There are no results for therapists in Scottsville

Check out therapists located nearby or offering teletherapy in Virginia below.

Online Therapists

Photo of Dr. Selisha Nelson in Scottsville, VA
Dr. Selisha Nelson
PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
North Chesterfield, VA 23236
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with a passion for helping others on their journeys to healing, self-discovery, and growth. I have experience working with youth, adolescents, and adults providing individual, family, and couples therapy. Psychological assessments are also provided. I have obtained advanced training in trauma treatment, which includes various modalities such as art/play therapy, Somatic Experiencing, and EMDR. I have over 14 years of experience working in community mental health, alternative school settings, residential treatment, outpatient settings, and correctional facilities.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with a passion for helping others on their journeys to healing, self-discovery, and growth. I have experience working with youth, adolescents, and adults providing individual, family, and couples therapy. Psychological assessments are also provided. I have obtained advanced training in trauma treatment, which includes various modalities such as art/play therapy, Somatic Experiencing, and EMDR. I have over 14 years of experience working in community mental health, alternative school settings, residential treatment, outpatient settings, and correctional facilities.
(804) 293-3211 View (804) 293-3211
Photo of Woodbridge Therapy Group, Psychologist in Scottsville, VA
Woodbridge Therapy Group
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Individual Counseling, Couples Counseling, Family Therapy, Group Therapy, Social Skills Groups, Psychological Testing and Evaluation, Mindfulness Psychoeducation, Stress Management, Bilingual Therapy offered in Individual, Family, Couples, and Group format, Depression Groups, Adolescent Groups.
Established over 10 years ago, we originally opened as Prince William Family Counseling and provided the community with trustworthy therapy services in a safe, welcoming environment. In 2015 the agency was purchased and took on new ownership and we became Woodbridge Therapy Group. With the recent change in ownership, we have expanded our number of providers, added more services, and renewed our investment in the community.
Individual Counseling, Couples Counseling, Family Therapy, Group Therapy, Social Skills Groups, Psychological Testing and Evaluation, Mindfulness Psychoeducation, Stress Management, Bilingual Therapy offered in Individual, Family, Couples, and Group format, Depression Groups, Adolescent Groups.
Established over 10 years ago, we originally opened as Prince William Family Counseling and provided the community with trustworthy therapy services in a safe, welcoming environment. In 2015 the agency was purchased and took on new ownership and we became Woodbridge Therapy Group. With the recent change in ownership, we have expanded our number of providers, added more services, and renewed our investment in the community.
(571) 946-4129 View (571) 946-4129
Photo of Michelle Gorden- NOVA Clinical Counseling,LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsville, VA
Michelle Gorden- NOVA Clinical Counseling,LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, VA 20155  (Online Only)
Believing in the uniqueness of every client, couple, or family, I advocate for customized treatment.
I'm Michelle Gorden, a counselor with dual credentials as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia and a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC). With 20 years in the field, my expertise spans a range of areas, particularly mood disorders, trauma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). I especially enjoy working with people dealing with life transitions, career-related stress, and goal setting.
Believing in the uniqueness of every client, couple, or family, I advocate for customized treatment.
I'm Michelle Gorden, a counselor with dual credentials as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia and a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC). With 20 years in the field, my expertise spans a range of areas, particularly mood disorders, trauma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). I especially enjoy working with people dealing with life transitions, career-related stress, and goal setting.
(571) 568-8212 View (571) 568-8212
Photo of Chanel Hicks, LPC Intern in Scottsville, VA
Chanel Hicks
LPC Intern, MS, LMHP-R
Verified Verified
Chantilly, VA 20151
I provide general individual therapy sessions, couples counseling, family therapy's, goal oriented work, and sports anxiety management.
Hello, my ideal client would be someone who is looking for a listening ear, someone who is open to self-evaluations, and is ready to make the first step towards reaching their mental health goals. I enjoy working with all individuals in many different areas, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, relationship issues, familial issues, and many other areas. For my life coaching services I specialize in confidence coaching, business coaching, and relationship coaching.
I provide general individual therapy sessions, couples counseling, family therapy's, goal oriented work, and sports anxiety management.
Hello, my ideal client would be someone who is looking for a listening ear, someone who is open to self-evaluations, and is ready to make the first step towards reaching their mental health goals. I enjoy working with all individuals in many different areas, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, relationship issues, familial issues, and many other areas. For my life coaching services I specialize in confidence coaching, business coaching, and relationship coaching.
(571) 520-8996 View (571) 520-8996
Photo of Phoenix Counseling Centre-Counseling for Christ, Psychological Associate in Scottsville, VA
Phoenix Counseling Centre-Counseling for Christ
Psychological Associate, Thd, DivD, MA
Verified Verified
Lorton, VA 22079
Phoenix Counseling Centre is a Christ-based organization that serves to provide individual, family, child and marriage therapy services. Phoenix Counseling Centre was founded on the principles of Christ. We believe honesty, integrity and compassion are the cornerstone of our practice. Our clinicians are dedicated to the personal growth of each individual client; each with years of experience in counseling. Our humanistic approach is client-centered and based in the Jungian and Rogerian theoretical perspectives. We work cooperatively with each client to eliminate barriers to their personal mental health.
Phoenix Counseling Centre is a Christ-based organization that serves to provide individual, family, child and marriage therapy services. Phoenix Counseling Centre was founded on the principles of Christ. We believe honesty, integrity and compassion are the cornerstone of our practice. Our clinicians are dedicated to the personal growth of each individual client; each with years of experience in counseling. Our humanistic approach is client-centered and based in the Jungian and Rogerian theoretical perspectives. We work cooperatively with each client to eliminate barriers to their personal mental health.
(202) 335-2332 View (202) 335-2332
Photo of Prince William Family Counseling in Scottsville, VA
Prince William Family Counseling
PsyD, LPC, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20109
One consistent aspect of life is it's evolving nature as well as positive and negative stress for participating individuals. Internal and external stress relating to change can be a barrier to progress to success. Prince William Family Counseling is a diverse organization committed to the assistance, education, support, advocacy, outreach, and welfare of clients and the community. Prince William Family Counseling provides theoretical and evidence based client centered and trauma informed assessments and treatment plans for clients 6+ with various diagnosis and severity individually, couple, family, and group settings.
One consistent aspect of life is it's evolving nature as well as positive and negative stress for participating individuals. Internal and external stress relating to change can be a barrier to progress to success. Prince William Family Counseling is a diverse organization committed to the assistance, education, support, advocacy, outreach, and welfare of clients and the community. Prince William Family Counseling provides theoretical and evidence based client centered and trauma informed assessments and treatment plans for clients 6+ with various diagnosis and severity individually, couple, family, and group settings.
(571) 520-3187 View (571) 520-3187
Photo of The Carter Psychotherapy Group , Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsville, VA
The Carter Psychotherapy Group
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, NCC, LPC, LMHC, C-DBT
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23220  (Online Only)
My areas of specialized training are crisis intervention, family systems work, military counseling, and behavior modification with clients diagnosed with comorbid disorders (ex.
Therapy is a process and just starting is an accomplishment. It can be difficult because you may address topics that you have avoided. The Carter Psychotherapy Group provides a place for you to fully engage in treatment so that you leave every session needing therapy less and less. My goal is to create a safe space for individuals and families to access mental health services without barriers to treatment
My areas of specialized training are crisis intervention, family systems work, military counseling, and behavior modification with clients diagnosed with comorbid disorders (ex.
Therapy is a process and just starting is an accomplishment. It can be difficult because you may address topics that you have avoided. The Carter Psychotherapy Group provides a place for you to fully engage in treatment so that you leave every session needing therapy less and less. My goal is to create a safe space for individuals and families to access mental health services without barriers to treatment
(571) 470-5708 View (571) 470-5708
Photo of Cynthia Turner, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Scottsville, VA
Cynthia Turner
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCSW, LSATP, MAC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
I love what I do! I get to help you turn your insights into action for addictions, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. We may use individual, family, or group therapy, relapse prevention, education, medication, or MAT/MOUD. Our Dual Diagnosis Recovery Program is for people struggling with both a mental health and drug/alcohol issue. We know that recovery does not always mean abstinence. Take the Alcohol Moderation Assessment to help you determine your relationship with alcohol and learn how to get your life back in balance.
I love what I do! I get to help you turn your insights into action for addictions, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. We may use individual, family, or group therapy, relapse prevention, education, medication, or MAT/MOUD. Our Dual Diagnosis Recovery Program is for people struggling with both a mental health and drug/alcohol issue. We know that recovery does not always mean abstinence. Take the Alcohol Moderation Assessment to help you determine your relationship with alcohol and learn how to get your life back in balance.
(571) 350-3203 View (571) 350-3203
Photo of Dayna Kumar, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsville, VA
Dayna Kumar
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlottesville, VA 22901  (Online Only)
I empower others to live the life they imagine. I am passionate about working alongside those on a journey towards healing, whether from internal struggle, grief, or significant trauma leading to low mood or anxiety. I am qualified in the judicial system as an expert in family and trauma therapy. I am a certified EMDR therapist and consultant -started in 2010. My focus is to strengthen your core sense of self to disrupt negative internal dialogue, memories and somatic responses that lead to distress. In family work, I focus on secure attachment patterns, and increasing attunment and co-regulation between a child and caregiver(s).
I empower others to live the life they imagine. I am passionate about working alongside those on a journey towards healing, whether from internal struggle, grief, or significant trauma leading to low mood or anxiety. I am qualified in the judicial system as an expert in family and trauma therapy. I am a certified EMDR therapist and consultant -started in 2010. My focus is to strengthen your core sense of self to disrupt negative internal dialogue, memories and somatic responses that lead to distress. In family work, I focus on secure attachment patterns, and increasing attunment and co-regulation between a child and caregiver(s).
(434) 448-3550 View (434) 448-3550
Photo of Healing Touch Counseling and Wellness, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsville, VA
Healing Touch Counseling and Wellness, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, LMHC, CSAT, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, VA 22150
By identifying how you both got to this place, we’ll have the context and information to explore the right path forward for your partner, your family, and yourself.
Where did things go so wrong? Your marriage used to be a source of strength and comfort. Now, it feels like a cage that you can’t escape from. You and your husband avoid each other – staying late at work, running unnecessary chores, and always taking the long way home. When you do spend time together, it feels more like being around a hostile roommate than your “soulmate.” A part of you wants to just call it quits – cut your losses and start over. But what about the kids? What about the future you’ve worked so hard to build? You’re not ready to throw in the towel yet, but you don’t if there’s a way forward. It feels hopeless.
By identifying how you both got to this place, we’ll have the context and information to explore the right path forward for your partner, your family, and yourself.
Where did things go so wrong? Your marriage used to be a source of strength and comfort. Now, it feels like a cage that you can’t escape from. You and your husband avoid each other – staying late at work, running unnecessary chores, and always taking the long way home. When you do spend time together, it feels more like being around a hostile roommate than your “soulmate.” A part of you wants to just call it quits – cut your losses and start over. But what about the kids? What about the future you’ve worked so hard to build? You’re not ready to throw in the towel yet, but you don’t if there’s a way forward. It feels hopeless.
(571) 200-7119 View (571) 200-7119
Photo of Ashvind N. Singh Phd, Psychologist in Scottsville, VA
Ashvind N. Singh Phd
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Charlottesville, VA 22902
Feeling lost or looking for help or guidance? Struggling to find who you are or what you want to do? Struggling as parent or executive? Looking to fine tune areas of your life, relationship, or career? From Psychedelic Therapy and Coaching for individuals and parents to Executive Coaching to our individual, family, and community health and wellness services, we are committed to providing all of our clients with a healthcare experience that is unique, meaningful, and functional. At AHWI Psychology Group, we are driven by one simple goal: to help our clients achieve theirs. We have been helping clients to do just that since 2008.
Feeling lost or looking for help or guidance? Struggling to find who you are or what you want to do? Struggling as parent or executive? Looking to fine tune areas of your life, relationship, or career? From Psychedelic Therapy and Coaching for individuals and parents to Executive Coaching to our individual, family, and community health and wellness services, we are committed to providing all of our clients with a healthcare experience that is unique, meaningful, and functional. At AHWI Psychology Group, we are driven by one simple goal: to help our clients achieve theirs. We have been helping clients to do just that since 2008.
(434) 722-3149 View (434) 722-3149
Photo of Alan Von Kleiss, Psychologist in Scottsville, VA
Alan Von Kleiss
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
North Chesterfield, VA 23235
I stand ready to serve you and/or your family to the best of my ability.
No matter how strong we are in meeting the challenges of life sometimes what happens to us heaps upon us a mountain of stress and we can do little but feel the pain of all that weight. Our goal is to help those we serve be effective in resolving personal pain through the empowerment of their natural strengths. Step by measured step, we work to build durability, and self-respect through skill building to overcome the pains that make life less enjoyable. We want to help you to move that mountain of pain one stone a time- by skillful means.
I stand ready to serve you and/or your family to the best of my ability.
No matter how strong we are in meeting the challenges of life sometimes what happens to us heaps upon us a mountain of stress and we can do little but feel the pain of all that weight. Our goal is to help those we serve be effective in resolving personal pain through the empowerment of their natural strengths. Step by measured step, we work to build durability, and self-respect through skill building to overcome the pains that make life less enjoyable. We want to help you to move that mountain of pain one stone a time- by skillful means.
(804) 292-2302 View (804) 292-2302
Photo of Ceres Artico Ph. D., Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsville, VA
Ceres Artico Ph. D.
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gainesville, VA 20155
All of us have the ability and desire to heal and lead meaningful, fulfilling, lives. However, at times we need professional help to overcome devastating feelings and life events. Dr. Artico has over 20 years of experience helping couples, adults and teens become who they were meant to be. She is the director of Gainesville Family Counseling, has taught at George Mason University, and is the author of the book Latino Families Broken by Immigration. She is certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), has advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy for couples (EFT), clinical supervision, and sandtray therapy.
All of us have the ability and desire to heal and lead meaningful, fulfilling, lives. However, at times we need professional help to overcome devastating feelings and life events. Dr. Artico has over 20 years of experience helping couples, adults and teens become who they were meant to be. She is the director of Gainesville Family Counseling, has taught at George Mason University, and is the author of the book Latino Families Broken by Immigration. She is certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), has advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy for couples (EFT), clinical supervision, and sandtray therapy.
(703) 947-0838 View (703) 947-0838
Photo of Miki Bakhtar, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsville, VA
Miki Bakhtar
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22181
I, Hossein (Miki) Bakhtar, have been a counselor in the field of Psychology for over 25 years, working with individuals and couples to help them exchange intensity and drama or isolation and loneliness for intimacy, respect, appreciation and love. "My job is to get you well enough so that you don't need me anymore." Whether it be for a mental health issue, or relationship or other treatment, the philosophical vision of the right intervention program is critical in determining the right place for you or a family member to heal.
I, Hossein (Miki) Bakhtar, have been a counselor in the field of Psychology for over 25 years, working with individuals and couples to help them exchange intensity and drama or isolation and loneliness for intimacy, respect, appreciation and love. "My job is to get you well enough so that you don't need me anymore." Whether it be for a mental health issue, or relationship or other treatment, the philosophical vision of the right intervention program is critical in determining the right place for you or a family member to heal.
(703) 935-5701 View (703) 935-5701
Photo of Shedrick D McCall, Resident in Counseling in Scottsville, VA
Shedrick D McCall
Resident in Counseling, EdD, LMHP-R
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23234
Dr. Shedrick McCall, LMHP-R. Dr. McCall has a BA in Psychology (Maryville College), MA in Counseling (Liberty University) and Ed.D. in Counseling Psychology (Argosy University American School of Professional Psychology). Dr. McCall has worked in the field for over 25 years as a Juvenile Psychologist, Forensic Psychologist, Clinician/Counselor for incarcerated youth and has worked within the mental health field with patients/clients with clinical mental health diagnosis. Dr. McCall also has experience with individual, group, and family counseling.
Dr. Shedrick McCall, LMHP-R. Dr. McCall has a BA in Psychology (Maryville College), MA in Counseling (Liberty University) and Ed.D. in Counseling Psychology (Argosy University American School of Professional Psychology). Dr. McCall has worked in the field for over 25 years as a Juvenile Psychologist, Forensic Psychologist, Clinician/Counselor for incarcerated youth and has worked within the mental health field with patients/clients with clinical mental health diagnosis. Dr. McCall also has experience with individual, group, and family counseling.
(804) 607-8927 View (804) 607-8927
Photo of Adina Silvestri, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsville, VA
Adina Silvestri
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VA 23229
Hi, I'm Dr. Adina Silvestri, the founder at Life Cycles Counseling. I offer a variety of counseling services to help you achieve balance and authenticity. Services include Individual Counseling, Family Counseling, Couples Counseling, and Group Counseling. My practice style is spontaneous, creative and designed to fit your needs - which may be different each session. I have 20 years of experience helping individuals, children and families with a variety of needs, but I specialize in treating women with substance abuse issues. Please visit my website at www.adinasilvestri.com for more information.
Hi, I'm Dr. Adina Silvestri, the founder at Life Cycles Counseling. I offer a variety of counseling services to help you achieve balance and authenticity. Services include Individual Counseling, Family Counseling, Couples Counseling, and Group Counseling. My practice style is spontaneous, creative and designed to fit your needs - which may be different each session. I have 20 years of experience helping individuals, children and families with a variety of needs, but I specialize in treating women with substance abuse issues. Please visit my website at www.adinasilvestri.com for more information.
(804) 621-7126 View (804) 621-7126
Photo of Kat Wallace, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsville, VA
Kat Wallace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Chesterfield, VA 23236
I pride myself on being a trauma-informed and strengths-based therapist who enjoys helping others foster skills of mindfulness, CBT and solutions-focused therapy. I have worked with individuals who have endured significant trauma, challenges with mental health and issues with family of origin. I am a passionate ally to the LGBTQIA+ community and welcome clients from various backgrounds, cultures, races, sexualities, gender identities, body sizes & abilities.
I pride myself on being a trauma-informed and strengths-based therapist who enjoys helping others foster skills of mindfulness, CBT and solutions-focused therapy. I have worked with individuals who have endured significant trauma, challenges with mental health and issues with family of origin. I am a passionate ally to the LGBTQIA+ community and welcome clients from various backgrounds, cultures, races, sexualities, gender identities, body sizes & abilities.
(804) 391-7711 View (804) 391-7711
Photo of Glenn Horwitz, Psychologist in Scottsville, VA
Glenn Horwitz
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22031
Adolescents and families often work well together in treatment facing family issues in a safe, and structured therapeutic environment.
As a psychotherapist, I cultivate a safe & supportive atmosphere in which my clients explore thoughts and feelings about the important areas in their lives that may be broken, or not working as well as one hoped and planned. Adults often address major life changes, symptoms of anxiety and depression, relationship issues, as well as struggles with substance misuse and alcoholism. To schedule an initial consult, please cut/paste link to Calendly here into your browser > calendly.com/drglennphd
Adolescents and families often work well together in treatment facing family issues in a safe, and structured therapeutic environment.
As a psychotherapist, I cultivate a safe & supportive atmosphere in which my clients explore thoughts and feelings about the important areas in their lives that may be broken, or not working as well as one hoped and planned. Adults often address major life changes, symptoms of anxiety and depression, relationship issues, as well as struggles with substance misuse and alcoholism. To schedule an initial consult, please cut/paste link to Calendly here into your browser > calendly.com/drglennphd
(571) 399-5847 View (571) 399-5847
Photo of Counseling and Forensic Services, Inc., Resident in Counseling in Scottsville, VA
Counseling and Forensic Services, Inc.
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Because no two clients are exactly the same, my treatment plans are tailored to each individual. I approach each client as I would a puzzle, where the end goal is to assemble all of the relevant pieces together for a consolidated picture. While I work with my clients to gain insight on what their past has brought to their present, I also tailor my approach by evaluating what is happening in the here and now. Having worked for the Victim Witness Program at the Commonwealth Attorney of Virginia’s office, I have experience in working with trauma/PTSD, as well as stress, family conflict, anxiety, depression, and self esteem.
Because no two clients are exactly the same, my treatment plans are tailored to each individual. I approach each client as I would a puzzle, where the end goal is to assemble all of the relevant pieces together for a consolidated picture. While I work with my clients to gain insight on what their past has brought to their present, I also tailor my approach by evaluating what is happening in the here and now. Having worked for the Victim Witness Program at the Commonwealth Attorney of Virginia’s office, I have experience in working with trauma/PTSD, as well as stress, family conflict, anxiety, depression, and self esteem.
(571) 336-0045 View (571) 336-0045
Photo of Jon Howard Siegel, Psychologist in Scottsville, VA
Jon Howard Siegel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22191  (Online Only)
Throughout our lives we find ourselves in times of uncertainty or times when much is asked of us. How we respond to such moments will define how we think of ourselves in the time ahead. While there may be a natural inclination to turn away from the moment and think only, "This too shall pass", just how it will pass has a great deal to do with the thinking one does and the actions one takes. Therapy should provide a better understanding of who we are and why we act as we do. Therapy works best when it is to the point, clear, and practical.
Throughout our lives we find ourselves in times of uncertainty or times when much is asked of us. How we respond to such moments will define how we think of ourselves in the time ahead. While there may be a natural inclination to turn away from the moment and think only, "This too shall pass", just how it will pass has a great deal to do with the thinking one does and the actions one takes. Therapy should provide a better understanding of who we are and why we act as we do. Therapy works best when it is to the point, clear, and practical.
View

See more therapy options for Scottsville

Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.