Photo of Rachel Slack, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Rachel Slack
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Grand Prairie, TX 75052
I am a highly trained and board-certified counselor with a passion for helping people address the places they are hurting in their lives. I know asking for help is never easy and I am passionate about creating a safe space for individuals to explore the challenging places in all aspects of their lives that affect their mental health. My experience includes counseling individuals with depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, drug abuse, communication issues, and other various mental health concerns. I also enjoy helping others with conflict resolution, relationship issues, and body-image struggles.
I am a highly trained and board-certified counselor with a passion for helping people address the places they are hurting in their lives. I know asking for help is never easy and I am passionate about creating a safe space for individuals to explore the challenging places in all aspects of their lives that affect their mental health. My experience includes counseling individuals with depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, drug abuse, communication issues, and other various mental health concerns. I also enjoy helping others with conflict resolution, relationship issues, and body-image struggles.
(682) 356-2623 View (682) 356-2623

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Debra Ellis - Ellis Counseling Agency, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Debra Ellis - Ellis Counseling Agency
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, LBSW, ACBSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, TX 76012
Welcome to Ellis Counseling Agency! As a skilled behavioral specialist, I am here to provide comprehensive support for a wide range of challenges that you and your family may encounter. My expertise lies in fostering personal well-being, both at an individual level and within the family unit. With the aim of guiding, you towards fulfilling your true potential, I am proud to hold dual licenses as a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor and a Licensed Social Worker. Throughout my extensive 25-year career in behavioral health, substance abuse, case management, and medical social work, I have acquired invaluable experience.
Welcome to Ellis Counseling Agency! As a skilled behavioral specialist, I am here to provide comprehensive support for a wide range of challenges that you and your family may encounter. My expertise lies in fostering personal well-being, both at an individual level and within the family unit. With the aim of guiding, you towards fulfilling your true potential, I am proud to hold dual licenses as a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor and a Licensed Social Worker. Throughout my extensive 25-year career in behavioral health, substance abuse, case management, and medical social work, I have acquired invaluable experience.
(214) 241-4093 View (214) 241-4093
Photo of Dr. Nichelle Chandler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Dr. Nichelle Chandler
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, LCDC , RPT, CEAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Duncanville, TX 75116
You did it! You've bravely taken the first step towards realizing the life you've envisioned, one free from stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. I admire your courage and readiness to embrace a life of fulfillment and well-being. ‍I'm here to support you every step of the way. ARE YOU: Facing challenges in your relationship? Wondering if there's more to life than just going through the motions? Struggling to balance work, family, and personal obligations? DO YOU: Feel consumed by depression, stress or anxiety?
You did it! You've bravely taken the first step towards realizing the life you've envisioned, one free from stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. I admire your courage and readiness to embrace a life of fulfillment and well-being. ‍I'm here to support you every step of the way. ARE YOU: Facing challenges in your relationship? Wondering if there's more to life than just going through the motions? Struggling to balance work, family, and personal obligations? DO YOU: Feel consumed by depression, stress or anxiety?
(469) 529-8692 View (469) 529-8692
Photo of Dr. Michael Contreras, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Dr. Michael Contreras
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, LCDC, ADC, ICADC, DOT-SAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75208  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My clinical interests include: marriage and family counseling, school difficulties and behavior referrals, adolescent issues, crisis intervention, substance abuse, PTSD, and depression.
My client population includes children, adolescents and adults. I work with individuals as well as families. I facilitate numerous groups and skills training curriculum in various topics including adolescent first offenders, anger management, divorce and separation, parenting, and teen issues.
My clinical interests include: marriage and family counseling, school difficulties and behavior referrals, adolescent issues, crisis intervention, substance abuse, PTSD, and depression.
My client population includes children, adolescents and adults. I work with individuals as well as families. I facilitate numerous groups and skills training curriculum in various topics including adolescent first offenders, anger management, divorce and separation, parenting, and teen issues.
(817) 849-6835 View (817) 849-6835
Photo of The Telos Project, Psychologist in Grand Prairie, TX
The Telos Project
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Verified Verified
Arlington, TX 76011
In addition, we promote competent and evidence based therapeutic practices for individual, couples, and family therapy for all ages.
The Telos Project is a non profit public benefit corporation whose ongoing aim is removing barriers to therapeutic, mental health and community services in the state of Texas. Our ultimate objective is to reduce individual psychological turmoil and empower the communities we serve. We serve clients of any age, gender, or orientation on all aspects of daily life and functioning.
In addition, we promote competent and evidence based therapeutic practices for individual, couples, and family therapy for all ages.
The Telos Project is a non profit public benefit corporation whose ongoing aim is removing barriers to therapeutic, mental health and community services in the state of Texas. Our ultimate objective is to reduce individual psychological turmoil and empower the communities we serve. We serve clients of any age, gender, or orientation on all aspects of daily life and functioning.
(682) 305-2940 View (682) 305-2940
Photo of Holistic Approach to Mental Health, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Holistic Approach to Mental Health, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Irving, TX 75061
Whose life has not been touched by loss or trauma? It differs in intensity and complexity. Tired of old patterns that end up with similar results...depression, estrangement, addiction, sleep problems, nightmares, anger, denial, guilt, regret, shame and/or fear? With varying benefits and risks, I have seen time and time again the benefits of therapy. Holistic-oriented EMDR psychotherapist, Mindfulness and Somatic/body-oriented therapist, and Nutritional and Integrative Medicine for Mental Health. Initial phone consultation is free! Telehealth (telephonic and video sessions). https://www.holisticapproachmentalhealth.net/
Whose life has not been touched by loss or trauma? It differs in intensity and complexity. Tired of old patterns that end up with similar results...depression, estrangement, addiction, sleep problems, nightmares, anger, denial, guilt, regret, shame and/or fear? With varying benefits and risks, I have seen time and time again the benefits of therapy. Holistic-oriented EMDR psychotherapist, Mindfulness and Somatic/body-oriented therapist, and Nutritional and Integrative Medicine for Mental Health. Initial phone consultation is free! Telehealth (telephonic and video sessions). https://www.holisticapproachmentalhealth.net/
(469) 414-3184 View (469) 414-3184
Photo of Lauren Choi, LCSW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Prairie, TX
Lauren Choi, LCSW-S
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-S, PLLC
Verified Verified
Irving, TX 75060  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who offers individuals, adults, geriatric populations in a general private practice setting in Texas. My practice offers a place where you can feel heard in a supportive, comfortable, and non-judgmental environment. I focus on adult care including women’s issues, career/educational issues, interpersonal communication, self-esteem, anger management, stress management, relationship issues, grief and loss, depression, and anxiety. I like to do therapy in an “eclectic” manner, drawing on cognitive-behavioral, narrative, spirituality, solution-focused, and others.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who offers individuals, adults, geriatric populations in a general private practice setting in Texas. My practice offers a place where you can feel heard in a supportive, comfortable, and non-judgmental environment. I focus on adult care including women’s issues, career/educational issues, interpersonal communication, self-esteem, anger management, stress management, relationship issues, grief and loss, depression, and anxiety. I like to do therapy in an “eclectic” manner, drawing on cognitive-behavioral, narrative, spirituality, solution-focused, and others.
(956) 303-6176 View (956) 303-6176
Photo of Whole Health Healing, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Prairie, TX
Whole Health Healing, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, TX 76006  (Online Only)
You’re leaning in and putting in the effort, but for some reason, old habits keep coming up that hold you back. You are keeping those plates spinning, but you also feel like you’re spinning your wheels, and you’re drained from the effort. Now, most of the time, you’re left unsure how to get out of your rut or how to best fulfill your wants and needs.
You’re leaning in and putting in the effort, but for some reason, old habits keep coming up that hold you back. You are keeping those plates spinning, but you also feel like you’re spinning your wheels, and you’re drained from the effort. Now, most of the time, you’re left unsure how to get out of your rut or how to best fulfill your wants and needs.
(406) 407-9488 View (406) 407-9488
Photo of Maureen Killoran LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Maureen Killoran LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC, CHT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Irving, TX 75062  (Online Only)
Embracing change can be challenging. Finding the therapist where the therapeutic alliance 'gels' is an important element in successful therapy. A phone conversation helps break the ice and gives you additional feedback to make a decision that is right for you. Please feel free to reach out, let's discuss your needs. Whether it's anxiety, depression, uncertainty, personal development, relationships or professional changes you are seeking, I will work with you to achieve your goals. Building on your current skills, and gently adding new tools, to take you to new greater skill levels, at a pace that is guided by you.
Embracing change can be challenging. Finding the therapist where the therapeutic alliance 'gels' is an important element in successful therapy. A phone conversation helps break the ice and gives you additional feedback to make a decision that is right for you. Please feel free to reach out, let's discuss your needs. Whether it's anxiety, depression, uncertainty, personal development, relationships or professional changes you are seeking, I will work with you to achieve your goals. Building on your current skills, and gently adding new tools, to take you to new greater skill levels, at a pace that is guided by you.
(972) 573-4458 View (972) 573-4458
Photo of Online Virtual Therapy With Laura Fernandez, Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Online Virtual Therapy With Laura Fernandez
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, TX 76017
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? Are you hoping to build more meaning and joy in your life? You may feel hesitant about reaching out for help, especially with pressure from all directions to "have it all together". I'm here to join you on this journey to discover healing and build a balanced life. My goal is to help you find compassion for yourself, develop skills to help you navigate life stressors, and be confident in the resilient person you are.
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? Are you hoping to build more meaning and joy in your life? You may feel hesitant about reaching out for help, especially with pressure from all directions to "have it all together". I'm here to join you on this journey to discover healing and build a balanced life. My goal is to help you find compassion for yourself, develop skills to help you navigate life stressors, and be confident in the resilient person you are.
(347) 991-9527 View (347) 991-9527
Photo of Dr. Michael Carney Phd, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grand Prairie, TX
Dr. Michael Carney Phd
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, LCDC, LBSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, TX 76011
I have 4 licenses specializing in Couple's Counseling, Individual Counseling, and Addictive Behaviors - Sex Addiction, Pornography, and Substance Abuse. Law Enforcement and first responders, clients with security clearances, gun owners, Healthcare Providers, and Pilots are assured of privacy and confidentiality. Lifestyle and Kink friendly. My goals as a therapist is to help my clients better understand themselves and to help them figure out how to live fulfilled, productive lives. I work with individuals, couples, and families with many different issues. My approach to therapy is cognitive with a person-oriented emphasis.
I have 4 licenses specializing in Couple's Counseling, Individual Counseling, and Addictive Behaviors - Sex Addiction, Pornography, and Substance Abuse. Law Enforcement and first responders, clients with security clearances, gun owners, Healthcare Providers, and Pilots are assured of privacy and confidentiality. Lifestyle and Kink friendly. My goals as a therapist is to help my clients better understand themselves and to help them figure out how to live fulfilled, productive lives. I work with individuals, couples, and families with many different issues. My approach to therapy is cognitive with a person-oriented emphasis.
(469) 617-5561 View (469) 617-5561
Photo of Online Virtual Therapy With Krista Perez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Prairie, TX
Online Virtual Therapy With Krista Perez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, TX 76017
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? Are you hoping to build more meaning and joy in your life? You may feel hesitant about reaching out for help, especially with pressure from all directions to "have it all together". I'm here to join you on this journey to discover healing and build a balanced life. My goal is to help you find compassion for yourself, develop skills to help you navigate life stressors, and be confident in the resilient person you are.
FREE consultations! Are you feeling stuck in negative thoughts, intense emotions, or behavioral patterns that don't serve your best interest? Are you hoping to build more meaning and joy in your life? You may feel hesitant about reaching out for help, especially with pressure from all directions to "have it all together". I'm here to join you on this journey to discover healing and build a balanced life. My goal is to help you find compassion for yourself, develop skills to help you navigate life stressors, and be confident in the resilient person you are.
(858) 304-7259 View (858) 304-7259
Photo of Melissa Buesing, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Melissa Buesing
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, TX 76018
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a Acceptance Commitment Therapist (ACT), my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth living. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a Acceptance Commitment Therapist (ACT), my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth living. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques.
(682) 356-4764 View (682) 356-4764
Photo of Go2Psychotherapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Go2Psychotherapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, TX 76019
(817) 761-0297 View (817) 761-0297

Online Therapists

Photo of Shannon Higgins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Shannon Higgins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked in a youth and family clinic, a domestic violence & sexual abuse outreach center & provided in-home crisis counseling for at-risk youth and their families.
Welcome to the first and most courageous step of therapy - looking for help and support. I consider myself a compass helping adolescents, adults, families and parents by guiding them in the direction of health and well-being. People are already whole and complete. Sometimes life experiences, circumstances, illness and relationships can impose clouded judgment, maladaptive behavior, poor self esteem and obstacles from achieving what we truly desire and deserve. My approach is educative, supportive, trusting, safe, evidenced based and healing. Most importantly, I customize treatment plans unique to each client and at their pace..
I have worked in a youth and family clinic, a domestic violence & sexual abuse outreach center & provided in-home crisis counseling for at-risk youth and their families.
Welcome to the first and most courageous step of therapy - looking for help and support. I consider myself a compass helping adolescents, adults, families and parents by guiding them in the direction of health and well-being. People are already whole and complete. Sometimes life experiences, circumstances, illness and relationships can impose clouded judgment, maladaptive behavior, poor self esteem and obstacles from achieving what we truly desire and deserve. My approach is educative, supportive, trusting, safe, evidenced based and healing. Most importantly, I customize treatment plans unique to each client and at their pace..
(214) 838-1052 View (214) 838-1052
Photo of Courtney Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Courtney Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75226  (Online Only)
Are you in a relationship, but somehow feel lonely? Do you find yourself struggling with boundaries, communication, self-esteem, and conflict? I’m excited to help you develop the skills necessary to navigate dating and relationships more effectively. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas and I’m excited to assist you with your personal, career, mental, and emotional needs. Since you are reading this, that means you are considering creating a new narrative to manifest the future and the relationships you have always dreamt for yourself and/or your family. Investing in your future now is key. Let’s get started!
Are you in a relationship, but somehow feel lonely? Do you find yourself struggling with boundaries, communication, self-esteem, and conflict? I’m excited to help you develop the skills necessary to navigate dating and relationships more effectively. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas and I’m excited to assist you with your personal, career, mental, and emotional needs. Since you are reading this, that means you are considering creating a new narrative to manifest the future and the relationships you have always dreamt for yourself and/or your family. Investing in your future now is key. Let’s get started!
(346) 209-0691 View (346) 209-0691
Photo of Sarah Khan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Sarah Khan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
McKinney, TX 75069
Sarah has extensive knowledge working with sexual assault survivors and individuals affected by anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, obsessive compulsive disorder, and is an expert in family and/or relationship violence.
Sarah has years of experience providing psychotherapy in a wide variety of settings, working primarily with adults and adolescents. She has been effective at helping teens and their parents find common ground in order to work together and rebuild fractured relationships. Sarah works to unlock unhealthy patterns that are often learned in childhood, in order for her clients to gain a sense of control and build a brighter future. Sarah primarily practices Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and is trained in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Sarah has extensive knowledge working with sexual assault survivors and individuals affected by anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, obsessive compulsive disorder, and is an expert in family and/or relationship violence.
Sarah has years of experience providing psychotherapy in a wide variety of settings, working primarily with adults and adolescents. She has been effective at helping teens and their parents find common ground in order to work together and rebuild fractured relationships. Sarah works to unlock unhealthy patterns that are often learned in childhood, in order for her clients to gain a sense of control and build a brighter future. Sarah primarily practices Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and is trained in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
(469) 772-4644 View (469) 772-4644
Photo of Scott Allen Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Scott Allen Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CH, CLC
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75028
I ACCEPT MOST MAJOR INSURANCE PLANS TO REDUCE YOUR COST. VIDEO CONFERENCING OPTION. FREE PHONE CONSULTATION - Therapy will provide another "pair of eyes" that can help you explore life to get back on track. I have significant experience in helping children and adult clients with the following: Feeling “stuck”, anxiety, stress, depression, substance abuse, childhood/family issues, couple's issues, adolescent adjustment, grief/bereavement, low self-esteem/confidence, trauma (flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, P.T.S.D. and/or abuse – sexual, physical, emotional), anger management, assertiveness, weight loss, and legal issues.
I ACCEPT MOST MAJOR INSURANCE PLANS TO REDUCE YOUR COST. VIDEO CONFERENCING OPTION. FREE PHONE CONSULTATION - Therapy will provide another "pair of eyes" that can help you explore life to get back on track. I have significant experience in helping children and adult clients with the following: Feeling “stuck”, anxiety, stress, depression, substance abuse, childhood/family issues, couple's issues, adolescent adjustment, grief/bereavement, low self-esteem/confidence, trauma (flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, P.T.S.D. and/or abuse – sexual, physical, emotional), anger management, assertiveness, weight loss, and legal issues.
(469) 770-7333 View (469) 770-7333
Photo of Matei Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Grand Prairie, TX
Matei Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LSOTP
Verified Verified
Waco, TX 76710
I use a variety of treatment modalities depending on what is best for my client: humanistic, eclectic, cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, experiential, existential, and structural family therapy.
As Soren Kierkegaard says, “Life is not a problem to be solved but a reality to be experienced.” I have years of training in forensic psychology and counseling techniques dealing with adolescents, adults, individuals, couples, and marriage and family counseling. My specialization includes group therapy in areas of intimacy and addiction. I am specialized in dealing with moderate and more serious mental health issues especially anxiety, impulsivity, and depression.
I use a variety of treatment modalities depending on what is best for my client: humanistic, eclectic, cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, experiential, existential, and structural family therapy.
As Soren Kierkegaard says, “Life is not a problem to be solved but a reality to be experienced.” I have years of training in forensic psychology and counseling techniques dealing with adolescents, adults, individuals, couples, and marriage and family counseling. My specialization includes group therapy in areas of intimacy and addiction. I am specialized in dealing with moderate and more serious mental health issues especially anxiety, impulsivity, and depression.
(254) 232-5406 View (254) 232-5406
Photo of Connections Wellness Group, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Grand Prairie, TX
Connections Wellness Group
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LPC, LMFT, PhD, MD
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Denton, TX 76210
We offer individual therapy, couples therapy, family therapy, play therapy, EMDR, psychiatric evaluations, medication management, forensic counseling, and more!.
We are a GROUP practice of psychiatrists and counselors with the goal of being (1) easily accessible, (2) affordable, and (3) profoundly competent. Our psychiatrists and therapists are accepting new clients and we can typically provide new patient appointments in a matter of hours, not weeks or months. Our team is made up of Harvard students, college professors, international speakers, and advanced trained fully licensed practitioners. We offer a profoundly talented team with over 150+ years of combined experience, without losing a single ounce of individualized compassion, care, and genuine love for what we do every day.
We offer individual therapy, couples therapy, family therapy, play therapy, EMDR, psychiatric evaluations, medication management, forensic counseling, and more!.
We are a GROUP practice of psychiatrists and counselors with the goal of being (1) easily accessible, (2) affordable, and (3) profoundly competent. Our psychiatrists and therapists are accepting new clients and we can typically provide new patient appointments in a matter of hours, not weeks or months. Our team is made up of Harvard students, college professors, international speakers, and advanced trained fully licensed practitioners. We offer a profoundly talented team with over 150+ years of combined experience, without losing a single ounce of individualized compassion, care, and genuine love for what we do every day.
(940) 220-3884 View (940) 220-3884

See more therapy options for Grand Prairie

Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.