adults and couples struggling with varying life stressors. Stress happens to everyone and for some, the overwhelming feeling of stress can sometimes feel like we are losing grasp of several things at once and we have loose ends flailing around.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counsellor (LPC) serving clients throughout the state of Virginia. I received my Masters from Liberty University and have been practicing for 7 years. I help young adults, adults and couples struggling with varying life stressors. Stress happens to everyone and for some, the overwhelming feeling of stress can sometimes feel like we are losing grasp of several things at once and we have loose ends flailing around.
(571) 202-7829 View (571) 202-7829
Photo of Alexandra Lobban, Resident in Counseling in Fairfax, VA
Alexandra Lobban
Resident in Counseling, MS, LPC-R
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
Do you struggle with concentration and impulsivity or get easily overwhelmed with work or schoolwork? Do you feel intense nervousness in social interactions? I work with adults and children who struggle with ADHD, anxiety, social fears, emotional dysregulation, and relationship problems. I help my clients get to the root cause of their problems and find a way forward.
Do you struggle with concentration and impulsivity or get easily overwhelmed with work or schoolwork? Do you feel intense nervousness in social interactions? I work with adults and children who struggle with ADHD, anxiety, social fears, emotional dysregulation, and relationship problems. I help my clients get to the root cause of their problems and find a way forward.
(571) 200-7225 x2 View (571) 200-7225 x2
Photo of Derek Clark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Derek Clark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22033  (Online Only)
What if you could deeply connect with people, trust yourself fully, and wake up excited for life? Difficult life events led you to coping in ways that were vital for surviving in the past, but now they are holding you back from living the life you want. I offer the opportunity for change. I can help you understand these protective parts of yourself, and gain a deeper Self awareness. By working together, we can heal the parts of you that are stuck in the past, and have kept you from moving forward. These parts show up as addiction, anxiety, depression, & self sabotage to distract from the pain beneath.
What if you could deeply connect with people, trust yourself fully, and wake up excited for life? Difficult life events led you to coping in ways that were vital for surviving in the past, but now they are holding you back from living the life you want. I offer the opportunity for change. I can help you understand these protective parts of yourself, and gain a deeper Self awareness. By working together, we can heal the parts of you that are stuck in the past, and have kept you from moving forward. These parts show up as addiction, anxiety, depression, & self sabotage to distract from the pain beneath.
(571) 568-5339 View (571) 568-5339
Photo of Skye Bennett, Pre-Licensed Professional in Fairfax, VA
Skye Bennett
Pre-Licensed Professional, MMT, MT-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
Are you overwhelmed and find it difficult to express yourself in healthy ways? I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults whose quality of life are being impacted by the effects of trauma, addiction, eating disorders, and a range of psychiatric symptoms. We all deserve to to live our best lives! Together, we can explore healthier ways of coping with stress, anxiety, and depression. Let’s uncover the roots of your pain and work towards eliminating the barriers that keep you from thriving. We will explore various therapy approaches including EMDR, DBT, and music therapy, to meet your individual needs.
Are you overwhelmed and find it difficult to express yourself in healthy ways? I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults whose quality of life are being impacted by the effects of trauma, addiction, eating disorders, and a range of psychiatric symptoms. We all deserve to to live our best lives! Together, we can explore healthier ways of coping with stress, anxiety, and depression. Let’s uncover the roots of your pain and work towards eliminating the barriers that keep you from thriving. We will explore various therapy approaches including EMDR, DBT, and music therapy, to meet your individual needs.
(571) 946-2529 View (571) 946-2529
Photo of Michael Schaub, Ph.D., PLLC, Psychologist in Fairfax, VA
Michael Schaub, Ph.D., PLLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22032
Do you struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship conflicts, self-esteem, or career concerns? Do these issues keep you from reaching your full potential? Together, we will create a path to wellness so that you can focus on the aspects of your life that bring meaning and fulfillment. I am a licensed clinical psychologist who works with adults, adolescents, and couples to overcome life's challenges, improve mental health, develop strategies to manage careers, and have satisfying relationships. I am holistic in my work and I am able to integrate both mental health and career counseling if this approach fits your needs.
Do you struggle with depression, anxiety, relationship conflicts, self-esteem, or career concerns? Do these issues keep you from reaching your full potential? Together, we will create a path to wellness so that you can focus on the aspects of your life that bring meaning and fulfillment. I am a licensed clinical psychologist who works with adults, adolescents, and couples to overcome life's challenges, improve mental health, develop strategies to manage careers, and have satisfying relationships. I am holistic in my work and I am able to integrate both mental health and career counseling if this approach fits your needs.
(703) 828-4625 View (703) 828-4625
Photo of The Center for Connection, Healing & Change, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fairfax, VA
The Center for Connection, Healing & Change, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, LCSW, LMFT-R, LPC-R
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
Accepting new clients - The Center for Connection, Healing & Change focuses on the creation of secure, close, and satisfying relationships- within us and between us. We choose to specialize in relationships because we know the importance of satisfying connections for our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Services explore the relationship we have with both ourselves and others; how well we can live with emotional ease, know who we are, ask for what we need, be responsive to loved ones, set boundaries, deal with loss, move through stressful experiences, find our purpose, and access resilience in moments of need.
Accepting new clients - The Center for Connection, Healing & Change focuses on the creation of secure, close, and satisfying relationships- within us and between us. We choose to specialize in relationships because we know the importance of satisfying connections for our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Services explore the relationship we have with both ourselves and others; how well we can live with emotional ease, know who we are, ask for what we need, be responsive to loved ones, set boundaries, deal with loss, move through stressful experiences, find our purpose, and access resilience in moments of need.
(571) 777-0640 View (571) 777-0640
Photo of Crossroads Family Counseling Center, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Crossroads Family Counseling Center, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
Is your child struggling with behavior or have anxiety that is more than normal? A teenager who is moody and withdrawn? Or are you struggling as a parent on how to help your child? At Crossroads Family Counseling Center we have successfully worked with children and families over 30 years to improve relationships, manage intense behaviors and feelings and help create peace and stability among all family members.
Is your child struggling with behavior or have anxiety that is more than normal? A teenager who is moody and withdrawn? Or are you struggling as a parent on how to help your child? At Crossroads Family Counseling Center we have successfully worked with children and families over 30 years to improve relationships, manage intense behaviors and feelings and help create peace and stability among all family members.
(571) 348-9126 View (571) 348-9126
Photo of Tamara Elassal in Fairfax, VA
Tamara Elassal
LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
I work with children (5+), adolescents (families) and adults. Children often exhibit behaviors such as outbursts, meltdowns or withdrawal that indicate their cry for help. Pre-teens, teens and adults will often exhibit signs of depression and anxiety or even physical symptoms such as stomach aches, headaches, sleep disturbances or other health concerns that are often a sign of their internal struggles. No matter the age I believe all can benefit from mental health services. I believe strongly in the mind-body connection and use this belief to guide the therapeutic process to meet your unique needs.
I work with children (5+), adolescents (families) and adults. Children often exhibit behaviors such as outbursts, meltdowns or withdrawal that indicate their cry for help. Pre-teens, teens and adults will often exhibit signs of depression and anxiety or even physical symptoms such as stomach aches, headaches, sleep disturbances or other health concerns that are often a sign of their internal struggles. No matter the age I believe all can benefit from mental health services. I believe strongly in the mind-body connection and use this belief to guide the therapeutic process to meet your unique needs.
(571) 445-6076 View (571) 445-6076
Photo of Maddie Mihalich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Maddie Mihalich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
Hi! I'm Maddie Mihalich, LCSW. I am passionate about helping people find their inner strength and voice. In providing psychotherapy, I lean toward a holistic, person-centered, strength-based approach to enhance your mental, physical and spiritual well-being. My practice is heavy handed on self-compassion and connection. Using evidence based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) skills, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction(MBSR) and Mindful self-compassion, each session is tailored specifically toward your needs.
Hi! I'm Maddie Mihalich, LCSW. I am passionate about helping people find their inner strength and voice. In providing psychotherapy, I lean toward a holistic, person-centered, strength-based approach to enhance your mental, physical and spiritual well-being. My practice is heavy handed on self-compassion and connection. Using evidence based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) skills, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction(MBSR) and Mindful self-compassion, each session is tailored specifically toward your needs.
(571) 475-8743 View (571) 475-8743
Photo of Vanguard Therapy, LLC., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Vanguard Therapy, LLC.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22031
Do you feel alone and unsure of your purpose in life? Are you always feeling anxious or depressed? Do you find that living life and getting out of bed daily is a struggle and oftentimes impossible? I can help you by providing a compassionate, nurturing,and non-judgemental environment to express your deepest thoughts and feelings and explore ways to resolve the problems you encounter.
Do you feel alone and unsure of your purpose in life? Are you always feeling anxious or depressed? Do you find that living life and getting out of bed daily is a struggle and oftentimes impossible? I can help you by providing a compassionate, nurturing,and non-judgemental environment to express your deepest thoughts and feelings and explore ways to resolve the problems you encounter.
(703) 935-8314 View (703) 935-8314

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fairfax, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Fairfax, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
72% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
63% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% Cigna and Evernorth
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Fairfax, VA see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fairfax?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.