Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Talia Palant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Talia Palant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
Life's journey is riddled with challenges and transitions. I specialize in aiding adult clients grappling with a history of trauma, carrying scars that haunt their daily lives. Together, we navigate the emotional labyrinth, working to mend shattered pieces. Trauma casts a shadow, impacting self-esteem and relationships. Mood regulation difficulties complicate their journey, as they wrestle with the ebbs and flows of their emotional landscape. It's a relentless inner battle my clients face, and I'm here to guide them through.
Life's journey is riddled with challenges and transitions. I specialize in aiding adult clients grappling with a history of trauma, carrying scars that haunt their daily lives. Together, we navigate the emotional labyrinth, working to mend shattered pieces. Trauma casts a shadow, impacting self-esteem and relationships. Mood regulation difficulties complicate their journey, as they wrestle with the ebbs and flows of their emotional landscape. It's a relentless inner battle my clients face, and I'm here to guide them through.
(267) 458-7026 View (267) 458-7026
Photo of Claudia Apfelbaum, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Claudia Apfelbaum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19144
I work with people in transition, who are seeking connection, meaning and purpose in their lives. I offer a safe space for you to process difficult emotions and dynamics in the present and from the past. Processing those experiences will help you gain control and feel in charge of your life. If you feel stuck, I can help.
I work with people in transition, who are seeking connection, meaning and purpose in their lives. I offer a safe space for you to process difficult emotions and dynamics in the present and from the past. Processing those experiences will help you gain control and feel in charge of your life. If you feel stuck, I can help.
(267) 633-8375 View (267) 633-8375
Photo of The Dantzler House , Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
The Dantzler House
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Waitlist for new clients
Being committed to my patients is my main goal. Having patients that exhibit the same quality as being committed to Therapy will build a trusting environment to increase healing and build a positive patient - therapist rapport.
Being committed to my patients is my main goal. Having patients that exhibit the same quality as being committed to Therapy will build a trusting environment to increase healing and build a positive patient - therapist rapport.
(484) 376-4886 View (484) 376-4886
Photo of Damon Constantinides, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Damon Constantinides
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Waitlist for new clients
These are uncertain times. Therapy can be an anchor as we all weather the unpredictable circumstances of our lives and the world around us. It can be a place to grow, heal, or make changes in your live that feel difficult. I work with clients who need help managing anxiety, are feeling sad or confused, or are going through a hard time. I see my job as sitting next to you, seeing the world through your eyes, and helping you come up with the plan that's right for you. I come from a relational and social justice perspective and bring tools from narrative therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and mindfulness based stress reduction.
These are uncertain times. Therapy can be an anchor as we all weather the unpredictable circumstances of our lives and the world around us. It can be a place to grow, heal, or make changes in your live that feel difficult. I work with clients who need help managing anxiety, are feeling sad or confused, or are going through a hard time. I see my job as sitting next to you, seeing the world through your eyes, and helping you come up with the plan that's right for you. I come from a relational and social justice perspective and bring tools from narrative therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and mindfulness based stress reduction.
(215) 273-3601 View (215) 273-3601
Photo of Matthew Weiner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Matthew Weiner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
My goal is to guide people toward making meaningful change. My patients can vary from people who have experienced acute traumatic events, suffered from health-related problems, or are struggling with the problems of everyday life. Utilizing a trauma-informed treatment perspective, I invite my patients into a safe and collaborative therapeutic relationship. I have a decade-plus history of helping individuals experiencing issues ranging from social anxiety to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
My goal is to guide people toward making meaningful change. My patients can vary from people who have experienced acute traumatic events, suffered from health-related problems, or are struggling with the problems of everyday life. Utilizing a trauma-informed treatment perspective, I invite my patients into a safe and collaborative therapeutic relationship. I have a decade-plus history of helping individuals experiencing issues ranging from social anxiety to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
(484) 309-9424 View (484) 309-9424
Photo of Katie Bank, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Katie Bank
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, BC-DMT, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I want to help you feel supported and restore hope that things can get better. Through a warm and authentic style, we'll find a unique and individualized approach at a pace that feels right and matches your needs. Together our sessions will move you closer to your goals, work through emotions, prioritize what you value, and seek overall understanding and balance. I work mostly with adults and couples in counseling.
I want to help you feel supported and restore hope that things can get better. Through a warm and authentic style, we'll find a unique and individualized approach at a pace that feels right and matches your needs. Together our sessions will move you closer to your goals, work through emotions, prioritize what you value, and seek overall understanding and balance. I work mostly with adults and couples in counseling.
(267) 214-3270 View (267) 214-3270
Photo of Beth Rosenwasser, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Beth Rosenwasser
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, BCBA-D
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19130
Reaching out is the 1st step toward feeling relief and achieving personal, family or professional goals. Therapy offers private time with support to take a fresh look at your situation and evaluate options. I bring to the room more than 20 years of experience in clinical practice, as well as designing and directing treatment programs, training therapists, and publishing in the field. People I work with tell me I am easy to talk to, warm and non-judgmental. They appreciate my ability to 'keep it real,' helping develop practical solutions in 3 - 12 sessions, or in longer-term therapy.
Reaching out is the 1st step toward feeling relief and achieving personal, family or professional goals. Therapy offers private time with support to take a fresh look at your situation and evaluate options. I bring to the room more than 20 years of experience in clinical practice, as well as designing and directing treatment programs, training therapists, and publishing in the field. People I work with tell me I am easy to talk to, warm and non-judgmental. They appreciate my ability to 'keep it real,' helping develop practical solutions in 3 - 12 sessions, or in longer-term therapy.
(484) 334-2963 View (484) 334-2963
Photo of Charles Grove, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Charles Grove
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19119
Personal growth is a process of empowerment--an awakening to our capacity for welcoming change into our lives. My role as therapist is to meet you where you are. Through our supportive alliance, you'll gain an advocate committed to helping you connect with new possibilities and inner resources to achieve your goals. I provide a comfortable space for safe exploration. I value attentive listening and curiosity about how a compassionate understanding of your past can often inform the resolution of distressing circumstances in your present.
Personal growth is a process of empowerment--an awakening to our capacity for welcoming change into our lives. My role as therapist is to meet you where you are. Through our supportive alliance, you'll gain an advocate committed to helping you connect with new possibilities and inner resources to achieve your goals. I provide a comfortable space for safe exploration. I value attentive listening and curiosity about how a compassionate understanding of your past can often inform the resolution of distressing circumstances in your present.
(267) 271-9916 View (267) 271-9916
Photo of Anastasia (Onyx) Fujii, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Anastasia (Onyx) Fujii
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19125
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that therapy begins with the building of a strong, honest, and collaborative relationship. Through the creation of this alliance, it becomes possible to discover a client-centered focus for treatment and to engage dynamically in the therapeutic process. I see therapy as a space for healing and growth, co-created and nurtured by both client and clinician. My practice is psychodynamic, relational, and at its core holistic, recognizing and integrating the biological, psychological, and social aspects of experience, as well as the individual, institutional, and cultural roots of issues as they arise.
I believe that therapy begins with the building of a strong, honest, and collaborative relationship. Through the creation of this alliance, it becomes possible to discover a client-centered focus for treatment and to engage dynamically in the therapeutic process. I see therapy as a space for healing and growth, co-created and nurtured by both client and clinician. My practice is psychodynamic, relational, and at its core holistic, recognizing and integrating the biological, psychological, and social aspects of experience, as well as the individual, institutional, and cultural roots of issues as they arise.
(267) 908-3693 View (267) 908-3693
Photo of Maryann Connolly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Maryann Connolly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I currently ONLY have availability for IFS Level 1 graduates seeking clinical consultation/therapy. Resolving trauma can be a long and difficult process. It is comforting - and essential - to have a compassionate and consistent therapist as you walk the road to healing and joy. With over 25 years of experience and a specialty in treating trauma, I can help provide the roadmap to a healthy resolution. Many clients try to avoid distressing memories, but this is rarely successful in the long run. With the newer trauma-specific treatments now available, perhaps together we can find our way to lasting peace.
I currently ONLY have availability for IFS Level 1 graduates seeking clinical consultation/therapy. Resolving trauma can be a long and difficult process. It is comforting - and essential - to have a compassionate and consistent therapist as you walk the road to healing and joy. With over 25 years of experience and a specialty in treating trauma, I can help provide the roadmap to a healthy resolution. Many clients try to avoid distressing memories, but this is rarely successful in the long run. With the newer trauma-specific treatments now available, perhaps together we can find our way to lasting peace.
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Photo of Demeko Freeman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Demeko Freeman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MMT, LPC, MT-BC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19119
Take a moment and visualize your life as a garden, influenced by various individuals and experiences that have shaped its landscape. You may notice aspects of your garden that no longer align with your desires—a tangle of vines choking your flowers or plants that no longer serve you. Maybe you have yearning to create a garden that truly reflects who you are and are unsure of what you want to grow. Some sections of your garden are thriving and others aren't. Whether there is that type of knowing or its processing an adverse event(s), you have an awareness that your "garden" isn't as full as you want it to be.
Take a moment and visualize your life as a garden, influenced by various individuals and experiences that have shaped its landscape. You may notice aspects of your garden that no longer align with your desires—a tangle of vines choking your flowers or plants that no longer serve you. Maybe you have yearning to create a garden that truly reflects who you are and are unsure of what you want to grow. Some sections of your garden are thriving and others aren't. Whether there is that type of knowing or its processing an adverse event(s), you have an awareness that your "garden" isn't as full as you want it to be.
(267) 313-5836 View (267) 313-5836
Photo of Fabienne A Clark, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Fabienne A Clark
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counsellor (LPC) based in Philadelphia. I received my Masters fom LaSalle University in Philadelphia and have been practicing for 5 years. I have at present worked soley in Community Mental Health, where I feel I have learned the fundamentals of counseling. Working within the broad spectrum of community mental health has given me the impetus to expand my horizons with the challenges of counseling a more diverse population.
Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counsellor (LPC) based in Philadelphia. I received my Masters fom LaSalle University in Philadelphia and have been practicing for 5 years. I have at present worked soley in Community Mental Health, where I feel I have learned the fundamentals of counseling. Working within the broad spectrum of community mental health has given me the impetus to expand my horizons with the challenges of counseling a more diverse population.
(267) 848-8760 View (267) 848-8760
Photo of Kate Wright, Marriage & Family Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Kate Wright
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
You feel anxious, stuck, and overwhelmed. Perhaps you’ve been told you’re “too sensitive,” or maybe that you worry or expect too much. It’s hard to feel heard and understood by those around you. You struggle to feel good enough, to have trust that things will work out. You want nothing more than to feel calm and secure in your life, but you don’t know where to begin. If any of this sounds familiar, you've come to the right place.
You feel anxious, stuck, and overwhelmed. Perhaps you’ve been told you’re “too sensitive,” or maybe that you worry or expect too much. It’s hard to feel heard and understood by those around you. You struggle to feel good enough, to have trust that things will work out. You want nothing more than to feel calm and secure in your life, but you don’t know where to begin. If any of this sounds familiar, you've come to the right place.
(267) 710-9271 View (267) 710-9271
Photo of Anna Vresilovic, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Anna Vresilovic
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
You want to feel secure and balanced in your life. You’re trying to navigate a complex working environment while being supportive at home. You yearn for more intimacy, understanding, and connection in your relationships. My therapeutic approach will move you towards the confident and caring person you strive to be, help you shed unhealthy habits and negative thought patterns, and establish healthy boundaries for yourself and others.
You want to feel secure and balanced in your life. You’re trying to navigate a complex working environment while being supportive at home. You yearn for more intimacy, understanding, and connection in your relationships. My therapeutic approach will move you towards the confident and caring person you strive to be, help you shed unhealthy habits and negative thought patterns, and establish healthy boundaries for yourself and others.
(484) 897-7302 View (484) 897-7302
Photo of Phil Gardner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Phil Gardner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
I believe in a strengths-based approach to treatment, which means I start by working to understand who my client is, what their concerns/goals are, and how they can best be approached. This allows me to collaborate with my clients to develop effective coping skills for substance use, anxiety, depression, adjustment to aging, grief, relationship stress and boundary setting, or reactions to trauma. I also have experience with queer populations (LGBTQ+). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Pennsylvania with 10 years of professional experience in nonprofit and an additional 4 years in therapy practice.
I believe in a strengths-based approach to treatment, which means I start by working to understand who my client is, what their concerns/goals are, and how they can best be approached. This allows me to collaborate with my clients to develop effective coping skills for substance use, anxiety, depression, adjustment to aging, grief, relationship stress and boundary setting, or reactions to trauma. I also have experience with queer populations (LGBTQ+). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Pennsylvania with 10 years of professional experience in nonprofit and an additional 4 years in therapy practice.
(267) 754-9212 View (267) 754-9212
Photo of Caroline Kuttler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Caroline Kuttler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147
Deciding to start therapy can be a challenging and vulnerable process. My goal as a therapist is to make each individual feel as safe and supported as possible with high levels of empathy, compassion, and genuineness. Throughout the therapy process, I value the importance of improving relationships, managing stress, and increasing the ability to identify and regulate emotions. In sessions, I emphasis the importance of processing core beliefs we hold towards ourself and the world, practicing daily mindfulness, and learning skills to effectively regulate our emotions. I also provide supervision for pre-licensed clinicians!
Deciding to start therapy can be a challenging and vulnerable process. My goal as a therapist is to make each individual feel as safe and supported as possible with high levels of empathy, compassion, and genuineness. Throughout the therapy process, I value the importance of improving relationships, managing stress, and increasing the ability to identify and regulate emotions. In sessions, I emphasis the importance of processing core beliefs we hold towards ourself and the world, practicing daily mindfulness, and learning skills to effectively regulate our emotions. I also provide supervision for pre-licensed clinicians!
(215) 608-1069 View (215) 608-1069
Photo of Love-Life Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Love-Life Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19130  (Online Only)
The mission of Love-Life Therapy is: To help you recover from unfulfilling interpersonal and romantic patterns, and transform the health of your relationships. To deepen your understanding of your needs and desires in relationships. To uncover the links between your upbringing and repetition of patterns with partners. And to heal from inherited family trauma in a tangible and sustainable way. As a trauma-informed therapist, I focus on empowerment, safety, trust, and choice while healing.
The mission of Love-Life Therapy is: To help you recover from unfulfilling interpersonal and romantic patterns, and transform the health of your relationships. To deepen your understanding of your needs and desires in relationships. To uncover the links between your upbringing and repetition of patterns with partners. And to heal from inherited family trauma in a tangible and sustainable way. As a trauma-informed therapist, I focus on empowerment, safety, trust, and choice while healing.
(215) 398-7103 View (215) 398-7103
Photo of Rachel Milberg, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Rachel Milberg
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Welcome! I'm Rachel. In my therapy, I care about building a space with you that is safe and uniquely yours, where you can share what is on your mind and feel supported in making meaningful changes to your life. I believe in the power of being heard and understood, and strive to create a comfortable, non-judgmental therapeutic experience for those I work with. I use a relational and systemic framework by exploring challenges in the context of our world and our relationships. I bring my personality into my work, including my sense of humor, curiosity, and compassion. I look forward to learning more about you and your goals!
Welcome! I'm Rachel. In my therapy, I care about building a space with you that is safe and uniquely yours, where you can share what is on your mind and feel supported in making meaningful changes to your life. I believe in the power of being heard and understood, and strive to create a comfortable, non-judgmental therapeutic experience for those I work with. I use a relational and systemic framework by exploring challenges in the context of our world and our relationships. I bring my personality into my work, including my sense of humor, curiosity, and compassion. I look forward to learning more about you and your goals!
(267) 214-8815 View (267) 214-8815
Photo of Fran Hahn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Fran Hahn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19106
If you are hurting and want to feel better - whether the pain takes the form of sadness, anxiety, depression, family or relationship issues, trauma, adjustment to new situations or environments - or just about anything else - I can help you. In my 15 years of experience in the field, I use various different treatment modalities catered to your individual needs, with a focus on psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
If you are hurting and want to feel better - whether the pain takes the form of sadness, anxiety, depression, family or relationship issues, trauma, adjustment to new situations or environments - or just about anything else - I can help you. In my 15 years of experience in the field, I use various different treatment modalities catered to your individual needs, with a focus on psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
(267) 692-8195 View (267) 692-8195
Photo of Gabby Boatwright, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Gabby Boatwright
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
My goal as a therapist is to give people a safe space to be themselves. Life is tough sometimes, and having support is important to the healing and self-discovery processes. I learned through my own life’s challenges the value in having someone to be an accepting, empathetic listener who helps you unpack the bags that weigh you down.
My goal as a therapist is to give people a safe space to be themselves. Life is tough sometimes, and having support is important to the healing and self-discovery processes. I learned through my own life’s challenges the value in having someone to be an accepting, empathetic listener who helps you unpack the bags that weigh you down.
(267) 459-9748 View (267) 459-9748

See more therapy options for Philadelphia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$143

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
60% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.