Therapists in Knoxville, TN

View neighborhoods in Knoxville
Photo of Patricia Proctor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Patricia Proctor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37909
Trish is a Licensed Professional Counselor/Mental Health Service Provider who has been active in the mental health profession for over thirty-five years. She received her bachelor's degree in Music Therapy from Tennessee Tech and her master's degree in community counseling from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Trish practices from a bio-psycho-social-spiritual framework drawing heavily from Choice Theory Psychology, Gestalt Therapy, Polyvagal Theory (if you know, you know; if you don't, just ask), and Creative Arts Therapies.
Trish is a Licensed Professional Counselor/Mental Health Service Provider who has been active in the mental health profession for over thirty-five years. She received her bachelor's degree in Music Therapy from Tennessee Tech and her master's degree in community counseling from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Trish practices from a bio-psycho-social-spiritual framework drawing heavily from Choice Theory Psychology, Gestalt Therapy, Polyvagal Theory (if you know, you know; if you don't, just ask), and Creative Arts Therapies.
(865) 390-3874 View (865) 390-3874
Photo of Wanda Komjathy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Wanda Komjathy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
EMAIL is the best way to get a hold of me! If you are experiencing heaviness, stress, depression, and/or anxiety and are motivated in fostering change for yourself, I am here for you. Often, we experience a wide variety of issues that life throws at us. Not so often do we have the tools in knowing and understanding how to cope with and adapt to these events in healthy ways. My purpose in my role is to provide these tools while openly navigating through some uncomfortable subjects along with you. I am someone you can be authentic with as well as secure.
EMAIL is the best way to get a hold of me! If you are experiencing heaviness, stress, depression, and/or anxiety and are motivated in fostering change for yourself, I am here for you. Often, we experience a wide variety of issues that life throws at us. Not so often do we have the tools in knowing and understanding how to cope with and adapt to these events in healthy ways. My purpose in my role is to provide these tools while openly navigating through some uncomfortable subjects along with you. I am someone you can be authentic with as well as secure.
(615) 622-2193 View (615) 622-2193
Photo of Amber Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Amber Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37916  (Online Only)
I am a licensed LCSW with over 12 years of experience and a compassionate approach to working with people. I have worked in a variety of settings including domestic violence advocacy, recovery court IOP, inpatient psychiatric treatment, dual diagnosis, and others. My wealth of experience has honed my skills in group therapy, individual therapy, and case management.
I am a licensed LCSW with over 12 years of experience and a compassionate approach to working with people. I have worked in a variety of settings including domestic violence advocacy, recovery court IOP, inpatient psychiatric treatment, dual diagnosis, and others. My wealth of experience has honed my skills in group therapy, individual therapy, and case management.
(865) 800-8312 View (865) 800-8312
Photo of Patricia Bishop, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Patricia Bishop
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Have you recently experienced the death of a loved one or beloved pet? Do you struggle with feelings of regret, guilt, or isolation? Well-intentioned messages from others may be to “just push through it” or "give it time." However, we are often left feeling alone and uncertain about how we are supposed to resume our relationships, careers and lives. For some, unresolved grief can lead to poor physical health and a lower quality of life. Grief is not a sign that you are unwell or unevolved. It means that you have loved and you wanted love to continue. Love and life beyond the loss is possible.
Have you recently experienced the death of a loved one or beloved pet? Do you struggle with feelings of regret, guilt, or isolation? Well-intentioned messages from others may be to “just push through it” or "give it time." However, we are often left feeling alone and uncertain about how we are supposed to resume our relationships, careers and lives. For some, unresolved grief can lead to poor physical health and a lower quality of life. Grief is not a sign that you are unwell or unevolved. It means that you have loved and you wanted love to continue. Love and life beyond the loss is possible.
(865) 401-9756 View (865) 401-9756
Photo of Kristy Manresa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Kristy Manresa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Accepting new clients! I am a licensed Master's Social Worker currently providing individual, couples and family therapy at 4C Therapeutics, LLC.
Accepting new clients! I am a licensed Master's Social Worker currently providing individual, couples and family therapy at 4C Therapeutics, LLC.
(865) 507-2473 View (865) 507-2473
Photo of Jamie Suarez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Jamie Suarez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, C-DBT, CSAT-C
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37922
When you find yourself encountering emotional problems, engaging in addictive behavior, or experiencing relational problems, I am here to help because that's what I am trained to do and feel called to do! Below is a checklist of specific issues you may struggle with which I am qualified to work with. I am also a CSAT Candidate who works with those struggling with problematic sexual behavior and pornography use, but I am well suited to work with people on many other issues as well. You can visit my website and click on the client portal link to schedule an appointment today! You can also email me if you have a question beforehand.
When you find yourself encountering emotional problems, engaging in addictive behavior, or experiencing relational problems, I am here to help because that's what I am trained to do and feel called to do! Below is a checklist of specific issues you may struggle with which I am qualified to work with. I am also a CSAT Candidate who works with those struggling with problematic sexual behavior and pornography use, but I am well suited to work with people on many other issues as well. You can visit my website and click on the client portal link to schedule an appointment today! You can also email me if you have a question beforehand.
(865) 407-2281 View (865) 407-2281
Photo of Sascha Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Sascha Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP, C-DBT
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37909
Sascha Smith is a licensed professional counselor that has been working in the mental health field for over 6 years with adolescents, children, and families. Sascha has worked in-patient severe trauma treatment centers for youth in foster care, community mental health centers, community based in-home family therapy centers, and adolescent alcohol and drug abuse treatment facilities, Sascha treats children and teenagers with a variety of behavioral health concerns using multiple evidence-based models of treatment.
Sascha Smith is a licensed professional counselor that has been working in the mental health field for over 6 years with adolescents, children, and families. Sascha has worked in-patient severe trauma treatment centers for youth in foster care, community mental health centers, community based in-home family therapy centers, and adolescent alcohol and drug abuse treatment facilities, Sascha treats children and teenagers with a variety of behavioral health concerns using multiple evidence-based models of treatment.
(865) 424-7460 View (865) 424-7460
Photo of Barbara Mooney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Barbara Mooney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CDWF
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Finding the right therapist for YOU and the therapeutic relationship is one of the most important factors associated with positive therapy results. I place primary importance on our relationship providing an atmosphere of safety, warmth and understanding. While I have a wealth of professional and personal knowledge and expertise in individual and family recovery from addictions/compulsive behaviors, family of origin issues and life patterns that prevent authentic living, I do not approach the relationship as an "expert" but rather as a supportive guide who joins you on the journey. I am passionate about all things relational.
Finding the right therapist for YOU and the therapeutic relationship is one of the most important factors associated with positive therapy results. I place primary importance on our relationship providing an atmosphere of safety, warmth and understanding. While I have a wealth of professional and personal knowledge and expertise in individual and family recovery from addictions/compulsive behaviors, family of origin issues and life patterns that prevent authentic living, I do not approach the relationship as an "expert" but rather as a supportive guide who joins you on the journey. I am passionate about all things relational.
(865) 328-7519 View (865) 328-7519
Photo of Elissa Winzenburg, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Elissa Winzenburg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Waitlist for new clients
Navigating life's challenges requires a safe and trusting space. As a counselor, I deeply appreciate the courage it takes to open up and connect. In the heart of my practice lies a profound respect for the therapeutic relationship, which I believe serves as the cornerstone for healing. While working with children and adults in a variety of settings I have developed a passion for helping people navigate the ups of downs of life. Together, we'll explore difficult emotions, challenge self-limiting beliefs, and develop practical strategies to cope with life's difficulties.
Navigating life's challenges requires a safe and trusting space. As a counselor, I deeply appreciate the courage it takes to open up and connect. In the heart of my practice lies a profound respect for the therapeutic relationship, which I believe serves as the cornerstone for healing. While working with children and adults in a variety of settings I have developed a passion for helping people navigate the ups of downs of life. Together, we'll explore difficult emotions, challenge self-limiting beliefs, and develop practical strategies to cope with life's difficulties.
(865) 328-9491 View (865) 328-9491
Photo of Jenni Freemyer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Jenni Freemyer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
Jenni loves working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. She sees clients dealing with anxiety, depression, grief/loss, relational-stress, and other mental health issues. Jenni has extensive experience working with clients affected by emotional trauma. She is trained in EMDR-Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and Brainspotting, which she uses to help clients process through trauma. She has a certificate in Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. She also has advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples.
Jenni loves working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. She sees clients dealing with anxiety, depression, grief/loss, relational-stress, and other mental health issues. Jenni has extensive experience working with clients affected by emotional trauma. She is trained in EMDR-Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and Brainspotting, which she uses to help clients process through trauma. She has a certificate in Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. She also has advanced training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples.
(865) 217-2792 View (865) 217-2792
Photo of Laura Catherine Eddlemon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Laura Catherine Eddlemon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919
Waitlist for new clients
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience in the field I strive to provide informed and evidence based treatment to clients of diverse backgrounds in a safe, supportive, and accepting environment. Therapy is a unique experience in which we can create the space that we don't often make for ourselves otherwise to stay with and explore our thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I recognize that seeking support can be difficult and I truly value the positive feedback my clients have provided regarding their feelings of comfort and safety in their work with me.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience in the field I strive to provide informed and evidence based treatment to clients of diverse backgrounds in a safe, supportive, and accepting environment. Therapy is a unique experience in which we can create the space that we don't often make for ourselves otherwise to stay with and explore our thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I recognize that seeking support can be difficult and I truly value the positive feedback my clients have provided regarding their feelings of comfort and safety in their work with me.
(865) 761-3319 View (865) 761-3319
Photo of Christina Ameen, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Christina Ameen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
I believe that people can have the power to take control over what has left them feeling powerless before and shape their own reality. I’ve been in the mental health field for the last five years with additional experience in residential facilities, support groups, and addiction centers. I’ve have worked with various types of populations in trauma, addiction, behavioral health, and a wide range of other mental health issues. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Choice Therapy. I do psychotherapy with families, couples, and individuals from ages 13 and up.
I believe that people can have the power to take control over what has left them feeling powerless before and shape their own reality. I’ve been in the mental health field for the last five years with additional experience in residential facilities, support groups, and addiction centers. I’ve have worked with various types of populations in trauma, addiction, behavioral health, and a wide range of other mental health issues. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Choice Therapy. I do psychotherapy with families, couples, and individuals from ages 13 and up.
(865) 413-7027 View (865) 413-7027
Photo of Julianna Saah, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Julianna Saah
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Whether you are going through a major life event that you would like to process, need someone to talk to about the everyday stressors of life, or anything in between, I am here for you. I have been working in the mental health and social work field for several years, where I most recently worked with children and teens in the crisis intervention setting. Through this experience, I found a passion for working with teens and young adults to process life’s challenges, relationships, transitional periods, and more.
Whether you are going through a major life event that you would like to process, need someone to talk to about the everyday stressors of life, or anything in between, I am here for you. I have been working in the mental health and social work field for several years, where I most recently worked with children and teens in the crisis intervention setting. Through this experience, I found a passion for working with teens and young adults to process life’s challenges, relationships, transitional periods, and more.
(865) 390-3973 View (865) 390-3973
Photo of Pamela Gray, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Pamela Gray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37938  (Online Only)
I have over 17 years of experience in the mental health field. Prior to obtaining my LCSW, I worked as a Certified Alcohol and Drug Addiction Specialist in Chattanooga, TN. This experience gave me valuable insight into the lives of my clients who are striving for recovery. I realize that healing can be a difficult road, and I value the opportunity to work alongside my clients who are seeking a more fulfilling life. My background has equipped me to meet the needs of my clients with a high degree of compassion and empathy. If you're ready to take the first step, I'm here.
I have over 17 years of experience in the mental health field. Prior to obtaining my LCSW, I worked as a Certified Alcohol and Drug Addiction Specialist in Chattanooga, TN. This experience gave me valuable insight into the lives of my clients who are striving for recovery. I realize that healing can be a difficult road, and I value the opportunity to work alongside my clients who are seeking a more fulfilling life. My background has equipped me to meet the needs of my clients with a high degree of compassion and empathy. If you're ready to take the first step, I'm here.
(865) 424-2652 View (865) 424-2652
Photo of Dr. Charaya Upton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Dr. Charaya Upton
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
Not accepting new clients
I am currently FULL at this time. When available, my primary area of focus is helping couples find effective ways of communicating and improving their overall connection. I am Level 3 Trained in the Gottman Method (Look up John Gottman on youtube for an idea of this approach). I also really enjoy working with children, adolescents, early adults, and adults. I have extensive experience working with various mental health disorders from psychosis, depression, anxiety, ptsd, and grief and loss. If you are looking for a counselor that is genuine and down-to-earth, I'd love to help.
I am currently FULL at this time. When available, my primary area of focus is helping couples find effective ways of communicating and improving their overall connection. I am Level 3 Trained in the Gottman Method (Look up John Gottman on youtube for an idea of this approach). I also really enjoy working with children, adolescents, early adults, and adults. I have extensive experience working with various mental health disorders from psychosis, depression, anxiety, ptsd, and grief and loss. If you are looking for a counselor that is genuine and down-to-earth, I'd love to help.
(865) 217-0668 View (865) 217-0668
Photo of Christopher Montanaro, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Christopher Montanaro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919  (Online Only)
Together, we can embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing. As a professional counselor with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field, I am dedicated to helping individuals achieve a greater level of well-being and fulfillment in their lives. Utilizing a variety of evidence-based techniques and strategies, I work collaboratively with clients to address a wide range of concerns. I am dedicated to providing a safe and supportive space for individuals facing a wide range of challenges, from depression, anxiety, relationship problems, low self-esteem, job issues, divorce, family dysfunction, anger issues and more.
Together, we can embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing. As a professional counselor with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field, I am dedicated to helping individuals achieve a greater level of well-being and fulfillment in their lives. Utilizing a variety of evidence-based techniques and strategies, I work collaboratively with clients to address a wide range of concerns. I am dedicated to providing a safe and supportive space for individuals facing a wide range of challenges, from depression, anxiety, relationship problems, low self-esteem, job issues, divorce, family dysfunction, anger issues and more.
(865) 253-8857 View (865) 253-8857
Photo of Timothy Raper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Timothy Raper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
I see individuals ages 8-26. I offer individual and family therapy sessions. My sessions are very unique in that I allow a place for kiddos to be kiddos. My favorite part of my job is when a client tells me, "I never thought therapy could be like this." or "This makes so much sense." Kiddos are in a state of development that can be either extremely scary or exciting. What makes the difference is when they and loved ones understand this process on a cognitive, emotional, and physiological level. Then behaviors and responses become more clear and how to handle them becomes more effective.
I see individuals ages 8-26. I offer individual and family therapy sessions. My sessions are very unique in that I allow a place for kiddos to be kiddos. My favorite part of my job is when a client tells me, "I never thought therapy could be like this." or "This makes so much sense." Kiddos are in a state of development that can be either extremely scary or exciting. What makes the difference is when they and loved ones understand this process on a cognitive, emotional, and physiological level. Then behaviors and responses become more clear and how to handle them becomes more effective.
(865) 674-9620 View (865) 674-9620
Photo of Denise Scott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Denise Scott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker trained in EMDR trauma therapy, specializing in young adults, individuals and couples.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker trained in EMDR trauma therapy, specializing in young adults, individuals and couples.
(865) 509-9046 View (865) 509-9046
Photo of Elizabeth A Woodward, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Elizabeth A Woodward
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults, teens, preteens, and children starting at 6 years old. Many of my clients are looking for coping skills to aid with mood disorders, conduct issues, or impulse-control disorders, such as anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and ADHD. Some want to work through trauma or grief. Others have less common problems. However, all are looking to make a change, but they do not know how to or do not want to do it on their own.
I work with adults, teens, preteens, and children starting at 6 years old. Many of my clients are looking for coping skills to aid with mood disorders, conduct issues, or impulse-control disorders, such as anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and ADHD. Some want to work through trauma or grief. Others have less common problems. However, all are looking to make a change, but they do not know how to or do not want to do it on their own.
(865) 213-7707 View (865) 213-7707
Photo of Kelsey Rochelle, Pre-Licensed Professional in Knoxville, TN
Kelsey Rochelle
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
The most genuine way I can think to start this personal statement is by disclosing how difficult I have found it to write what you are now reading (or skimming). I'd like to show you that I know your pain, but I don't know all the ins and outs of your many experiences leading up to this point in your life. What I do know is that there is often loneliness in feeling unseen, unknown, or misunderstood. I find meaning in working with individuals who feel detached or disconnected from others, their surroundings, or even themselves.
The most genuine way I can think to start this personal statement is by disclosing how difficult I have found it to write what you are now reading (or skimming). I'd like to show you that I know your pain, but I don't know all the ins and outs of your many experiences leading up to this point in your life. What I do know is that there is often loneliness in feeling unseen, unknown, or misunderstood. I find meaning in working with individuals who feel detached or disconnected from others, their surroundings, or even themselves.
(865) 830-3044 View (865) 830-3044

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Knoxville, TN

700+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Knoxville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
65% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% Aetna
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Knoxville, TN see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Knoxville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.