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Check out therapists located nearby or offering teletherapy in Virginia below.

Online Therapists

Photo of Shukairo 'shay' Baker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in King George County, VA
Shukairo 'shay' Baker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-CP, LCAS, RN
Verified Verified
Richmond, VA 23225  (Online Only)
My assessment of clients includes a careful consideration of the importance of fluctuating mental states and key relationships in their life, as well as family and cultural patterns.
Young, old, rich or poor--- it does not matter your struggle as my virtual doors are open to assist you in achieving optimal wellness. I believe in meeting you where you are and offers therapy and wellness services in the office, home, community and schools. From the child struggling with ADHD, anxiety, or defiance problems to the adult grappling with depression, suicidal thoughts, or marital problems; to the elderly client mentally struggling with losing their independence or limited mobility, I strive to provide seamless and personally meaningful treatment and care.
My assessment of clients includes a careful consideration of the importance of fluctuating mental states and key relationships in their life, as well as family and cultural patterns.
Young, old, rich or poor--- it does not matter your struggle as my virtual doors are open to assist you in achieving optimal wellness. I believe in meeting you where you are and offers therapy and wellness services in the office, home, community and schools. From the child struggling with ADHD, anxiety, or defiance problems to the adult grappling with depression, suicidal thoughts, or marital problems; to the elderly client mentally struggling with losing their independence or limited mobility, I strive to provide seamless and personally meaningful treatment and care.
(704) 286-8446 View (704) 286-8446
Photo of Virginia Inglese, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in King George County, VA
Virginia Inglese
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA, RDN, EMDR, CEDS
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
I utilize psychotherapy, nutrition support, marital and family therapy and movement to support the client's recovery.
Are you struggling with an eating disorder, low self-esteem, relationship issues, or self harming behaviors? Have you suffered from trauma and abuse, or have lost touch of your own needs and feelings? I use an integrative approach that emphasizes emotional and physical healing and addresses the underlying core issues that continue to sabotage the recovery process. My treatment approach helps you let go of negative beliefs, self destructive patterns, and learn to develop positive relationships and healthy coping skills. We build on your strengths and focus is on recovery and self care to find your true inner self.
I utilize psychotherapy, nutrition support, marital and family therapy and movement to support the client's recovery.
Are you struggling with an eating disorder, low self-esteem, relationship issues, or self harming behaviors? Have you suffered from trauma and abuse, or have lost touch of your own needs and feelings? I use an integrative approach that emphasizes emotional and physical healing and addresses the underlying core issues that continue to sabotage the recovery process. My treatment approach helps you let go of negative beliefs, self destructive patterns, and learn to develop positive relationships and healthy coping skills. We build on your strengths and focus is on recovery and self care to find your true inner self.
(703) 634-9922 View (703) 634-9922
Photo of Christine Ferguson, Licensed Professional Counselor in King George County, VA
Christine Ferguson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
I explore the narratives shaped by you, your family, and social systems.
Choosing a therapist can be difficult. Do you ever sense that your full story goes unnoticed? I'm Christine Ferguson, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor with over 15 years experience specializing in ADHD and its accompanying traumas. Amidst ADHD, anxiety, depression, and societal pressures, we often grapple with feeling unseen and invalidated. But what if we reframed our narrative? What if we recognized our strengths, our innate 'superpowers'? Let's shift the perspective and embrace your unique gifts. With a focus on supporting late diagnosis ADHD I offer tailored guidance as we navigate your personal journey.
I explore the narratives shaped by you, your family, and social systems.
Choosing a therapist can be difficult. Do you ever sense that your full story goes unnoticed? I'm Christine Ferguson, a seasoned Licensed Professional Counselor with over 15 years experience specializing in ADHD and its accompanying traumas. Amidst ADHD, anxiety, depression, and societal pressures, we often grapple with feeling unseen and invalidated. But what if we reframed our narrative? What if we recognized our strengths, our innate 'superpowers'? Let's shift the perspective and embrace your unique gifts. With a focus on supporting late diagnosis ADHD I offer tailored guidance as we navigate your personal journey.
(757) 919-3071 View (757) 919-3071
Photo of The Resilience Network LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in King George County, VA
The Resilience Network LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Ashburn, VA 20147
The professionals at the Resilience Network understand that we all learn best through creative play and positive interactions. Our goal is to teach and practice the skills necessary for families to be the best they can be. We work from a Studio filled with art, crafts, and activity yet our work is seriously important. We teach children about relationship, compassion, problem solving, situational awareness, persisting when things become difficult and how to complete tasks. Many of our clients are recovering from trauma, adverse events or behavior challenges. We work with the whole family to create support and understanding.
The professionals at the Resilience Network understand that we all learn best through creative play and positive interactions. Our goal is to teach and practice the skills necessary for families to be the best they can be. We work from a Studio filled with art, crafts, and activity yet our work is seriously important. We teach children about relationship, compassion, problem solving, situational awareness, persisting when things become difficult and how to complete tasks. Many of our clients are recovering from trauma, adverse events or behavior challenges. We work with the whole family to create support and understanding.
(703) 884-8650 View (703) 884-8650
Photo of Ie Wellness Center | Dr. Aimee Harris, Licensed Professional Counselor in King George County, VA
Ie Wellness Center | Dr. Aimee Harris
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, RPT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23188
I help address the root causes of behavioral disorders and mental health issues, whether stress in the home, work related stressors, physical, relational, etc. I use an array of psychotherapy modalities including child centered play therapy (sand, art, dance, music), cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, family counseling as well as industrial organizational psychology modalities for work related stressors. The goal is to decrease the behavioral disorders and / or mental health symptoms to restore optimal functioning in the home and work environment.
I help address the root causes of behavioral disorders and mental health issues, whether stress in the home, work related stressors, physical, relational, etc. I use an array of psychotherapy modalities including child centered play therapy (sand, art, dance, music), cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, family counseling as well as industrial organizational psychology modalities for work related stressors. The goal is to decrease the behavioral disorders and / or mental health symptoms to restore optimal functioning in the home and work environment.
(757) 794-4893 View (757) 794-4893
Photo of Angelica Torres, Resident in Counseling in King George County, VA
Angelica Torres
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
We offer intensive outpatient services specialized to the needs of the client and their family.
Angelica Torres is passionate about working with adolescents and adults, with a special focus on empowering teens and helping young adults launch. Angelica works with individuals to help them process life experiences, discover their identity, transform relationships, cope with life changes, build self-esteem, heal from eating disorders, improve body image, decrease anxiety and depression, and develop positive coping skills.
We offer intensive outpatient services specialized to the needs of the client and their family.
Angelica Torres is passionate about working with adolescents and adults, with a special focus on empowering teens and helping young adults launch. Angelica works with individuals to help them process life experiences, discover their identity, transform relationships, cope with life changes, build self-esteem, heal from eating disorders, improve body image, decrease anxiety and depression, and develop positive coping skills.
(571) 536-2946 View (571) 536-2946
Photo of Janiya Taylor Owner P.I.N.K. Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in King George County, VA
Janiya Taylor Owner P.I.N.K. Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, RPT, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Hampton, VA 23666
I understand that life can have unexpected challenges, but Counseling can provide unconditional support, clinical guidance and positive change. My Goal is to Help You Reimagine Your Life and Let Go of Thoughts and Behaviors that Undermine You. With extensive experience in counseling and success with Clients & Families, my individualized approach will help you with healing and growth. I provide Individual, Family & Group Therapy to Children, Adolescents, Adults & Families.
I understand that life can have unexpected challenges, but Counseling can provide unconditional support, clinical guidance and positive change. My Goal is to Help You Reimagine Your Life and Let Go of Thoughts and Behaviors that Undermine You. With extensive experience in counseling and success with Clients & Families, my individualized approach will help you with healing and growth. I provide Individual, Family & Group Therapy to Children, Adolescents, Adults & Families.
(757) 300-1399 View (757) 300-1399
Photo of Prince William Family Counseling in King George County, VA
Prince William Family Counseling
PsyD, LPC, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manassas, VA 20109
One consistent aspect of life is it's evolving nature as well as positive and negative stress for participating individuals. Internal and external stress relating to change can be a barrier to progress to success. Prince William Family Counseling is a diverse organization committed to the assistance, education, support, advocacy, outreach, and welfare of clients and the community. Prince William Family Counseling provides theoretical and evidence based client centered and trauma informed assessments and treatment plans for clients 6+ with various diagnosis and severity individually, couple, family, and group settings.
One consistent aspect of life is it's evolving nature as well as positive and negative stress for participating individuals. Internal and external stress relating to change can be a barrier to progress to success. Prince William Family Counseling is a diverse organization committed to the assistance, education, support, advocacy, outreach, and welfare of clients and the community. Prince William Family Counseling provides theoretical and evidence based client centered and trauma informed assessments and treatment plans for clients 6+ with various diagnosis and severity individually, couple, family, and group settings.
(571) 520-3187 View (571) 520-3187
Photo of Elizabeth Mahaney, South Tampa Therapy & Mediation, Counselor in King George County, VA
Elizabeth Mahaney, South Tampa Therapy & Mediation
Counselor, LMHC, Q Suprv, NCC, MFT, PhD
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22201
Looking for a Gottman, solution-focused, strength-base and agile approach to marriage & family therapy, NVC & individual counseling in Tampa? You have found a great place to start creating a more self-aware, intentional, and happier life. We will: 1. Assess and attune to your unique situation, needs and the needs of loved ones 2. Agree to collaborate and develop a plan together to create specific intentions, goals and measurable outcomes 3. Accountability helps make the changes last! I'll give you the tools you need to understand what changes need to be made, avoid relapse & continue to create changes that you DO want to see happen
Looking for a Gottman, solution-focused, strength-base and agile approach to marriage & family therapy, NVC & individual counseling in Tampa? You have found a great place to start creating a more self-aware, intentional, and happier life. We will: 1. Assess and attune to your unique situation, needs and the needs of loved ones 2. Agree to collaborate and develop a plan together to create specific intentions, goals and measurable outcomes 3. Accountability helps make the changes last! I'll give you the tools you need to understand what changes need to be made, avoid relapse & continue to create changes that you DO want to see happen
(813) 438-4867 View (813) 438-4867
Photo of Mecca Antonia Burns, Licensed Professional Counselor in King George County, VA
Mecca Antonia Burns
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, RDT, BCT
Verified Verified
Earlysville, VA 22936
What dreams will you make come true? What barriers exist, inside you or outside of you? For 30 years I've used drama therapy, music and art for personal healing and social change in PERSON or ONLINE. Through dialogue, gesture, image, rhythm, collage, diagrams, or enactments, we'll find ways to foster awareness, acceptance and action, to improve the WORLD you live in. I've worked with people in east Africa, Spain, Romania and Virginia. I'll help you grow the SOUL force needed to love even the shyest, shadowy-est elements of your personality.
What dreams will you make come true? What barriers exist, inside you or outside of you? For 30 years I've used drama therapy, music and art for personal healing and social change in PERSON or ONLINE. Through dialogue, gesture, image, rhythm, collage, diagrams, or enactments, we'll find ways to foster awareness, acceptance and action, to improve the WORLD you live in. I've worked with people in east Africa, Spain, Romania and Virginia. I'll help you grow the SOUL force needed to love even the shyest, shadowy-est elements of your personality.
(434) 505-4951 View (434) 505-4951
Lotus Holistic Therapy Center PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CMT-100
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22205  (Online Only)
We are so glad you are here. We know that you are tired of being overdiagnosed and over-medicated. You know your body and your mind best-- and what you need right now is for someone to listen. What you need is someone who can consider every part of you and your situation. Lotus Holistic Therapy Center is for women struggling with fertility, confidence, trauma, and/or grief-- Teenagers trying to navigate a changing world and the tumultuous emotions that go along with that-- Couples who are having to learn their partner in a new way.
We are so glad you are here. We know that you are tired of being overdiagnosed and over-medicated. You know your body and your mind best-- and what you need right now is for someone to listen. What you need is someone who can consider every part of you and your situation. Lotus Holistic Therapy Center is for women struggling with fertility, confidence, trauma, and/or grief-- Teenagers trying to navigate a changing world and the tumultuous emotions that go along with that-- Couples who are having to learn their partner in a new way.
(704) 318-2740 View (704) 318-2740
Photo of Cindy Stanford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in King George County, VA
Cindy Stanford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newport News, VA 23606
Hello! I'm Cindy Stanford and I'm a holistic practitioner, life coach and licensed therapist. Honoring all spiritual practices and beliefs I utilize the sacred wisdom of the mind, body, spirit and heart to ignite life/spirit resuscitation. I facilitate the process of transformation through spirituality -focused services, psychotherapy, life coaching, consulting and mentoring. I'm also available for speaking engagements and workshops/seminars. I utilize a holistic, spiritual and therapeutic approach aimed at integrating the six aspects of life which aid in the discovery of one's authentic self and highest potential.
Hello! I'm Cindy Stanford and I'm a holistic practitioner, life coach and licensed therapist. Honoring all spiritual practices and beliefs I utilize the sacred wisdom of the mind, body, spirit and heart to ignite life/spirit resuscitation. I facilitate the process of transformation through spirituality -focused services, psychotherapy, life coaching, consulting and mentoring. I'm also available for speaking engagements and workshops/seminars. I utilize a holistic, spiritual and therapeutic approach aimed at integrating the six aspects of life which aid in the discovery of one's authentic self and highest potential.
(757) 267-6925 View (757) 267-6925
Photo of Chereen Gamal, Licensed Professional Counselor in King George County, VA
Chereen Gamal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, RYT500, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
Losing a loved one can be the most difficult time in your life. Emotions are often surprising in their strength or mildness. Grief often breaks a person completely from the inside out. Grieving is hard work, you can get worn out, and feel battered. It can take a lot longer to work through grief than most people realize. People around you may think it’s helpful for you to not talk or cry or focus on your loss but actually, this is just what people need to do. The goal is to not stay stuck, to move through it—and this is part of the process. Grief doesn’t get better by ignoring it and trying to ‘get over it.’
Losing a loved one can be the most difficult time in your life. Emotions are often surprising in their strength or mildness. Grief often breaks a person completely from the inside out. Grieving is hard work, you can get worn out, and feel battered. It can take a lot longer to work through grief than most people realize. People around you may think it’s helpful for you to not talk or cry or focus on your loss but actually, this is just what people need to do. The goal is to not stay stuck, to move through it—and this is part of the process. Grief doesn’t get better by ignoring it and trying to ‘get over it.’
(703) 215-2221 View (703) 215-2221
Photo of ReEvolve,LLC, Solutions for Optimum Living, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in King George County, VA
ReEvolve,LLC, Solutions for Optimum Living
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C, BCD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Ashburn, VA 20147
Currently Accepting New Clients. Garnet is a Licensed Mental/ Behavioral Health Therapist and Life Coach with over 16 years of experience. Her approach is to help you explore the origin of internal mechanisms that inhibit personal growth. She works with individuals, couples , families , veterans and their families to explore ways to move beyond symptoms, limitations and obstructions and towards personal integration and fulfillment. Her mission is to provide a compassionate, supportive and honest space in which you can speak freely about your symptoms,experiences, examine issues of identity and explore relational possibilities.
Currently Accepting New Clients. Garnet is a Licensed Mental/ Behavioral Health Therapist and Life Coach with over 16 years of experience. Her approach is to help you explore the origin of internal mechanisms that inhibit personal growth. She works with individuals, couples , families , veterans and their families to explore ways to move beyond symptoms, limitations and obstructions and towards personal integration and fulfillment. Her mission is to provide a compassionate, supportive and honest space in which you can speak freely about your symptoms,experiences, examine issues of identity and explore relational possibilities.
(703) 596-1799 View (703) 596-1799
Photo of Robyne Davis, Counselor in King George County, VA
Robyne Davis
Counselor, MA, LPC, BC-DMT
Verified Verified
McLean, VA 22101
With over 20 years experience as a Licensed Professional Counselor, I offer a variety of effective counseling approaches to address symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, Autism, Relationship Issues, and ADHD. Some of these approaches include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Executive Functioning Skills, and Mindfulness. Together, we will determine what treatment approaches work best and strive to meet your goals, such as improving coping skills, overcoming fears, and regulating emotions. It would be my honor to work with you on the journey towards wellness. Sessions are offered in person and online.
With over 20 years experience as a Licensed Professional Counselor, I offer a variety of effective counseling approaches to address symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, Autism, Relationship Issues, and ADHD. Some of these approaches include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Executive Functioning Skills, and Mindfulness. Together, we will determine what treatment approaches work best and strive to meet your goals, such as improving coping skills, overcoming fears, and regulating emotions. It would be my honor to work with you on the journey towards wellness. Sessions are offered in person and online.
(571) 487-8210 View (571) 487-8210
Photo of Victoria Powell, Pre-Licensed Professional in King George County, VA
Victoria Powell
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, R-DMT, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22408  (Online Only)
Dating apps got you down? Challenges with your partner? Searching the internet for How to: Recover from Breakups? If you're currently navigating the complexities of the dating scene, grappling with challenges in your relationship, or traversing the aftermath of a breakup, you're in the right place. Whether you're seeking guidance on finding the right partner/s, striving to overcome hurdles in your current relationship/s, or seeking support to heal and grow post-breakup, I am here to provide tailored assistance.
Dating apps got you down? Challenges with your partner? Searching the internet for How to: Recover from Breakups? If you're currently navigating the complexities of the dating scene, grappling with challenges in your relationship, or traversing the aftermath of a breakup, you're in the right place. Whether you're seeking guidance on finding the right partner/s, striving to overcome hurdles in your current relationship/s, or seeking support to heal and grow post-breakup, I am here to provide tailored assistance.
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Photo of Lauren Ziel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in King George County, VA
Lauren Ziel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22204
Many of us have lived-experiences where we’ve been forced to disconnect from the most fundamental aspects of ourselves. This disconnection, & the beliefs we construct to protect ourselves from the pain of this, serves as the basis for much suffering. I believe rebuilding a positive relationship with your whole being (mind/body/spirit) is a fundamental principle of healing & that a safe therapeutic relationship is one way we can grow capacity for the exploration, understanding, & reclamation of self required to heal. I aim for our work to bring you into contact with the self-observer, advocate, and healer inside you.
Many of us have lived-experiences where we’ve been forced to disconnect from the most fundamental aspects of ourselves. This disconnection, & the beliefs we construct to protect ourselves from the pain of this, serves as the basis for much suffering. I believe rebuilding a positive relationship with your whole being (mind/body/spirit) is a fundamental principle of healing & that a safe therapeutic relationship is one way we can grow capacity for the exploration, understanding, & reclamation of self required to heal. I aim for our work to bring you into contact with the self-observer, advocate, and healer inside you.
(626) 469-7618 View (626) 469-7618
Photo of Dr. Judith Markey, Psychologist in King George County, VA
Dr. Judith Markey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
McLean, VA 22101
I work with adults and adolescents in the treatment of depression and anxiety and other mood disorders, trauma and grief, LGBTQ issues, relationship issues and Asperger’s syndrome/high functioning autism. I provide psychological assessment for individuals seeking gender-affirming care, and presurgical psychological assessment for bariatric surgery. I hold a master’s degree and a doctorate in clinical psychology, and a master's degree in dance/movement therapy. I recently graduated from Harvard Medical School's post-doctoral certification program in Writing for Healthcare.
I work with adults and adolescents in the treatment of depression and anxiety and other mood disorders, trauma and grief, LGBTQ issues, relationship issues and Asperger’s syndrome/high functioning autism. I provide psychological assessment for individuals seeking gender-affirming care, and presurgical psychological assessment for bariatric surgery. I hold a master’s degree and a doctorate in clinical psychology, and a master's degree in dance/movement therapy. I recently graduated from Harvard Medical School's post-doctoral certification program in Writing for Healthcare.
(571) 771-2991 View (571) 771-2991
Photo of Tatiana Bergstrom, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in King George County, VA
Tatiana Bergstrom
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LSATP, ICADC, CSAC, CAP
Verified Verified
Annandale, VA 22003
As a therapist, I try to provide my client with a calm, nurturing and safe environment. My approach is person-centered and I try to work in collaboration with my client to help them overcome the barriers of life so that they can reach their goals. Often it feels painful and difficult to challenge cognitive distortions, yet I try to assist in a kind fashion to work toward independence and growth.
As a therapist, I try to provide my client with a calm, nurturing and safe environment. My approach is person-centered and I try to work in collaboration with my client to help them overcome the barriers of life so that they can reach their goals. Often it feels painful and difficult to challenge cognitive distortions, yet I try to assist in a kind fashion to work toward independence and growth.
(571) 992-0035 View (571) 992-0035
Photo of Eduardo Cortina, Licensed Professional Counselor in King George County, VA
Eduardo Cortina
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, SEP
Verified Verified
Are you suffering from the effects of PTSD, anxiety, depression, sudden loss, and/or chronic pain? If so body-oriented psychotherapy may help facilitate your recovery. By working to address the root causes of nervous system imbalance, a body-psychotherapy approach can empower you with tools and skills to re-negotiate and resolve difficult and traumatic experiences. My approach in therapy is client-centered and my work is just to facilitate and provide the optimal conditions for healing to take place. I also hope to impart knowledge and skills for people to work with themselves effectively outside of therapy.
Are you suffering from the effects of PTSD, anxiety, depression, sudden loss, and/or chronic pain? If so body-oriented psychotherapy may help facilitate your recovery. By working to address the root causes of nervous system imbalance, a body-psychotherapy approach can empower you with tools and skills to re-negotiate and resolve difficult and traumatic experiences. My approach in therapy is client-centered and my work is just to facilitate and provide the optimal conditions for healing to take place. I also hope to impart knowledge and skills for people to work with themselves effectively outside of therapy.
(202) 933-6934 View (202) 933-6934

See more therapy options for King George County

Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.