Therapists in Stamford, CT

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Photo of Jason Duncan, Psychologist in Stamford, CT
Jason Duncan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06901
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
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Photo of Michelle Cait Integrative Coaching in Stamford, CT
Michelle Cait Integrative Coaching
MA
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902  (Online Only)
My coaching approach is centered around outcomes. I work closely with you to identify your goals and aspirations, and together, we develop a strategic roadmap to help you achieve them. Rather than offering prescriptive solutions, I believe in the power of coaching inquiries, guiding you to find your own answers and insights. Through thought-provoking questions and deep exploration, I help you gain clarity to tap into your inner wisdom.
My coaching approach is centered around outcomes. I work closely with you to identify your goals and aspirations, and together, we develop a strategic roadmap to help you achieve them. Rather than offering prescriptive solutions, I believe in the power of coaching inquiries, guiding you to find your own answers and insights. Through thought-provoking questions and deep exploration, I help you gain clarity to tap into your inner wisdom.
(203) 680-3676 View (203) 680-3676
Photo of Lori Woodring, PhD, LLC, Psychologist in Stamford, CT
Lori Woodring, PhD, LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902
Life has many challenging moments, and life is full of them. Children, teens, and adults may struggle with school/work difficulties, social/emotional problems, relationship issues, difficult transitions (college, move, divorce, or loss), or daily stressors or conflicts for which they need support. Though parents do their best to create a conflict and stress-free environment, children will inevitably face obstacles, and adults face a range of stressors and complex emotions that can be difficult to navigate. I aim to empower you with knowledge and strategies to help you with the presenting problem and other challenging situations.
Life has many challenging moments, and life is full of them. Children, teens, and adults may struggle with school/work difficulties, social/emotional problems, relationship issues, difficult transitions (college, move, divorce, or loss), or daily stressors or conflicts for which they need support. Though parents do their best to create a conflict and stress-free environment, children will inevitably face obstacles, and adults face a range of stressors and complex emotions that can be difficult to navigate. I aim to empower you with knowledge and strategies to help you with the presenting problem and other challenging situations.
(203) 590-5326 View (203) 590-5326
Photo of reVision Studio LLC Therapy & Counseling Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
reVision Studio LLC Therapy & Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06901  (Online Only)
I believe in the value and beauty of every individual and consider it a privilege to help someone recognize and experience the gifts they have inside. I see asking for help as a positive step, resulting in an opportunity to receive new insights, hope and strength for the tasks at hand. I know that life's lessons are often painful and yet can create the greatest opportunity for self-growth. Whether you are dealing with chronic mental or physical health problems, stressful life transitions, traumatic events or other life challenges, you can get help and healing. I encourage you to start the journey today!
I believe in the value and beauty of every individual and consider it a privilege to help someone recognize and experience the gifts they have inside. I see asking for help as a positive step, resulting in an opportunity to receive new insights, hope and strength for the tasks at hand. I know that life's lessons are often painful and yet can create the greatest opportunity for self-growth. Whether you are dealing with chronic mental or physical health problems, stressful life transitions, traumatic events or other life challenges, you can get help and healing. I encourage you to start the journey today!
(203) 433-0773 View (203) 433-0773
Photo of Heather Agid, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Heather Agid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902
Welcome! I'd like to introduce myself, my name is Heather Agid and I'm an LCSW in Connecticut. If you're tired of faking a smile to get through the day, or can't wait for bed as soon as you wake up, I want to help. I take a realistic, down to earth approach to highlight my client's strengths while understanding their difficulties; providing them with valuable tools to independently use for years to come. I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents and young to middle-aged adults. My primary history of treatment includes anxiety, depression, trauma and parenting.
Welcome! I'd like to introduce myself, my name is Heather Agid and I'm an LCSW in Connecticut. If you're tired of faking a smile to get through the day, or can't wait for bed as soon as you wake up, I want to help. I take a realistic, down to earth approach to highlight my client's strengths while understanding their difficulties; providing them with valuable tools to independently use for years to come. I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents and young to middle-aged adults. My primary history of treatment includes anxiety, depression, trauma and parenting.
(475) 445-1771 View (475) 445-1771
Photo of EFfective Educational and Therapeutic Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Stamford, CT
EFfective Educational and Therapeutic Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06907
Experienced clinician and school counselor, Allison Tables, has created EFfective Educational and Therapeutic Services in order to provide skill-based executive functioning, social skills, and therapeutic support from both a relational and educational perspective. EFfective Educational and Therapeutic Services provides emotional and academic support for children, adolescents, and young adults with executive functioning deficits, weak social skills, and various other mental health concerns often related to academic and/or social struggles.
Experienced clinician and school counselor, Allison Tables, has created EFfective Educational and Therapeutic Services in order to provide skill-based executive functioning, social skills, and therapeutic support from both a relational and educational perspective. EFfective Educational and Therapeutic Services provides emotional and academic support for children, adolescents, and young adults with executive functioning deficits, weak social skills, and various other mental health concerns often related to academic and/or social struggles.
(203) 539-1541 View (203) 539-1541
Photo of Angela Martello, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Angela Martello
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Stamford, CT 06902
Are you struggling with anxiety or life transitions? Or maybe you're pregnant, just had a baby, or could use a space to vent while parenting? Life can be full ups and downs and we shouldn't have to do it alone. As a therapist, I use a strengths-based approach to empower clients experiencing symptoms of anxiety, difficulty adjusting to life transitions and women navigating motherhood. I incorporate Walk and Talk Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing. I am passionate about meeting the client where they are at in order to provide a safe space for support, reflection, and growth.
Are you struggling with anxiety or life transitions? Or maybe you're pregnant, just had a baby, or could use a space to vent while parenting? Life can be full ups and downs and we shouldn't have to do it alone. As a therapist, I use a strengths-based approach to empower clients experiencing symptoms of anxiety, difficulty adjusting to life transitions and women navigating motherhood. I incorporate Walk and Talk Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing. I am passionate about meeting the client where they are at in order to provide a safe space for support, reflection, and growth.
(203) 904-2798 View (203) 904-2798
Photo of Beth O'Donnell, Ph.D. LLC, Psychologist in Stamford, CT
Beth O'Donnell, Ph.D. LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902
I am a clinical psychologist, experienced in work with adults, couples, adolescents, and families. I love my work! I find it so rewarding to help people turn life's challenges into opportunities for growth and change. My style is warm, comforting, and empathetic. Trained in multiple therapeutic approaches (cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, family systems), I work in a flexible manner that best suits you. I will help you clarify your goals and make a plan for change. When necessary, I explore underlying issues, to enhance insight and make new directions possible.
I am a clinical psychologist, experienced in work with adults, couples, adolescents, and families. I love my work! I find it so rewarding to help people turn life's challenges into opportunities for growth and change. My style is warm, comforting, and empathetic. Trained in multiple therapeutic approaches (cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, family systems), I work in a flexible manner that best suits you. I will help you clarify your goals and make a plan for change. When necessary, I explore underlying issues, to enhance insight and make new directions possible.
(917) 746-8416 View (917) 746-8416
Photo of Gilda Stern Orwasher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Gilda Stern Orwasher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902
I am a psychotherapist who wil work with your family, couples, and you as an individual for both long and short term treatment. My experience of over 15 years is in various treatment modalities from psychoanalytic training to cognitive behavioral techniques. My most successful treatment has been with individuals who are in a life adjustment phase. My techniques have achieved success for people who are trying finding a life partner, having or adopting children , recoving from the loss of a spouse and partner, restructing careers and blending families. I take insurance assignments and want to help you with lifes' issues.
I am a psychotherapist who wil work with your family, couples, and you as an individual for both long and short term treatment. My experience of over 15 years is in various treatment modalities from psychoanalytic training to cognitive behavioral techniques. My most successful treatment has been with individuals who are in a life adjustment phase. My techniques have achieved success for people who are trying finding a life partner, having or adopting children , recoving from the loss of a spouse and partner, restructing careers and blending families. I take insurance assignments and want to help you with lifes' issues.
(203) 405-5204 View (203) 405-5204
Photo of David T Andersen, Psychologist in Stamford, CT
David T Andersen
Psychologist, EdM, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06905
To help clients successfully manage the difficult challenges of anxiety and depression, I first develop therapeutic relationships characterized by empathy, unconditional emotional support, and authenticity. It is these three fundamental aspects of the therapeutic alliance, more than any specific intervention, that account for successful psychotherapy. Lastly, I am a Board- Certified Clinical Psychologist, a Fellow of the American Academy of Clinical Psychology, and a certified school psychologist. I was educated at Georgia State University (BS), Harvard University (Ed.M.), and the Derner Institute at Adelphi University (Ph.D.).
To help clients successfully manage the difficult challenges of anxiety and depression, I first develop therapeutic relationships characterized by empathy, unconditional emotional support, and authenticity. It is these three fundamental aspects of the therapeutic alliance, more than any specific intervention, that account for successful psychotherapy. Lastly, I am a Board- Certified Clinical Psychologist, a Fellow of the American Academy of Clinical Psychology, and a certified school psychologist. I was educated at Georgia State University (BS), Harvard University (Ed.M.), and the Derner Institute at Adelphi University (Ph.D.).
(203) 916-5721 View (203) 916-5721
Photo of Laurel Schwartz, Psychologist in Stamford, CT
Laurel Schwartz
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06906  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed, clinical psychologist. People generally come to see me when they are feeling pain, sadness, confusion, or are in some sort of turmoil.
I am a licensed, clinical psychologist. People generally come to see me when they are feeling pain, sadness, confusion, or are in some sort of turmoil.
(203) 403-6578 View (203) 403-6578
Photo of Joel Singer in Stamford, CT
Joel Singer
PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Stamford, CT 06902
There is no one best way to navigate school, work, and life. We help adolescents through adults define their path forward, incorporating unique strategies to suit individuals and desired outcomes. For our Wayfinder Consulting LLC friends: we recently changed our name to The Lifing Group in September, 2023 to better reflect our added services and expanded capabilities.
There is no one best way to navigate school, work, and life. We help adolescents through adults define their path forward, incorporating unique strategies to suit individuals and desired outcomes. For our Wayfinder Consulting LLC friends: we recently changed our name to The Lifing Group in September, 2023 to better reflect our added services and expanded capabilities.
(203) 872-0675 View (203) 872-0675
Photo of Samuel Parton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Samuel Parton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902
Working in schools and foster care settings for years, Sam is an expert in child and adolescent therapy. He utilizes two of the leading therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). With CBT, Sam helps clients change unhelpful thought processes and behavioral patterns and aids clients in bravely facing their fears. While with DBT, he helps clients learn better emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal skills. He is passionate about building connections and assists clients in finding strengths and skills within themselves to work through any struggles they might be experiencing.
Working in schools and foster care settings for years, Sam is an expert in child and adolescent therapy. He utilizes two of the leading therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). With CBT, Sam helps clients change unhelpful thought processes and behavioral patterns and aids clients in bravely facing their fears. While with DBT, he helps clients learn better emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal skills. He is passionate about building connections and assists clients in finding strengths and skills within themselves to work through any struggles they might be experiencing.
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Photo of Peter Guglielmo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Peter Guglielmo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LADC
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06905
My practice is dedicated to helping substance abusers heal and live joyfully. In addition to focusing on recovery from substance use, therapy allows us to sort through our emotional lives in an environment of safety. I utilize motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR and guided imagery to assist clients to lean into the hurt and move on from it. We will work together to increase your awareness of what blocks you from living the life you want and then have the confidence to achieve that life.
My practice is dedicated to helping substance abusers heal and live joyfully. In addition to focusing on recovery from substance use, therapy allows us to sort through our emotional lives in an environment of safety. I utilize motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR and guided imagery to assist clients to lean into the hurt and move on from it. We will work together to increase your awareness of what blocks you from living the life you want and then have the confidence to achieve that life.
(475) 889-7828 View (475) 889-7828
Photo of Susan B Simerman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Stamford, CT
Susan B Simerman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06905
My goal is to facilitate healing, growth and change in your life within a safe, caring environment. With my extensive experience, I will help you work through your issues and guide you toward creating the happy, healthy, fulfilling life you desire. Working together, I will assist you in discovering the core issues which may be blocking your growth and causing stress and unhappiness in your life. Gaining perspective and solution-oriented strategies, I assist you in making powerful and permanent life changes!
My goal is to facilitate healing, growth and change in your life within a safe, caring environment. With my extensive experience, I will help you work through your issues and guide you toward creating the happy, healthy, fulfilling life you desire. Working together, I will assist you in discovering the core issues which may be blocking your growth and causing stress and unhappiness in your life. Gaining perspective and solution-oriented strategies, I assist you in making powerful and permanent life changes!
(203) 296-3034 View (203) 296-3034
Photo of Katherine Velez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Katherine Velez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902  (Online Only)
Are you suffering from depression and/or anxiety and want to take the steps needed to make changes? I work with individuals in therapy using CBT and DBT for anxiety and depression incorporating mindfulness therapy to reduce symptoms. I'm currently only doing Telehealth Sessions and accept Husky insurance or self pay clients!
Are you suffering from depression and/or anxiety and want to take the steps needed to make changes? I work with individuals in therapy using CBT and DBT for anxiety and depression incorporating mindfulness therapy to reduce symptoms. I'm currently only doing Telehealth Sessions and accept Husky insurance or self pay clients!
(203) 518-8263 View (203) 518-8263
Photo of Angela Snelling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Stamford, CT
Angela Snelling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA , LPC , LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902  (Online Only)
I believe that the core of successful psychotherapy lies in creating a safe place for you to talk about things that are truly important in your life. I am currently an online psychotherapist with over 20 years of clinical experience. I draw from various evidence-based approaches to provide personalized therapy that meets your unique needs. While we cannot always avoid the challenges that arise in our life, we do have a choice how to address them. I believe that there is much to learn from these struggles and that by facing them we create opportunity for making enduring changes in our life.
I believe that the core of successful psychotherapy lies in creating a safe place for you to talk about things that are truly important in your life. I am currently an online psychotherapist with over 20 years of clinical experience. I draw from various evidence-based approaches to provide personalized therapy that meets your unique needs. While we cannot always avoid the challenges that arise in our life, we do have a choice how to address them. I believe that there is much to learn from these struggles and that by facing them we create opportunity for making enduring changes in our life.
(203) 779-6372 View (203) 779-6372
Photo of Ethel Moore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Ethel Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06905
I have 20 plus years of experience working with adults, youths and families addressing concerns surrounding Intimate Partner Violence, Substance Use/Abuse, Behavioral Health, Mental Health, and Internal/External Personal well-being. In addition, assessing risk and safety while creating and implementing safety/behavioral plans within the family unit.
I have 20 plus years of experience working with adults, youths and families addressing concerns surrounding Intimate Partner Violence, Substance Use/Abuse, Behavioral Health, Mental Health, and Internal/External Personal well-being. In addition, assessing risk and safety while creating and implementing safety/behavioral plans within the family unit.
(203) 594-8247 View (203) 594-8247
Photo of Christine Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Christine Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06903
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
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Photo of Medina Cecunjanin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Stamford, CT
Medina Cecunjanin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06902
Are you a high-achieving Type A who has accomplished professional success but is struggling? Do you feel disengaged, lonely, negative, and beginning to dislike the person you are becoming? I have specialized training with high-functioning individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and relationship issues. I can help you harness your difficulties by learning how to manage stressors that come up in life and building resilience. I combine strategies from the best in our field, including evidence-based, solution-focused, and exploratory treatment. Simply put, whatever you're going through, I can help.
Are you a high-achieving Type A who has accomplished professional success but is struggling? Do you feel disengaged, lonely, negative, and beginning to dislike the person you are becoming? I have specialized training with high-functioning individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and relationship issues. I can help you harness your difficulties by learning how to manage stressors that come up in life and building resilience. I combine strategies from the best in our field, including evidence-based, solution-focused, and exploratory treatment. Simply put, whatever you're going through, I can help.
(475) 323-4915 View (475) 323-4915

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Stamford, CT

600+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Stamford, CT who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
66% Family Conflict
66% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Aetna
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
66% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Stamford, CT see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Stamford?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.