Photo of Rebecca Trent Counseling M.S., LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tennessee
Rebecca Trent Counseling M.S., LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ooltewah, TN 37363
As a Therapist, I believe in treating the whole family.
During our lifetime, we humans go through many life transitions. Helping women, couples, children, and teens succeed through life's many demands is my focus and passion.Working with women who are experiencing a life transition is one of my primary strengths. The second area of focus within my practice is the couple's relationship. My focus with couples is working on communication, conflict resolution, relationship strengthening, and emotional attunement. The third strength of my practice lies in the counseling of children and teens. For children, sessions involve interactive play therapy techniques that address anxiety, depression, and self-esteem.
As a Therapist, I believe in treating the whole family.
During our lifetime, we humans go through many life transitions. Helping women, couples, children, and teens succeed through life's many demands is my focus and passion.Working with women who are experiencing a life transition is one of my primary strengths. The second area of focus within my practice is the couple's relationship. My focus with couples is working on communication, conflict resolution, relationship strengthening, and emotional attunement. The third strength of my practice lies in the counseling of children and teens. For children, sessions involve interactive play therapy techniques that address anxiety, depression, and self-esteem.
(423) 291-4989 View (423) 291-4989
Photo of LaVonne Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tennessee
LaVonne Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Murfreesboro, TN 37129
My heart reaches out to you as you search to make the best decision for yourself, your spouse, your child and others. Like you, so many face challenges related to marital/family issues, school, depression, anxiety, anger, pregnancy, trauma, self-esteem and other life changing events that come our way. Regardless of where you fall, at the end of the day if it matters to you, it matters (period). There is no reason to feel guilty for wanting to feel stronger and happier with yourself and in your relationships. With 20 years of experience, I hope that this adds comfort and that my office is a safe haven for you to grow and to be heard.
My heart reaches out to you as you search to make the best decision for yourself, your spouse, your child and others. Like you, so many face challenges related to marital/family issues, school, depression, anxiety, anger, pregnancy, trauma, self-esteem and other life changing events that come our way. Regardless of where you fall, at the end of the day if it matters to you, it matters (period). There is no reason to feel guilty for wanting to feel stronger and happier with yourself and in your relationships. With 20 years of experience, I hope that this adds comfort and that my office is a safe haven for you to grow and to be heard.
(615) 461-4660 View (615) 461-4660
Photo of Sara Ahmed, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
Sara Ahmed
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Murfreesboro, TN 37128  (Online Only)
Life can sometimes get messy, and while they are normal experiences, anxiety, depression, past trauma, family and relationship conflict, and various other factors can rob us of our ability to find peace in the here-and-now. We often get stuck in patterns rooted in past experiences that continue to show up in the present in unhelpful ways. Without the right tools and supports, it can feel as if we do not have the ability to find meaning in the mess or become unstuck in our patterns that are holding us back from living emotionally healthy lives. It is so common to hold these burdens alone in silence to avoid judgment.
Life can sometimes get messy, and while they are normal experiences, anxiety, depression, past trauma, family and relationship conflict, and various other factors can rob us of our ability to find peace in the here-and-now. We often get stuck in patterns rooted in past experiences that continue to show up in the present in unhelpful ways. Without the right tools and supports, it can feel as if we do not have the ability to find meaning in the mess or become unstuck in our patterns that are holding us back from living emotionally healthy lives. It is so common to hold these burdens alone in silence to avoid judgment.
(615) 985-6169 View (615) 985-6169
Photo of April Michelle Tyson (Tn And Ky Lisenced), Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
April Michelle Tyson (Tn And Ky Lisenced)
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP, MAC, SAP
Verified Verified
Tennessee and Kentucky licensure -I am a SAP for those who operate under DOT safety and have failed a drug test.* We all need someone at one time or another. Reach out, I would love to help. I have many years working with addiction and recovery. I work with many populations to include addictions, codependency, couples, marriage and family, childhood trauma, grief, severe and persistent mental illness such as bi-polar, OCD etc, situational issues, and personality disorders. I work with spiritual issues and have experience working with transgender population such as gender dysphoria and coming out. I use person centered approach.
Tennessee and Kentucky licensure -I am a SAP for those who operate under DOT safety and have failed a drug test.* We all need someone at one time or another. Reach out, I would love to help. I have many years working with addiction and recovery. I work with many populations to include addictions, codependency, couples, marriage and family, childhood trauma, grief, severe and persistent mental illness such as bi-polar, OCD etc, situational issues, and personality disorders. I work with spiritual issues and have experience working with transgender population such as gender dysphoria and coming out. I use person centered approach.
(615) 265-6218 View (615) 265-6218
Photo of Janeen Ward - Healing Path Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
Janeen Ward - Healing Path Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, MHSP, MEd
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
At times we all experience difficulty adjusting to life changes, feeling trapped in negative relationships (self, family, peers, partner), challenged with low self confidence, lack of boundaries, low mood, and overwhelming anxiety. Or perhaps reenacting past traumas or learned patterns of dysfunction. If you are stuck and not moving forward, then I encourage you to pursue this next step. It is time for self care. With me you will experience a warm, welcoming, and safe environment. It is important that you feel comfortable and empowered throughout this growing process.
At times we all experience difficulty adjusting to life changes, feeling trapped in negative relationships (self, family, peers, partner), challenged with low self confidence, lack of boundaries, low mood, and overwhelming anxiety. Or perhaps reenacting past traumas or learned patterns of dysfunction. If you are stuck and not moving forward, then I encourage you to pursue this next step. It is time for self care. With me you will experience a warm, welcoming, and safe environment. It is important that you feel comfortable and empowered throughout this growing process.
(615) 823-2679 View (615) 823-2679
Photo of Betsy Abrams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tennessee
Betsy Abrams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Clarksville, TN 37043
Another area of interest is working with family members of addicts.
Are you struggling with anxiety, low self esteem, depression or relationship issues? Does life seem overwhelming to you? Emotional pain and stress can affect our lives in many ways, negatively contributing to our emotional, physical and spiritual health. I view each client as a unique person and develop the best therapeutic approach for their needs. My passion is to help individuals identify healthy coping skills and beliefs to deal with everyday life issues or past difficulties that impact their lives today.
Another area of interest is working with family members of addicts.
Are you struggling with anxiety, low self esteem, depression or relationship issues? Does life seem overwhelming to you? Emotional pain and stress can affect our lives in many ways, negatively contributing to our emotional, physical and spiritual health. I view each client as a unique person and develop the best therapeutic approach for their needs. My passion is to help individuals identify healthy coping skills and beliefs to deal with everyday life issues or past difficulties that impact their lives today.
(931) 227-4212 View (931) 227-4212
Photo of Elnora Peters, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
Elnora Peters
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117
You may be going through a major shift in your life and have reached a breaking point. The good news is that you no longer have to figure it out by yourself. Elnora is a skilled and empathetic psychotherapist, whose desire is to help individuals overcome anxiety and depression, grief/loss, life transitions, and family and marital/relationship discord.
You may be going through a major shift in your life and have reached a breaking point. The good news is that you no longer have to figure it out by yourself. Elnora is a skilled and empathetic psychotherapist, whose desire is to help individuals overcome anxiety and depression, grief/loss, life transitions, and family and marital/relationship discord.
(901) 329-3662 View (901) 329-3662
Photo of Shana V Hamilton-Lockwood, Psychologist in Tennessee
Shana V Hamilton-Lockwood
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37902
I strive to provide a safe space for all clients to explore the issues bringing them to therapy and what underlies those issues. As a multicultural/relational therapist identities that are important to you provide a background for therapy (race, religion, culture, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, political affiliations, gender identity, gender, sex, ableness, etc.) as those identities make up who you are. Relationships and how you relate with others are also important. I treat anxiety, depression, grief/loss, phases of life issues, family issues, women's issues and men's issues. I am also a sex and gender specialist.
I strive to provide a safe space for all clients to explore the issues bringing them to therapy and what underlies those issues. As a multicultural/relational therapist identities that are important to you provide a background for therapy (race, religion, culture, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, political affiliations, gender identity, gender, sex, ableness, etc.) as those identities make up who you are. Relationships and how you relate with others are also important. I treat anxiety, depression, grief/loss, phases of life issues, family issues, women's issues and men's issues. I am also a sex and gender specialist.
(865) 503-6256 View (865) 503-6256
Photo of Jordyn Patchett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tennessee
Jordyn Patchett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Some of the treatment modalities commonly used: talk therapy, play therapy, art and expressive arts therapy, mindfulness, CBT, DBT, strengths based therapy, family systems theory, EFT, and attachment focused.
Hi there! I’m so glad you are here! I absolutely love working with children, teens, young adults and families. Early intervention and breaking mental health stigma early on is so important. Together, we will target concerning areas and accept all levels of progress. With the use of effective skills and a warm approach, I will help you with your mental health wellness goals. If you (or your child) are struggling with anxiety, anger, distress, behavioral concerns, relationship, school/work/sports performance, executive functioning skills, mood, self esteem, trauma and other related concerns-please reach out! :)
Some of the treatment modalities commonly used: talk therapy, play therapy, art and expressive arts therapy, mindfulness, CBT, DBT, strengths based therapy, family systems theory, EFT, and attachment focused.
Hi there! I’m so glad you are here! I absolutely love working with children, teens, young adults and families. Early intervention and breaking mental health stigma early on is so important. Together, we will target concerning areas and accept all levels of progress. With the use of effective skills and a warm approach, I will help you with your mental health wellness goals. If you (or your child) are struggling with anxiety, anger, distress, behavioral concerns, relationship, school/work/sports performance, executive functioning skills, mood, self esteem, trauma and other related concerns-please reach out! :)
(629) 276-4269 View (629) 276-4269
Photo of Courtney Elswick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
Courtney Elswick
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAMFT
Verified Verified
Ooltewah, TN 37363
Something has brought you to the point of seeking help. Whether it is trauma, relationships, depression, anxiety, behavior struggles, adjusting to life changes, or more, it is my honor to collaborate with you individually or as a family to achieve health and wholeness. I see individual children, adolescents, adults, families, and couples and have the most experience with high schoolers.
Something has brought you to the point of seeking help. Whether it is trauma, relationships, depression, anxiety, behavior struggles, adjusting to life changes, or more, it is my honor to collaborate with you individually or as a family to achieve health and wholeness. I see individual children, adolescents, adults, families, and couples and have the most experience with high schoolers.
(423) 840-8741 View (423) 840-8741
Photo of Alicia Lowry Lewis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tennessee
Alicia Lowry Lewis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37067
I hold bachelor's degrees in English literature and Journalism and received my master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Trevecca Nazarene University in 2009.
I believe we are relational creatures designed to live in intimate relationship with God, Self, and Others and attention must be given to all three areas in order to experience deep transformation. My desire is to walk with clients toward health by exploring their story to uncover the themes, shaping beliefs, and coping strategies that keep us from living fully. Since relational healing takes place in relationship, I strive to create a safe place for my clients to process, grow, be challenged, make personal and relational discoveries, and move toward healing, wholeness, and freedom.
I hold bachelor's degrees in English literature and Journalism and received my master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Trevecca Nazarene University in 2009.
I believe we are relational creatures designed to live in intimate relationship with God, Self, and Others and attention must be given to all three areas in order to experience deep transformation. My desire is to walk with clients toward health by exploring their story to uncover the themes, shaping beliefs, and coping strategies that keep us from living fully. Since relational healing takes place in relationship, I strive to create a safe place for my clients to process, grow, be challenged, make personal and relational discoveries, and move toward healing, wholeness, and freedom.
(615) 823-5419 View (615) 823-5419
Photo of Renee Lackey, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tennessee
Renee Lackey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC, LPC, MHSP, (temp)
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Brentwood, TN 37027
I meet your child and family where you are to move toward healing and understanding.
Children often experience scary, confusing, upsetting, and traumatic things. You may see your child or teen struggling with negative self-talk, anger, sadness, trouble at school, trouble with siblings, difficulty with emotions, divorce, or loss of a loved one. As a parent, you may have read several books and articles, and still feel lost on how to help. I promise you that there is hope. I work with you, your child, and family to provide a path for growth, build a stronger connection, and communicate. Parents will learn how to be co-regulators, understand their children better, and how to set boundaries and deal with big behaviors.
I meet your child and family where you are to move toward healing and understanding.
Children often experience scary, confusing, upsetting, and traumatic things. You may see your child or teen struggling with negative self-talk, anger, sadness, trouble at school, trouble with siblings, difficulty with emotions, divorce, or loss of a loved one. As a parent, you may have read several books and articles, and still feel lost on how to help. I promise you that there is hope. I work with you, your child, and family to provide a path for growth, build a stronger connection, and communicate. Parents will learn how to be co-regulators, understand their children better, and how to set boundaries and deal with big behaviors.
(629) 276-6390 View (629) 276-6390
Photo of Tariq J Pettis-Smith, Pre-Licensed Professional in Tennessee
Tariq J Pettis-Smith
Pre-Licensed Professional, MACCP, PLC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38115
I am open to counseling all clients. However, I specialize in counseling people with impulse control, behavioral issues, psychotic disorders, depression, anxiety, systemic family issues, and challenges regulating self-esteem and self image.
I am open to counseling all clients. However, I specialize in counseling people with impulse control, behavioral issues, psychotic disorders, depression, anxiety, systemic family issues, and challenges regulating self-esteem and self image.
(901) 329-3824 View (901) 329-3824
Photo of Mallie Easterlin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tennessee
Mallie Easterlin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
I hold a master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Trevecca Nazarene University, as well as a bachelor's degree in Human Development and Family Studies from Auburn University.
Regardless of where you find yourself, you deserve to feel supported and heard. Life can bring many seasons. Some seasons can be challenging, making us question our worth and purpose. Other seasons feel permanent, leaving us feeling stuck and hopeless. Or maybe we experience a change, forcing us to shift and transition. My desire is to meet you exactly where you are, no matter the season you find yourself in. I hope to walk with you towards a place of growth as you realize your strengths and self-worth.
I hold a master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Trevecca Nazarene University, as well as a bachelor's degree in Human Development and Family Studies from Auburn University.
Regardless of where you find yourself, you deserve to feel supported and heard. Life can bring many seasons. Some seasons can be challenging, making us question our worth and purpose. Other seasons feel permanent, leaving us feeling stuck and hopeless. Or maybe we experience a change, forcing us to shift and transition. My desire is to meet you exactly where you are, no matter the season you find yourself in. I hope to walk with you towards a place of growth as you realize your strengths and self-worth.
(615) 492-3529 View (615) 492-3529
Photo of Melanie DeWerff, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
Melanie DeWerff
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, LPCC, CPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hixson, TN 37343
My experience covers trauma, sexual abuse victims, depression, anxiety, PTSD, domestic abuse victims, anger management, dysfunctional family systems, suicide, and negative core beliefs.
Eclectic, spiritually bent, and sacredly genuine. I utilize creativity and work from an embodied healing approach. I will lovingly challenge you; while lovingly supporting you. I want to help you connect to, and operate from, your True Self. Out of the box thinker; life does not fit in a box; therefore, therapy does not fit in a box. Connect to what a fulfilled life looks like for you; and, then how to live that life. Shedding of old patterns and transition into your genuine self. Also, offer energy work.
My experience covers trauma, sexual abuse victims, depression, anxiety, PTSD, domestic abuse victims, anger management, dysfunctional family systems, suicide, and negative core beliefs.
Eclectic, spiritually bent, and sacredly genuine. I utilize creativity and work from an embodied healing approach. I will lovingly challenge you; while lovingly supporting you. I want to help you connect to, and operate from, your True Self. Out of the box thinker; life does not fit in a box; therefore, therapy does not fit in a box. Connect to what a fulfilled life looks like for you; and, then how to live that life. Shedding of old patterns and transition into your genuine self. Also, offer energy work.
(865) 346-2935 View (865) 346-2935
Photo of Sweetgrass Counseling & Consultation, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
Sweetgrass Counseling & Consultation
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38132
Waitlist for new clients
We specialize in restoring relationships- the relationship with your spouse, your children, your extended family, the world, your community, but most importantly the relationship with yourself.
At Sweetgrass Counseling & Consultation, LLC we believe that: "Each strand alone is not as strong as when braided together." On your counseling journey we aim to serve as a support in weaving together the vision for your life. We are compatible with motivated clients, that are willing to partner in an effort to interrupt emotional or cognitive patterns that are not serving you. We believe that you have intuitive tools that may not be accessible due to "guarded relating" that so many of us have adopted to protect ourselves. Allow us to assist you in unearthing tools that identify your barriers and create sustainable change.
We specialize in restoring relationships- the relationship with your spouse, your children, your extended family, the world, your community, but most importantly the relationship with yourself.
At Sweetgrass Counseling & Consultation, LLC we believe that: "Each strand alone is not as strong as when braided together." On your counseling journey we aim to serve as a support in weaving together the vision for your life. We are compatible with motivated clients, that are willing to partner in an effort to interrupt emotional or cognitive patterns that are not serving you. We believe that you have intuitive tools that may not be accessible due to "guarded relating" that so many of us have adopted to protect ourselves. Allow us to assist you in unearthing tools that identify your barriers and create sustainable change.
(901) 245-3220 x1 View (901) 245-3220 x1
Photo of Kristen Moore, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tennessee
Kristen Moore
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37403
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist providing counseling for women.
If you are looking for a therapeutic companion as you walk toward healing and growth, I would be honored to work with you. Through our work together, we will identify ways for you to manage your symptoms and address any barriers standing in the way of you reaching your goals.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist providing counseling for women.
If you are looking for a therapeutic companion as you walk toward healing and growth, I would be honored to work with you. Through our work together, we will identify ways for you to manage your symptoms and address any barriers standing in the way of you reaching your goals.
(423) 436-8755 View (423) 436-8755
Photo of Ferren Family Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee
Ferren Family Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38104
Everyone experiences feelings of anxiety, stress, sadness, and other feelings that are difficult from time to time. When emotional or behavioral problems are disrupting your life, it may be time to reach out for help. At FFC, we offer Individual Therapy, Couples Therapy, Family Therapy, Group Therapy, Telehealth, Consultation, and Community Education as means to help our community "Learn. Heal. Thrive."
Everyone experiences feelings of anxiety, stress, sadness, and other feelings that are difficult from time to time. When emotional or behavioral problems are disrupting your life, it may be time to reach out for help. At FFC, we offer Individual Therapy, Couples Therapy, Family Therapy, Group Therapy, Telehealth, Consultation, and Community Education as means to help our community "Learn. Heal. Thrive."
(901) 410-9194 View (901) 410-9194
Photo of Drea Pryor, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tennessee
Drea Pryor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
I specialize in Internal Family Systems Therapy, helping individuals and couples explore and harmonize their inner world.
It's my belief that within relationships we are both hurt and healed. I practice from a relational approach, specifically Attachment Theory. Attachment shapes how we view ourselves and others, and influences how we "do" close relationships. We may unconsciously carry feelings of anxiety, pain, humiliation, or even abandonment from our relationships. For example, early childhood experiences of sexual abuse, neglect, grief, loss, or vicarious trauma impact one's perception of safety and security. As a result, we may find it difficult to form satisfactory relationships in adulthood. Navigating through this process alone can be hard.Thankfully, you don't have to do it alone.
I specialize in Internal Family Systems Therapy, helping individuals and couples explore and harmonize their inner world.
It's my belief that within relationships we are both hurt and healed. I practice from a relational approach, specifically Attachment Theory. Attachment shapes how we view ourselves and others, and influences how we "do" close relationships. We may unconsciously carry feelings of anxiety, pain, humiliation, or even abandonment from our relationships. For example, early childhood experiences of sexual abuse, neglect, grief, loss, or vicarious trauma impact one's perception of safety and security. As a result, we may find it difficult to form satisfactory relationships in adulthood. Navigating through this process alone can be hard.Thankfully, you don't have to do it alone.
(615) 903-0735 View (615) 903-0735
Photo of Bre’Onna Joyce Logothetis in Tennessee
Bre’Onna Joyce Logothetis
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37208
Those who are facing heart break, loneliness, family questions, drama, life transitions, trauma, loss and grief, anxiety and depression, those who have experienced abuse of any kind, those who are wanting to understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, & those who just need guidance.
There is a stigma that seeking counseling is weak or only for those who are going through “really hard things” - both of those statements are simply not true. Taking time to focus on who you are and pouring into your mental health is a great way to love yourself. With that being said, it takes a great amount of vulnerability, humility, courage, and hope to open up to someone about things you may have never talked to anyone about before. My desire as a counselor is to build trust and help you feel safe and comfortable as we work together.
Those who are facing heart break, loneliness, family questions, drama, life transitions, trauma, loss and grief, anxiety and depression, those who have experienced abuse of any kind, those who are wanting to understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, & those who just need guidance.
There is a stigma that seeking counseling is weak or only for those who are going through “really hard things” - both of those statements are simply not true. Taking time to focus on who you are and pouring into your mental health is a great way to love yourself. With that being said, it takes a great amount of vulnerability, humility, courage, and hope to open up to someone about things you may have never talked to anyone about before. My desire as a counselor is to build trust and help you feel safe and comfortable as we work together.
(615) 905-1344 View (615) 905-1344
Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.