Therapists in Woodbridge, VA

Photo of Scott F Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Woodbridge, VA
Scott F Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22193
Waitlist for new clients
Have trouble connecting with others? Not sure what to say or how to start? Want to join in but feel apprehensive? Often feel like making friends is equivalent to climbing EVEREST! You are NOT alone. Whether you struggle with understanding or reading social and relational cues, or you KNOW what to do, but the task seems overwhelming, I am here to help. The lack of close and meaningful relationships can amplify anxiety, onset depression and significantly undermine the quality of life we desire and dream about. If this sounds like YOU there is a way forward. Visit me online from anywhere in Virginia or in person in Northern Virginia.
Have trouble connecting with others? Not sure what to say or how to start? Want to join in but feel apprehensive? Often feel like making friends is equivalent to climbing EVEREST! You are NOT alone. Whether you struggle with understanding or reading social and relational cues, or you KNOW what to do, but the task seems overwhelming, I am here to help. The lack of close and meaningful relationships can amplify anxiety, onset depression and significantly undermine the quality of life we desire and dream about. If this sounds like YOU there is a way forward. Visit me online from anywhere in Virginia or in person in Northern Virginia.
(703) 215-9753 View (703) 215-9753
Photo of Claudia Maria Carrera, Psychologist in Woodbridge, VA
Claudia Maria Carrera
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Dr. Carrera is an Army Veteran and clinical psychologist. Throughout her career, Dr. Carrera has provided psychological assessments for a wide variety of referrals and is trained in providing evidence-based treatments for a variety of complex mental health conditions with a special emphasis on treating anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD. Dr. Carrera has experience with consultation, performance enhancement education, and specialized coaching for career transition and leadership development. She is fluent in spoken and written Spanish and offers therapy and comprehensive psychological testing services in both English and Spanish.
Dr. Carrera is an Army Veteran and clinical psychologist. Throughout her career, Dr. Carrera has provided psychological assessments for a wide variety of referrals and is trained in providing evidence-based treatments for a variety of complex mental health conditions with a special emphasis on treating anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD. Dr. Carrera has experience with consultation, performance enhancement education, and specialized coaching for career transition and leadership development. She is fluent in spoken and written Spanish and offers therapy and comprehensive psychological testing services in both English and Spanish.
(703) 293-5328 x141 View (703) 293-5328 x141
Photo of Judy Watta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Woodbridge, VA
Judy Watta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
Starting therapy is a very personal decision. Consider starting therapy when you are seeking an increased understanding of yourself and improved relationships with others. Therapy helps you sort through conflicting emotions, behaviors, and thoughts that get in your way. You will know you are benefitting from therapy when you feel more comfortable and confident in the decisions you make on a daily basis. Looking at others is a distraction. Looking inside ourselves is a journey for those who want to grow and blossom into their true selves. The work is not easy or quick, however the progress made is yours to keep forever.
Starting therapy is a very personal decision. Consider starting therapy when you are seeking an increased understanding of yourself and improved relationships with others. Therapy helps you sort through conflicting emotions, behaviors, and thoughts that get in your way. You will know you are benefitting from therapy when you feel more comfortable and confident in the decisions you make on a daily basis. Looking at others is a distraction. Looking inside ourselves is a journey for those who want to grow and blossom into their true selves. The work is not easy or quick, however the progress made is yours to keep forever.
(703) 386-7818 View (703) 386-7818
Photo of Esther Romero, Pre-Licensed Professional in Woodbridge, VA
Esther Romero
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Seeking out treatment is a crucial step towards achieving your desired state of well-being. Therapy is a tool that enables growth by allowing and/or enhancing self-awareness and making positive/desired changes. Therapists are not one-size-fits-all, so it is crucial to find the right therapist for you. I am currently a Resident in Counseling and working towards licensure as a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is eclectic, using evidence-based techniques that have been proven effective and adapting my approach to each client's unique needs and treatment goals.
Seeking out treatment is a crucial step towards achieving your desired state of well-being. Therapy is a tool that enables growth by allowing and/or enhancing self-awareness and making positive/desired changes. Therapists are not one-size-fits-all, so it is crucial to find the right therapist for you. I am currently a Resident in Counseling and working towards licensure as a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is eclectic, using evidence-based techniques that have been proven effective and adapting my approach to each client's unique needs and treatment goals.
(571) 450-9245 View (571) 450-9245
Photo of Monica C Neal, Licensed Professional Counselor in Woodbridge, VA
Monica C Neal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CMDP
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, a Certified Personality Disorder Treatment Provider (C-PD), as well as a Certified Mood Disorder Professional (CMDP). I specialize in woman’s issues, life transitions, as well as working with individuals who are diagnosed with personality disorders, mood disorders, trauma, anxiety, depression (as well as treatment resistant depression), suicidal and self-harming behaviors. I’m committed to helping individuals learn how to start, or get back to, living their best life.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, a Certified Personality Disorder Treatment Provider (C-PD), as well as a Certified Mood Disorder Professional (CMDP). I specialize in woman’s issues, life transitions, as well as working with individuals who are diagnosed with personality disorders, mood disorders, trauma, anxiety, depression (as well as treatment resistant depression), suicidal and self-harming behaviors. I’m committed to helping individuals learn how to start, or get back to, living their best life.
(703) 260-9737 View (703) 260-9737
Photo of Holistic Functional Wellness Center, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Woodbridge, VA
Holistic Functional Wellness Center, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
We offer counseling and therapy services to adults, teenagers, and children struggling with anxiety and depression. Our integrative approach combines cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness practices, and a holistic view of wellness. In-addition we specialize in helping busy professionals and parents navigate life's stresses and reconnect with their purpose and priorities.
We offer counseling and therapy services to adults, teenagers, and children struggling with anxiety and depression. Our integrative approach combines cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness practices, and a holistic view of wellness. In-addition we specialize in helping busy professionals and parents navigate life's stresses and reconnect with their purpose and priorities.
(571) 200-2033 View (571) 200-2033
Photo of Ellie Mental Health Woodbridge Kallen Marie Campbell, Pre-Licensed Professional in Woodbridge, VA
Ellie Mental Health Woodbridge Kallen Marie Campbell
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
I wholeheartedly believe that the therapeutic process is a partnership. I am here to support individuals with their unique needs and make sure that each person who enters my office feels safe, heard, and valued. In a collaborative effort, I help find ways that will best support and fulfill the needs and goals of the individuals I serve.
I wholeheartedly believe that the therapeutic process is a partnership. I am here to support individuals with their unique needs and make sure that each person who enters my office feels safe, heard, and valued. In a collaborative effort, I help find ways that will best support and fulfill the needs and goals of the individuals I serve.
(571) 210-6470 View (571) 210-6470
Photo of Samantha Blancher, Marriage & Family Therapist in Woodbridge, VA
Samantha Blancher
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Ideally, our early experiences of connection were secure, safe, accessible, and responsive and we developed an internal sense of ourselves as loveable, worthy, and deserving of getting our needs met. But what happens when this has not been our experience? Many of us have had to find ways to adapt and survive moments of disconnect, invalidation, or criticism. This can often mean we hold beliefs about ourselves that are limiting, worry that we have to hide or minimize parts of who we are, deny certain emotions, hustle for our worth, and/or build up layers of protection. I can support you to heal, connect and create lasting change.
Ideally, our early experiences of connection were secure, safe, accessible, and responsive and we developed an internal sense of ourselves as loveable, worthy, and deserving of getting our needs met. But what happens when this has not been our experience? Many of us have had to find ways to adapt and survive moments of disconnect, invalidation, or criticism. This can often mean we hold beliefs about ourselves that are limiting, worry that we have to hide or minimize parts of who we are, deny certain emotions, hustle for our worth, and/or build up layers of protection. I can support you to heal, connect and create lasting change.
(703) 952-7422 View (703) 952-7422
Photo of Indelible Changes, LLC (Nick Williams), Licensed Professional Counselor in Woodbridge, VA
Indelible Changes, LLC (Nick Williams)
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Our mission is "To empower individuals, couples, and families to break free from the chains that bind them, in order to create present and multi-generational changes that last forever." Indelible means that which cannot be undone; permanent." Too often, individuals, couples, and families cycle through services and treatment providers, only to continue suffering and feeling as if no one understands and/or no one can help. This can be traumatic. Often, issues can run deep and last for generations. Indelible Changes was born out of the desire to help individuals, couples, and families break free from the chains that bind them.
Our mission is "To empower individuals, couples, and families to break free from the chains that bind them, in order to create present and multi-generational changes that last forever." Indelible means that which cannot be undone; permanent." Too often, individuals, couples, and families cycle through services and treatment providers, only to continue suffering and feeling as if no one understands and/or no one can help. This can be traumatic. Often, issues can run deep and last for generations. Indelible Changes was born out of the desire to help individuals, couples, and families break free from the chains that bind them.
(571) 458-1989 View (571) 458-1989
Photo of Ana-Alicia Farrar Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Woodbridge, VA
Ana-Alicia Farrar Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22191
Not accepting new clients
Hi there! I’m Ana, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and therapist who believes that when we learn to be kinder to ourselves in difficult moments, positive change can happen.
Hi there! I’m Ana, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and therapist who believes that when we learn to be kinder to ourselves in difficult moments, positive change can happen.
(571) 475-8195 View (571) 475-8195
Photo of Jade E Friedman, Resident in Counseling in Woodbridge, VA
Jade E Friedman
Resident in Counseling
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
My goal is to help my clients to create more meaningful and enjoyable lives for themselves by helping them uncover/realize the potential they have to solve their own problems. Together we will talk, evaluate, and process these issues to enable a better understanding of YOU. I put an emphasis on having a safe place to process desires and disappointments while allowing you to learn new ways to approach current challenges. This is achieved by utilizing proven counseling techniques, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Your concerns and experiences are unique to you and together we will set achievable goals.
My goal is to help my clients to create more meaningful and enjoyable lives for themselves by helping them uncover/realize the potential they have to solve their own problems. Together we will talk, evaluate, and process these issues to enable a better understanding of YOU. I put an emphasis on having a safe place to process desires and disappointments while allowing you to learn new ways to approach current challenges. This is achieved by utilizing proven counseling techniques, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Your concerns and experiences are unique to you and together we will set achievable goals.
(571) 200-8741 View (571) 200-8741
Photo of Ellie Mental Health Of Woodbridge- Megan Krenz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Woodbridge, VA
Ellie Mental Health Of Woodbridge- Megan Krenz
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
The human experience, which is filled with ups, downs, and challenges for all of us, can be more manageable with the support and connection of other people. My goal is to help my clients navigate their experiences. Although reaching out for help can be challenging, you’ve already taken the first steps toward improving your well-being.
The human experience, which is filled with ups, downs, and challenges for all of us, can be more manageable with the support and connection of other people. My goal is to help my clients navigate their experiences. Although reaching out for help can be challenging, you’ve already taken the first steps toward improving your well-being.
(571) 520-5103 View (571) 520-5103
Photo of Indelible Changes, Fatimah Abdullah , Resident in Counseling in Woodbridge, VA
Indelible Changes, Fatimah Abdullah
Resident in Counseling, RIC
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Our mission is "To empower individuals, couples, and families to break free from the chains that bind them, in order to create present and multi-generational changes that last forever." Indelible means that which cannot be undone; permanent."
Our mission is "To empower individuals, couples, and families to break free from the chains that bind them, in order to create present and multi-generational changes that last forever." Indelible means that which cannot be undone; permanent."
(855) 643-5787 View (855) 643-5787
Photo of Ni Ru Hsieh 谢霓如, Licensed Professional Counselor in Woodbridge, VA
Ni Ru Hsieh 谢霓如
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Do you struggle to form deep and meaningful relationships in your life? Are you struggling with issues that are keeping you stuck in life? I believe the key to our wholeness is to be aligned within. Our pain and losses can hinder us from moving forward and connecting emotionally within and with others. We may become numb, lose zest, feel inauthentic, hopeless, and dissatisfied with life.
Do you struggle to form deep and meaningful relationships in your life? Are you struggling with issues that are keeping you stuck in life? I believe the key to our wholeness is to be aligned within. Our pain and losses can hinder us from moving forward and connecting emotionally within and with others. We may become numb, lose zest, feel inauthentic, hopeless, and dissatisfied with life.
(703) 972-6956 View (703) 972-6956
Photo of Mariama M Johnston-Taylor, Pre-Licensed Professional in Woodbridge, VA
Mariama M Johnston-Taylor
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22191
Becoming a therapist has been my dream since I entered high school. Growing up within my family, I am known as the person everyone can go to with their issues, challenges, and struggles. The struggles, anxiety, depression, grief, and self-doubt we face with a therapeutic relationship can help bring healing and growth in those areas. My concern is to help families and individuals who feel drained and emotionally down have the support and help to bring them back to a stage of happiness and peace.
Becoming a therapist has been my dream since I entered high school. Growing up within my family, I am known as the person everyone can go to with their issues, challenges, and struggles. The struggles, anxiety, depression, grief, and self-doubt we face with a therapeutic relationship can help bring healing and growth in those areas. My concern is to help families and individuals who feel drained and emotionally down have the support and help to bring them back to a stage of happiness and peace.
(571) 487-7611 View (571) 487-7611
Photo of Amanda Kelsheimer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Woodbridge, VA
Amanda Kelsheimer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
I work with adult individuals and children aged 2-18 and their families/caregivers. I focus on supporting clients to creatively turn their pain into coping skills, missed connections into secure relationships, and problematic behaviors into strengths and resiliency. I focus on practical, real-world strategies that build security and connection through a balance of nurture, engagement, structure, and challenge. These strategies are a resource that can then be utilized through different life experiences, stages, and adversity. I support children and caregivers alike to learn new ways of responding, guiding, and supporting one another.
I work with adult individuals and children aged 2-18 and their families/caregivers. I focus on supporting clients to creatively turn their pain into coping skills, missed connections into secure relationships, and problematic behaviors into strengths and resiliency. I focus on practical, real-world strategies that build security and connection through a balance of nurture, engagement, structure, and challenge. These strategies are a resource that can then be utilized through different life experiences, stages, and adversity. I support children and caregivers alike to learn new ways of responding, guiding, and supporting one another.
(703) 596-8698 View (703) 596-8698
Photo of Alaina Mazer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Woodbridge, VA
Alaina Mazer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22193
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience working with adolescents and adults. I have been working in community mental health with over 13 years experience treating anxiety, depression, anger management, pro-social skills, ADHD and other mental health ailments. I provide individual treatment services for adolescents and adults, with an emphasis on client-centered approaches.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with experience working with adolescents and adults. I have been working in community mental health with over 13 years experience treating anxiety, depression, anger management, pro-social skills, ADHD and other mental health ailments. I provide individual treatment services for adolescents and adults, with an emphasis on client-centered approaches.
(703) 782-8652 View (703) 782-8652
Photo of Counseling and Forensic Services, Marriage & Family Therapist in Woodbridge, VA
Counseling and Forensic Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
When relationships get stuck in an unproductive pattern it is usually because people are reacting to the hurt rather than responding in ways that can solve problems. As a marriage and family therapist I specialize in helping people find strength based solutions to address the challenges of managing relationships. The systemic approach focuses on the interactions of people (families, groups, communities) more than individual symptoms; however, this approach is beneficial when working with groups, families, couples, and individuals.
When relationships get stuck in an unproductive pattern it is usually because people are reacting to the hurt rather than responding in ways that can solve problems. As a marriage and family therapist I specialize in helping people find strength based solutions to address the challenges of managing relationships. The systemic approach focuses on the interactions of people (families, groups, communities) more than individual symptoms; however, this approach is beneficial when working with groups, families, couples, and individuals.
(571) 570-3369 View (571) 570-3369
Photo of Pragya Agarwal, Pre-Licensed Professional in Woodbridge, VA
Pragya Agarwal
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22193  (Online Only)
We are the catalysts for our own change. My ideal client is one that is open to change, discovery and discussion. Each experience and challenge we face are a part of our story. My goal is to assist clients on their journey to becoming the best versions of themselves. Being able to work together to share new ideas, establish short-term/long-term goals and reflect on the progress is important in this journey. I have a passion for working with clients in a collaborative way that brings knowledge and resilience forward and celebrates their strengths while working through a culturally informed, trauma-focused and intersectional lens.
We are the catalysts for our own change. My ideal client is one that is open to change, discovery and discussion. Each experience and challenge we face are a part of our story. My goal is to assist clients on their journey to becoming the best versions of themselves. Being able to work together to share new ideas, establish short-term/long-term goals and reflect on the progress is important in this journey. I have a passion for working with clients in a collaborative way that brings knowledge and resilience forward and celebrates their strengths while working through a culturally informed, trauma-focused and intersectional lens.
(540) 264-3548 View (540) 264-3548
Photo of Karen Fitzgerald, Psychologist in Woodbridge, VA
Karen Fitzgerald
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe that therapy is a journey of self-discovery in search of positive change. This process is more effective in the presence of a respectful, safe and experienced professional. I have worked in the field for 20 years in various settings, and have always found the therapy experience to be a powerful time of self-awareness and empowerment for clients. In my work, I listen for patterns, clarify issues and help the client to search for meaning and strategies to make more effective life choices. I provide therapy for individuals working on understanding and managing depression, anxiety and anger.
I believe that therapy is a journey of self-discovery in search of positive change. This process is more effective in the presence of a respectful, safe and experienced professional. I have worked in the field for 20 years in various settings, and have always found the therapy experience to be a powerful time of self-awareness and empowerment for clients. In my work, I listen for patterns, clarify issues and help the client to search for meaning and strategies to make more effective life choices. I provide therapy for individuals working on understanding and managing depression, anxiety and anger.
(540) 822-0998 x100 View (540) 822-0998 x100

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Woodbridge, VA

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Woodbridge, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
75% Coping Skills
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
72% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Anthem | Elevance
67% Aetna

How Therapists in Woodbridge, VA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Woodbridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.