Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Zena Vevaina
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
Hi and welcome! I would like to offer my hand in your journey. Often, people seek therapy when they are in a crisis such as a challenge in marriage, infidelity, difficulty with an adolescent, a transition, depression, anxiety, psychosis, or struggling with substance abuse. Sometimes people seek therapy when they need someone to help them reframe an issue or offer a different perspective. I value and respect each individual I work with. I work with adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families using many different theoretical approaches tailored to match your unique needs and personality.
Hi and welcome! I would like to offer my hand in your journey. Often, people seek therapy when they are in a crisis such as a challenge in marriage, infidelity, difficulty with an adolescent, a transition, depression, anxiety, psychosis, or struggling with substance abuse. Sometimes people seek therapy when they need someone to help them reframe an issue or offer a different perspective. I value and respect each individual I work with. I work with adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families using many different theoretical approaches tailored to match your unique needs and personality.
(415) 936-1595 View (415) 936-1595
Photo of Cynthia Laskowski, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Cynthia Laskowski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
Dr. Cynthia Laskowski is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 2014 Dr. Laskowski is a professional at providing help with anxiety, trauma, PTSD, and other acute disorders. On her weekends, Dr. Laskowski loves to be outdoors, getting sunshine and spending time with her dog!.
Dr. Cynthia Laskowski is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 2014 Dr. Laskowski is a professional at providing help with anxiety, trauma, PTSD, and other acute disorders. On her weekends, Dr. Laskowski loves to be outdoors, getting sunshine and spending time with her dog!.
(628) 257-7772 View (628) 257-7772
Photo of Esther Oh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Esther Oh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
Are you thriving in your life? Do your pursuits fulfill you, or make you second guess yourself? Perhaps you're caught in constant comparison to your peers. I specialize in helping individuals get past these common hurdles - the ones that hold you back from living a more meaningful life. Whether you are looking to resolve core issues, or trying to achieve balance between work, love and play, people can sometimes feel "stuck." I am here to be your coach, to help you experience your life in a more purposeful way - one that holds value independent of the expectations of others.
Are you thriving in your life? Do your pursuits fulfill you, or make you second guess yourself? Perhaps you're caught in constant comparison to your peers. I specialize in helping individuals get past these common hurdles - the ones that hold you back from living a more meaningful life. Whether you are looking to resolve core issues, or trying to achieve balance between work, love and play, people can sometimes feel "stuck." I am here to be your coach, to help you experience your life in a more purposeful way - one that holds value independent of the expectations of others.
(917) 563-4490 View (917) 563-4490
Photo of Evelyn Farías, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Francisco, CA
Evelyn Farías
Pre-Licensed Professional, APCC, EdM, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122  (Online Only)
I work with BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ adults who are experiencing imposter syndrome, first-gen issues, relationship challenges, and identity exploration. My approach is non-judgmental, collaborative, casual, and sometimes humorous. Together, we'll explore how your experiences, beliefs, and relational style have been shaped by your social identities, cultural contexts, and the systems you're a part of (e.g. family, work, community). My goal is to co-create an affirming space where you can openly discuss your stressors, preferences, questions, and everything in between.
I work with BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ adults who are experiencing imposter syndrome, first-gen issues, relationship challenges, and identity exploration. My approach is non-judgmental, collaborative, casual, and sometimes humorous. Together, we'll explore how your experiences, beliefs, and relational style have been shaped by your social identities, cultural contexts, and the systems you're a part of (e.g. family, work, community). My goal is to co-create an affirming space where you can openly discuss your stressors, preferences, questions, and everything in between.
(408) 351-0981 View (408) 351-0981
Photo of Anton Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Anton Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Anton Jones is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Florida who has been practicing since 2015. Anton has experience working with a variety of individuals and families of all ages. He is experienced in working with multiple issues such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem and confidence issues, relationship issues, trauma/PTSD. Anton's approach to therapy is one that focuses on providing a supportive and collaborative environment that allows you to grow and achieve your goals. Anton is here to listen and care, but most importantly to challenge you on how you can grow.
Anton Jones is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Florida who has been practicing since 2015. Anton has experience working with a variety of individuals and families of all ages. He is experienced in working with multiple issues such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem and confidence issues, relationship issues, trauma/PTSD. Anton's approach to therapy is one that focuses on providing a supportive and collaborative environment that allows you to grow and achieve your goals. Anton is here to listen and care, but most importantly to challenge you on how you can grow.
(628) 265-8709 View (628) 265-8709
Photo of Ana Elena Noles, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Ana Elena Noles
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Each individual or couple's suffering is unique. Despite significant success the sources of this suffering can elude and confuse you. Together, we can talk and think about your suffering and gradually you can develop the capacity for a sense of sturdiness and purpose. Thoughtfully examining your unique experiences in the presence of a warm, nonjudgmental therapist can allow you to discover new ways of relating to yourself and others and the flexibility to live your life differently. The power of talk therapy lies in getting to the heart of the matter, and the therapy relationship is a powerful venue for insight and transformation.
Each individual or couple's suffering is unique. Despite significant success the sources of this suffering can elude and confuse you. Together, we can talk and think about your suffering and gradually you can develop the capacity for a sense of sturdiness and purpose. Thoughtfully examining your unique experiences in the presence of a warm, nonjudgmental therapist can allow you to discover new ways of relating to yourself and others and the flexibility to live your life differently. The power of talk therapy lies in getting to the heart of the matter, and the therapy relationship is a powerful venue for insight and transformation.
(510) 470-7582 View (510) 470-7582
Photo of Angelica Yi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Angelica Yi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
As a queer and bisexual, nonbinary femme, 2nd generation Korean American, I specialize in working with those who identify as LGBTQ+, BIPOC, adult children of immigrants, gender expansive, nonbinary, and transgender. I tend to work with folks who create their own paths in life - ones that may diverge from the norm. Oftentimes, these paths emerge from a place of necessity, without much support, and lacking a roadmap or guide.
As a queer and bisexual, nonbinary femme, 2nd generation Korean American, I specialize in working with those who identify as LGBTQ+, BIPOC, adult children of immigrants, gender expansive, nonbinary, and transgender. I tend to work with folks who create their own paths in life - ones that may diverge from the norm. Oftentimes, these paths emerge from a place of necessity, without much support, and lacking a roadmap or guide.
(415) 449-9963 View (415) 449-9963
Photo of Holly N Kirth, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Holly N Kirth
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, ME
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to cope with life’s difficulties? Are you feeling out of control? Hopeless? Whether this is a recent experience or a life long issue, I am here to help. I believe every person has the innate ability and power within themselves to manage life’s challenges and improve yourselves—you just don’t always know how to access it. I will assist you and challenge you into accessing your tools, utilizing your innate strengths, and finding new insights into yourself.
Are you struggling to cope with life’s difficulties? Are you feeling out of control? Hopeless? Whether this is a recent experience or a life long issue, I am here to help. I believe every person has the innate ability and power within themselves to manage life’s challenges and improve yourselves—you just don’t always know how to access it. I will assist you and challenge you into accessing your tools, utilizing your innate strengths, and finding new insights into yourself.
(949) 468-5731 View (949) 468-5731
Photo of Anitha Mohan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Anitha Mohan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
I work with clients who are experiencing shame, guilt, anxiety, resurfaced trauma, relationship challenges, and family issues. I approach this work by getting curious about how your thoughts, feelings, and lived experience impact the way you are thinking about yourself and your values, and what may be keeping you stuck in patterns you are hoping to shift. We might be a good fit if you want to explore your past, open up to your present, and create a future that feels meaningful.
I work with clients who are experiencing shame, guilt, anxiety, resurfaced trauma, relationship challenges, and family issues. I approach this work by getting curious about how your thoughts, feelings, and lived experience impact the way you are thinking about yourself and your values, and what may be keeping you stuck in patterns you are hoping to shift. We might be a good fit if you want to explore your past, open up to your present, and create a future that feels meaningful.
(415) 941-0115 View (415) 941-0115
Photo of David Watts Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
David Watts Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
I work with clients addressing issues related to their mental, emotional, spiritual, and physical well-being. I help my clients create meaningful changes, stronger relationships, and a greater sense of self by focusing on their strengths and using a blend of different therapeutic styles that best match the client’s individual personality. My approach is highly relational, meaning the relationship as therapist and client is an important part of the work.
I work with clients addressing issues related to their mental, emotional, spiritual, and physical well-being. I help my clients create meaningful changes, stronger relationships, and a greater sense of self by focusing on their strengths and using a blend of different therapeutic styles that best match the client’s individual personality. My approach is highly relational, meaning the relationship as therapist and client is an important part of the work.
(650) 456-1452 View (650) 456-1452
Photo of Justine Gordon, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Justine Gordon
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Navigating life's challenges is never easy, but reaching out for help is a brave first step to living a more genuine and fulfilling life. I have expertise in working with individuals struggling with childhood trauma and trauma-related symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and relational conflict. I believe every client is unique and deserves to be listened to and understood in an empathetic way. I am passionate about creating a safe, kind, collaborative and judgment-free space where clients can attain new insights, experience new feelings, and find a renewed sense of physical and mental well-being.
Navigating life's challenges is never easy, but reaching out for help is a brave first step to living a more genuine and fulfilling life. I have expertise in working with individuals struggling with childhood trauma and trauma-related symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and relational conflict. I believe every client is unique and deserves to be listened to and understood in an empathetic way. I am passionate about creating a safe, kind, collaborative and judgment-free space where clients can attain new insights, experience new feelings, and find a renewed sense of physical and mental well-being.
(415) 985-6526 View (415) 985-6526
Photo of Caroline Cretti, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Caroline Cretti
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
I am a licensed clinical psychologist, registered with the California Board of Psychology. I have been a therapist in the Bay Area for over 5 years. My goal in therapy is to provide space for clients to better understand themselves and the different dynamics that have created specific patterns of relationships, behaviors, and anxieties. I approach therapy and each client from a psychodynamic and humanistic framework. As a clinical psychologist, I have experience working with trauma, mood and anxiety disorders, family and relationship issues, obsessive compulsive disorders, and serious mental illness.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist, registered with the California Board of Psychology. I have been a therapist in the Bay Area for over 5 years. My goal in therapy is to provide space for clients to better understand themselves and the different dynamics that have created specific patterns of relationships, behaviors, and anxieties. I approach therapy and each client from a psychodynamic and humanistic framework. As a clinical psychologist, I have experience working with trauma, mood and anxiety disorders, family and relationship issues, obsessive compulsive disorders, and serious mental illness.
(628) 265-8969 View (628) 265-8969
Photo of Jennifer Komm, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jennifer Komm
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I enjoy supporting my clients' curiosity to uncover and explore what contributes to who they are and how they connect with the people in their lives. I work especially well with traumatic experiences, troubled upbringing, grief and anxiety. If you want to understand or change the way you relate to yourself, your story and the world and maybe are longing for a more authentic self expression and acceptance or sense of iner strength, we might be a good fit. I believe that sustainable change happens from the inside and you have the capacity to create this change.
I enjoy supporting my clients' curiosity to uncover and explore what contributes to who they are and how they connect with the people in their lives. I work especially well with traumatic experiences, troubled upbringing, grief and anxiety. If you want to understand or change the way you relate to yourself, your story and the world and maybe are longing for a more authentic self expression and acceptance or sense of iner strength, we might be a good fit. I believe that sustainable change happens from the inside and you have the capacity to create this change.
(415) 723-4196 View (415) 723-4196
Photo of Leigh Hall, Associate Clinical Social Worker in San Francisco, CA
Leigh Hall
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
As we change and grow, and get caught up in the daily grind, we forget to tend to our relationships and they can begin to feel burdensome. Part of what I do is normalize that relationships are work. Over time they disappoint us, trigger us, and often serve as mirrors for parts of ourselves we like the least. We start to forget that they bring us joy and purpose and get wrapped up in toxic thought patterns. The neglect breeds contempt and then we feel more disconnected than ever. My passion lies in helping you reconnect with yourself and your loved ones.
As we change and grow, and get caught up in the daily grind, we forget to tend to our relationships and they can begin to feel burdensome. Part of what I do is normalize that relationships are work. Over time they disappoint us, trigger us, and often serve as mirrors for parts of ourselves we like the least. We start to forget that they bring us joy and purpose and get wrapped up in toxic thought patterns. The neglect breeds contempt and then we feel more disconnected than ever. My passion lies in helping you reconnect with yourself and your loved ones.
(415) 687-2146 View (415) 687-2146
Photo of Radical Roots Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Radical Roots Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Ruby (she/her/hers) is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW 101630) who brings a decade of experience supporting youth, young adults, caregivers, families, and individuals navigate loss and attachment ruptures, anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, family conflict, life stressors, and the life cycle. Ruby approaches her sessions with warmth, humility, and a strengths-based lens, valuing collaboration, authenticity, and creativity.
Ruby (she/her/hers) is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW 101630) who brings a decade of experience supporting youth, young adults, caregivers, families, and individuals navigate loss and attachment ruptures, anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, family conflict, life stressors, and the life cycle. Ruby approaches her sessions with warmth, humility, and a strengths-based lens, valuing collaboration, authenticity, and creativity.
(510) 491-0155 View (510) 491-0155
Photo of Sara K Levley, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Sara K Levley
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
As a warm, supportive, and interactive therapist, I specialize in helping people who feel stuck and want to move forward. I work with individuals and couples struggling to figure out a specific issue, including simply wanting to feel better, as well as those who want help managing relationship concerns, loss, difficult childhood experiences, and struggles with perfectionism. Through my work at UCSF, I have had extensive training focused on improving relational dynamics within challenging situations and helping people heal from trauma and painful early childhood experiences.
As a warm, supportive, and interactive therapist, I specialize in helping people who feel stuck and want to move forward. I work with individuals and couples struggling to figure out a specific issue, including simply wanting to feel better, as well as those who want help managing relationship concerns, loss, difficult childhood experiences, and struggles with perfectionism. Through my work at UCSF, I have had extensive training focused on improving relational dynamics within challenging situations and helping people heal from trauma and painful early childhood experiences.
(206) 350-8283 View (206) 350-8283
Photo of Luna Shadzi in San Francisco, CA
Luna Shadzi
AMFT, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Becoming your best self has never been more possible! Together, let’s figure out how to achieve your goals and find your inner truth. In my therapy practice, I draw on my personal experience, struggles, and growth to better empathize with my patients. Therapy helped me overcome traumas and complicated griefs. It helped me find a new meaning in life which is to help others find their way and achieve their goals.
Becoming your best self has never been more possible! Together, let’s figure out how to achieve your goals and find your inner truth. In my therapy practice, I draw on my personal experience, struggles, and growth to better empathize with my patients. Therapy helped me overcome traumas and complicated griefs. It helped me find a new meaning in life which is to help others find their way and achieve their goals.
(571) 517-2918 View (571) 517-2918
Photo of Batya Ross, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Batya Ross
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Most of us lug around a suitcase full of our thoughts, feelings, family history and past experiences and have no idea what's in there. Our current responses to and experience of life come from the contents of that suitcase. Together in therapy we gently unpack it. We will see what is working for you, what needs more support and what has served it's purpose but no longer works. I work collaboratively and am curious about all the things that make you who you are. I am particularly interested in working with people who feel misunderstood or unimportant.
Most of us lug around a suitcase full of our thoughts, feelings, family history and past experiences and have no idea what's in there. Our current responses to and experience of life come from the contents of that suitcase. Together in therapy we gently unpack it. We will see what is working for you, what needs more support and what has served it's purpose but no longer works. I work collaboratively and am curious about all the things that make you who you are. I am particularly interested in working with people who feel misunderstood or unimportant.
(415) 275-6820 View (415) 275-6820
Photo of Danielle Macias, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Danielle Macias
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Busy doing a million things like numbing out on Facebook or scrolling on your phone for hours or working constant overtime so you don’t have think about it? But it keeps reminding you it’s there. The pain you don't talk about. The worry. Procrastination. Anger at yourself, your past, others who hurt or mistreated you. Managing by....Drinking or drugs. Food. Sex. Shopping. Yelling. While longing for intimate connection. What if there was a way to approach those painful feelings or hurt parts of you so their story could be understood. Moving at your pace. Get to know your true Self & end the shame, blame, regret cycle.
Busy doing a million things like numbing out on Facebook or scrolling on your phone for hours or working constant overtime so you don’t have think about it? But it keeps reminding you it’s there. The pain you don't talk about. The worry. Procrastination. Anger at yourself, your past, others who hurt or mistreated you. Managing by....Drinking or drugs. Food. Sex. Shopping. Yelling. While longing for intimate connection. What if there was a way to approach those painful feelings or hurt parts of you so their story could be understood. Moving at your pace. Get to know your true Self & end the shame, blame, regret cycle.
(628) 262-8748 View (628) 262-8748
Photo of Dov Golodner, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Dov Golodner
Counselor, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
The people I've been able to help most feel stuck and crave direction in recovering an assured sense of who they are and their potential. We are all creatures of adaptation and many of us learn early on to adjust to whatever the world asks of us. Accordingly, we may internalize the priorities of our parents, our peers, and our culture, agendas that don’t always serve our own interest.
The people I've been able to help most feel stuck and crave direction in recovering an assured sense of who they are and their potential. We are all creatures of adaptation and many of us learn early on to adjust to whatever the world asks of us. Accordingly, we may internalize the priorities of our parents, our peers, and our culture, agendas that don’t always serve our own interest.
(415) 818-1448 View (415) 818-1448

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.