Photo of Angela Susan Rudner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Angela Susan Rudner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02906
Areas of focus include: stress, anxiety, depression, emotional abuse, work related, and family of origin issues .
Hello I'm Angela Rudner, LICSW, and I'd like to welcome you to my psychotherapy practice. I have been practicing social work for 16 years. Do you have stress, depression, or anxiety related problems? Are you a senior looking to enhance your life? Did you, as a child, experience neglect either from narcissistic, emotionally immature or alcoholic parents? You are a unique individual and you can change destructive thought patterns and discover your problem solving abilities. Through a direct, and compassionate approach, we will address the obstacles that are preventing you from living your best life.
Areas of focus include: stress, anxiety, depression, emotional abuse, work related, and family of origin issues .
Hello I'm Angela Rudner, LICSW, and I'd like to welcome you to my psychotherapy practice. I have been practicing social work for 16 years. Do you have stress, depression, or anxiety related problems? Are you a senior looking to enhance your life? Did you, as a child, experience neglect either from narcissistic, emotionally immature or alcoholic parents? You are a unique individual and you can change destructive thought patterns and discover your problem solving abilities. Through a direct, and compassionate approach, we will address the obstacles that are preventing you from living your best life.
(401) 573-9905 View (401) 573-9905
Photo of Whitney Webster, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rhode Island
Whitney Webster
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02904  (Online Only)
My grounding in marriage and family therapy means that even when I’m working with an individual, I take a holistic approach to understanding the source of problems and to finding solutions.
Currently accepting individuals only for daytime teletherapy appointments. Connection is everything, isn’t it? For better or for worse, we shape and are shaped by the people in our lives. Oftentimes our problems are more than just “in our heads” - they arise from our relationships to ourselves and others. Whether you have challenges in a current relationship – a parent, kid, partner, friend, or yourself – or if you’re struggling to make sense of hurtful relationships from your past, let’s help you get to the bottom of what is holding you back.
My grounding in marriage and family therapy means that even when I’m working with an individual, I take a holistic approach to understanding the source of problems and to finding solutions.
Currently accepting individuals only for daytime teletherapy appointments. Connection is everything, isn’t it? For better or for worse, we shape and are shaped by the people in our lives. Oftentimes our problems are more than just “in our heads” - they arise from our relationships to ourselves and others. Whether you have challenges in a current relationship – a parent, kid, partner, friend, or yourself – or if you’re struggling to make sense of hurtful relationships from your past, let’s help you get to the bottom of what is holding you back.
(401) 208-2723 View (401) 208-2723
Photo of Irene Faioes, LMHC, Counselor in Rhode Island
Irene Faioes, LMHC
Counselor, M, Ed, LMHC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woonsocket, RI 02895
Individual, Child & Family Therapy Services ranging from depression, anxiety to trauma treatment.
Individual, Child & Family Therapy Services ranging from depression, anxiety to trauma treatment.
(401) 287-2613 View (401) 287-2613
Photo of Sarah Palomo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Sarah Palomo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, RI 02865
I work with teenagers, emerging adults, and adults and particularly enjoy working with high school, college, and graduate students. I care deeply about offering queer and gender affirming therapy and welcome queer and gender expansive folks of all ages. I draw on relational, intersectional feminist, narrative, internal family systems, attachment, and somatic approaches to therapy. I strive to make each client feel understood, valued, and empowered because I believe healing and growth emerges from a strong therapeutic alliance.
I work with teenagers, emerging adults, and adults and particularly enjoy working with high school, college, and graduate students. I care deeply about offering queer and gender affirming therapy and welcome queer and gender expansive folks of all ages. I draw on relational, intersectional feminist, narrative, internal family systems, attachment, and somatic approaches to therapy. I strive to make each client feel understood, valued, and empowered because I believe healing and growth emerges from a strong therapeutic alliance.
(401) 358-6300 View (401) 358-6300
Photo of Nina Mackta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Nina Mackta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
North Kingstown, RI 02852  (Online Only)
As a clinical social worker I take a highly personal approach to each client. I know that accessing help can be difficult , but you have the ability to find the support needed. By building a relationship we can identify what may be preventing you from feeling your best. With a plan in place , I provide resources and support to assist you. My training includes traditional psychotherapy methods gained as a social worker as well as: solution focused, cognitive behavioral therapy, family systemic and integrative therapy to name a few . My style is relaxed and hollistic offering support to you in a safe and confidential environment .
As a clinical social worker I take a highly personal approach to each client. I know that accessing help can be difficult , but you have the ability to find the support needed. By building a relationship we can identify what may be preventing you from feeling your best. With a plan in place , I provide resources and support to assist you. My training includes traditional psychotherapy methods gained as a social worker as well as: solution focused, cognitive behavioral therapy, family systemic and integrative therapy to name a few . My style is relaxed and hollistic offering support to you in a safe and confidential environment .
(401) 329-3849 View (401) 329-3849
Photo of Susan Hurd, Counselor in Rhode Island
Susan Hurd
Counselor, MA, CAGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02906
I am compassionate, understanding, & pro-active. Together, we will help you learn how to better empower yourself, while finding strategies to cope and manage with life, work, family, relationships, school, food,or medical stress and challenges. I have expertise in treating complex conditions that may involve depression, anxiety, trauma, pain, health, fatigue, stress, life transitions, relationships, college,and work issues. I have 20 years expertise with Mindfulness-based Mind-Body Therapies, and Mindfulness Meditation, which are well researched methods in treating stress, pain, depression, anxiety and other mental health issues.
I am compassionate, understanding, & pro-active. Together, we will help you learn how to better empower yourself, while finding strategies to cope and manage with life, work, family, relationships, school, food,or medical stress and challenges. I have expertise in treating complex conditions that may involve depression, anxiety, trauma, pain, health, fatigue, stress, life transitions, relationships, college,and work issues. I have 20 years expertise with Mindfulness-based Mind-Body Therapies, and Mindfulness Meditation, which are well researched methods in treating stress, pain, depression, anxiety and other mental health issues.
(401) 285-1911 View (401) 285-1911
Photo of Jasmine Appleberry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Jasmine Appleberry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lincoln, RI 02865
Some areas of focus include depression, anxiety, transitions, communications, self-esteem, losses, perfectionism, and family and relationship issues.
In our therapy, you will find a safe, empathetic, and transformative space, to start your journey toward greater self-discovery and fulfillment. My warm, outgoing manner is interactive and authentic. I provide compassionate, honest, and engaged therapy. My empowering outlook includes new insights and useful strategies, for effectiveness and self-worth. I provide an integrated view, and coping and communication skills for all. I will be glad to meet you, with your unique challenges, and your unique gifts. I believe in strengths, hope, and building a more meaningful life.
Some areas of focus include depression, anxiety, transitions, communications, self-esteem, losses, perfectionism, and family and relationship issues.
In our therapy, you will find a safe, empathetic, and transformative space, to start your journey toward greater self-discovery and fulfillment. My warm, outgoing manner is interactive and authentic. I provide compassionate, honest, and engaged therapy. My empowering outlook includes new insights and useful strategies, for effectiveness and self-worth. I provide an integrated view, and coping and communication skills for all. I will be glad to meet you, with your unique challenges, and your unique gifts. I believe in strengths, hope, and building a more meaningful life.
(401) 216-4135 View (401) 216-4135
Photo of Megan Sanderson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Megan Sanderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02909
Waitlist for new clients
In my practice I have a particular focus on women's issues but welcome everyone! Although I do offer Family Therapy, acknowledging there are families of two, I don't offer couples therapy.
I believe in a holistic, strength based individual model. I strive to provide a culturally informed, social justice and empowerment oriented approach. Using this affirming therapeutic relationship, we can build goals and strategies that fit who you are as an individual. We can together use this foundation to better understand how you experience life and transform this self discovery into change. I work from a strength focused, collaborative approach, combining insight about the self with concrete strategies that help you build skills to combat your issues.
In my practice I have a particular focus on women's issues but welcome everyone! Although I do offer Family Therapy, acknowledging there are families of two, I don't offer couples therapy.
I believe in a holistic, strength based individual model. I strive to provide a culturally informed, social justice and empowerment oriented approach. Using this affirming therapeutic relationship, we can build goals and strategies that fit who you are as an individual. We can together use this foundation to better understand how you experience life and transform this self discovery into change. I work from a strength focused, collaborative approach, combining insight about the self with concrete strategies that help you build skills to combat your issues.
(401) 285-1931 View (401) 285-1931
Photo of Theresa Teofilak-Wilson, Counselor in Rhode Island
Theresa Teofilak-Wilson
Counselor, LMHC, MEd, CGS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Warwick, RI 02886
I have a strong background in individual, family, couples, and group therapy.
*My personal schedule is full, but other clinicians in my group practice are accepting new clients! Our therapists all take an integrative approach* Are you looking to make positive life changes, heal past traumas, and improve relationships? Are you going through major life changes such as becoming a parent, changing careers, or dealing with chronic health issues? Therapy can be a safe place to explore your concerns and learn new skills for living a balanced life! My group focuses on holistic counseling practices, including yoga, mindfulness, person-centered therapy, nature, energy healing and art.
I have a strong background in individual, family, couples, and group therapy.
*My personal schedule is full, but other clinicians in my group practice are accepting new clients! Our therapists all take an integrative approach* Are you looking to make positive life changes, heal past traumas, and improve relationships? Are you going through major life changes such as becoming a parent, changing careers, or dealing with chronic health issues? Therapy can be a safe place to explore your concerns and learn new skills for living a balanced life! My group focuses on holistic counseling practices, including yoga, mindfulness, person-centered therapy, nature, energy healing and art.
(401) 340-3406 View (401) 340-3406
Photo of Own Your Voice Mental Wellness, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Own Your Voice Mental Wellness, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02904
Why do I need therapy? Therapy is for people who are crazy or out of control! I should be able to do this by myself! Asking or getting help means I'm not capable or strong. People are in therapy "cause they have to be." Couple's therapy is a last resort. Family therapy doesn't work/is not for me. Are any of these questions going through your mind? Is it helpful to know you are not alone? Sometimes, people are apprehensive about engaging in therapy or leery about continuing with therapy. All of the above reactions are understandable considering people's experiences. Licensure supervision/professional consultations offered.
Why do I need therapy? Therapy is for people who are crazy or out of control! I should be able to do this by myself! Asking or getting help means I'm not capable or strong. People are in therapy "cause they have to be." Couple's therapy is a last resort. Family therapy doesn't work/is not for me. Are any of these questions going through your mind? Is it helpful to know you are not alone? Sometimes, people are apprehensive about engaging in therapy or leery about continuing with therapy. All of the above reactions are understandable considering people's experiences. Licensure supervision/professional consultations offered.
(401) 208-2542 View (401) 208-2542
Photo of Savanna Cavacas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Savanna Cavacas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Warwick, RI 02886  (Online Only)
I have experience in helping individuals work through a variety of challenges including sexual assault, domestic violence, depression, anxiety, family & relationship challenges, abuse & trauma, mood disorders, and general stress related concerns.
Actively Taking New Clients! Online Only. I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in RI & Mass with nearly a decade of experience working with individuals in various mental health care settings. I work primarily with teens and adults (ages 13-65). My practice is devoted to helping individuals overcome whatever challenges they might be facing in order to improve their personal wellbeing and quality of life. I focus on utilizing the therapeutic relationship as well as clinical insight and a variety of interventions to help my clients regain a positive sense of self, and start to foster joy and fulfillment from their life.
I have experience in helping individuals work through a variety of challenges including sexual assault, domestic violence, depression, anxiety, family & relationship challenges, abuse & trauma, mood disorders, and general stress related concerns.
Actively Taking New Clients! Online Only. I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in RI & Mass with nearly a decade of experience working with individuals in various mental health care settings. I work primarily with teens and adults (ages 13-65). My practice is devoted to helping individuals overcome whatever challenges they might be facing in order to improve their personal wellbeing and quality of life. I focus on utilizing the therapeutic relationship as well as clinical insight and a variety of interventions to help my clients regain a positive sense of self, and start to foster joy and fulfillment from their life.
(401) 409-7163 View (401) 409-7163
Photo of Gwen Kolb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Gwen Kolb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02903
Have you recently experienced an event that you can't seem to 'get out of your head?' Are you having trouble navigating family dynamics or romantic relationships? Are you unsure which direction you'd like your life to go in? Are you having trouble with sleeping, eating, or motivating yourself? These are just some of the many reasons that people tend to reach out for therapy. However, my clients tend to have one thing in common: they want to feel better. Together, we can work as a team to make this happen. Whether, you'd like help with accomplishing your goals, alleviating stress, or anything in between, my practice is a safe space.
Have you recently experienced an event that you can't seem to 'get out of your head?' Are you having trouble navigating family dynamics or romantic relationships? Are you unsure which direction you'd like your life to go in? Are you having trouble with sleeping, eating, or motivating yourself? These are just some of the many reasons that people tend to reach out for therapy. However, my clients tend to have one thing in common: they want to feel better. Together, we can work as a team to make this happen. Whether, you'd like help with accomplishing your goals, alleviating stress, or anything in between, my practice is a safe space.
(401) 324-2185 View (401) 324-2185
Photo of Breakwater Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Breakwater Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW, MA
Verified Verified
Cumberland, RI 02864  (Online Only)
I'm currently only accepting self-pay clients (not using insurance). How uncomfortable do you have to be to make a change? Sometimes we know we need to make changes, but aren't sure how to, when, or even what needs to change. Sometimes we need an empathetic ear to hear our stories to help us make sense of what we have going on in our lives. Whether it is career challenges, family or relationship issues, coming out a bit later in life, or the existential questions that have your mind racing, therapy can help dial down the noise so that you can hear yourself.
I'm currently only accepting self-pay clients (not using insurance). How uncomfortable do you have to be to make a change? Sometimes we know we need to make changes, but aren't sure how to, when, or even what needs to change. Sometimes we need an empathetic ear to hear our stories to help us make sense of what we have going on in our lives. Whether it is career challenges, family or relationship issues, coming out a bit later in life, or the existential questions that have your mind racing, therapy can help dial down the noise so that you can hear yourself.
(401) 417-4948 View (401) 417-4948
Photo of James M Geckler, Counselor in Rhode Island
James M Geckler
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
Pawtucket, RI 02860
Openings available for in-person (mid-day Fridays) and telehealth (mid-day Saturdays). I enjoy working with people who want to learn more about themselves and explore their identity, children and adolescents experiencing emotional and life adjustment concerns, and people experiencing major life transitions (grief and loss, college and career issues, stress, and finding meaning and purpose). I have worked with individuals from all paths of life, race and ethnic backgrounds, gender identities, sexual orientations, belief systems, abilities, education levels, family and relationship structures, and economic backgrounds.
Openings available for in-person (mid-day Fridays) and telehealth (mid-day Saturdays). I enjoy working with people who want to learn more about themselves and explore their identity, children and adolescents experiencing emotional and life adjustment concerns, and people experiencing major life transitions (grief and loss, college and career issues, stress, and finding meaning and purpose). I have worked with individuals from all paths of life, race and ethnic backgrounds, gender identities, sexual orientations, belief systems, abilities, education levels, family and relationship structures, and economic backgrounds.
(401) 312-4070 View (401) 312-4070
Photo of Emma Spann, Counselor in Rhode Island
Emma Spann
Counselor, LMHC-A
Verified Verified
Warwick, RI 02886
Hello! My name is Emma Spann and my pronouns are she/her. I am an Outpatient Therapist at Northeast Family Services. All clients are welcome, but my experience has been more in serving individuals managing anxiety and depression, processing grief, and working with those in the LGBTQIA + community, as well as supporting couples in building effective communication strategies. My goal as a counselor is to be able to create the environment and support to reshape and rewrite your story as you see fit, to become the version of the self you feel most authentic in.
Hello! My name is Emma Spann and my pronouns are she/her. I am an Outpatient Therapist at Northeast Family Services. All clients are welcome, but my experience has been more in serving individuals managing anxiety and depression, processing grief, and working with those in the LGBTQIA + community, as well as supporting couples in building effective communication strategies. My goal as a counselor is to be able to create the environment and support to reshape and rewrite your story as you see fit, to become the version of the self you feel most authentic in.
(401) 556-4445 View (401) 556-4445
Photo of Diane S Hill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Diane S Hill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
With twenty-five plus years of experience, I strive to create a therapeutic environment in which my clients can understand the causes of the problems they are experiencing and explore options for dealing with them. I believe each person has the right to determine their own journey in life and that people can make the decisions that are best for them when they are conscious of all the dynamics involved. Together, we will work to understand and consider the influences of family, social, and cultural contexts.
With twenty-five plus years of experience, I strive to create a therapeutic environment in which my clients can understand the causes of the problems they are experiencing and explore options for dealing with them. I believe each person has the right to determine their own journey in life and that people can make the decisions that are best for them when they are conscious of all the dynamics involved. Together, we will work to understand and consider the influences of family, social, and cultural contexts.
(410) 690-8397 View (410) 690-8397
Photo of Nicholas Ahern, Counselor in Rhode Island
Nicholas Ahern
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02903  (Online Only)
I have experience working with both adolescent and adult clients on a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, family conflict, substance abuse, LGBTQ+ issues, and more. My style is warm and nonjudgmental and pulls from techniques from various therapeutic models to meet clients where they are and address their concerns in the most effective ways. I am available Tuesday-Thursday exclusively via telehealth on Alma. It would be an honor to work with you! I am currently licensed in both RI and CT.
I have experience working with both adolescent and adult clients on a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, family conflict, substance abuse, LGBTQ+ issues, and more. My style is warm and nonjudgmental and pulls from techniques from various therapeutic models to meet clients where they are and address their concerns in the most effective ways. I am available Tuesday-Thursday exclusively via telehealth on Alma. It would be an honor to work with you! I am currently licensed in both RI and CT.
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Photo of Maeve L Vaillancourt, Counselor in Rhode Island
Maeve L Vaillancourt
Counselor, CAGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cranston, RI 02920
"Be kind to yourself as you proceed along this journey." Tsoknyi Rinpoche. I want to meet you where you are at to assist you with your anxiety, depression, substance use issues, adolescent emotional and behavioral needs, trauma, and family and couples therapy needs. I utilize elements of behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment therapy, and cognitive-behavioral strategies to motivate and assist you and your family. I obtained my Master's degree in counseling and behavioral therapy where I trained in substance use issues and in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- a therapy which uses mindfulness-based strategies.
"Be kind to yourself as you proceed along this journey." Tsoknyi Rinpoche. I want to meet you where you are at to assist you with your anxiety, depression, substance use issues, adolescent emotional and behavioral needs, trauma, and family and couples therapy needs. I utilize elements of behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment therapy, and cognitive-behavioral strategies to motivate and assist you and your family. I obtained my Master's degree in counseling and behavioral therapy where I trained in substance use issues and in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- a therapy which uses mindfulness-based strategies.
(401) 388-6879 View (401) 388-6879
Photo of Sarah Kristin Isaac, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rhode Island
Sarah Kristin Isaac
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
East Greenwich, RI 02818  (Online Only)
I approach therapy from a holistic and family systems lens.
I love working with youth and their families. I am deeply passionate about assisting those I work with to find their voice again. I am skilled at helping others learn how to advocate, love, and believe in themselves. I believe that true growth only occurs when a person is allowed to shine. I enjoy working with college students, those who are navigating adjustments and change, LGBT+ and Black and other PoC populations. Anti-Racist and Feminist ideology inform my practice. I enjoy supporting those who have been historically excluded and do so with deep conviction and dedication.
I approach therapy from a holistic and family systems lens.
I love working with youth and their families. I am deeply passionate about assisting those I work with to find their voice again. I am skilled at helping others learn how to advocate, love, and believe in themselves. I believe that true growth only occurs when a person is allowed to shine. I enjoy working with college students, those who are navigating adjustments and change, LGBT+ and Black and other PoC populations. Anti-Racist and Feminist ideology inform my practice. I enjoy supporting those who have been historically excluded and do so with deep conviction and dedication.
(401) 251-0367 View (401) 251-0367
Photo of Sarah Sangermano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rhode Island
Sarah Sangermano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
North Providence, RI 02911  (Online Only)
Techniques include Solution-Focused, Burnout Prevention/Self-Care, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Techniques, & informed elements of Internal Family Systems.
Welcome! I am Sarah and I offer individual video therapy sessions for adults. Many of my clients come to therapy to process difficult situations with a desire to help their mental wellness. I strive to provide you with a confidential, affirming space and help you gain tools for improvement. You may be encountering a life transition, stress, worry, low self-confidence, communication difficulties, professional concerns, social concerns, feeling overwhelmed, or notice a need for more self-care. Having an outlet to enhance hope, tackle goals, and feel supported can be key to healing.
Techniques include Solution-Focused, Burnout Prevention/Self-Care, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Techniques, & informed elements of Internal Family Systems.
Welcome! I am Sarah and I offer individual video therapy sessions for adults. Many of my clients come to therapy to process difficult situations with a desire to help their mental wellness. I strive to provide you with a confidential, affirming space and help you gain tools for improvement. You may be encountering a life transition, stress, worry, low self-confidence, communication difficulties, professional concerns, social concerns, feeling overwhelmed, or notice a need for more self-care. Having an outlet to enhance hope, tackle goals, and feel supported can be key to healing.
(401) 200-6849 View (401) 200-6849

See more therapy options for Rhode Island


Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.