Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Hanna Berleth, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Hanna Berleth
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19104  (Online Only)
I see therapy as a holistic endeavor. When it comes to creating change, I believe in the importance of our bodies, not just our heads, in the healing process. So many of us have no issues with thinking. We can clearly analyze, and maybe even feel like we overanalyze, our struggles but still feel disconnected from ourselves, our relationships, the world around us. We are much more than our thoughts and I find therapy to be more effective when our full human experience- physical, emotional, spiritual- is also given focus.
I see therapy as a holistic endeavor. When it comes to creating change, I believe in the importance of our bodies, not just our heads, in the healing process. So many of us have no issues with thinking. We can clearly analyze, and maybe even feel like we overanalyze, our struggles but still feel disconnected from ourselves, our relationships, the world around us. We are much more than our thoughts and I find therapy to be more effective when our full human experience- physical, emotional, spiritual- is also given focus.
(215) 515-7976 View (215) 515-7976
Photo of Max St. John, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Max St. John
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19144  (Online Only)
My goal as a therapist is to create an environment, and to foster a relationship in which my clients feel seen, heard, and safe to express their full range of emotions. Life is complicated, and much of the time people are burdened with meeting others’ expectations; in my practice I hope people feel comfortable enough to be vulnerable, and entirely themselves. Once our relationship is fostered through trust, honesty, and safety, a client and I will unpack and process negative self-beliefs, explore the importance of past and present relationships, and implement strategies to promote long term wellness.
My goal as a therapist is to create an environment, and to foster a relationship in which my clients feel seen, heard, and safe to express their full range of emotions. Life is complicated, and much of the time people are burdened with meeting others’ expectations; in my practice I hope people feel comfortable enough to be vulnerable, and entirely themselves. Once our relationship is fostered through trust, honesty, and safety, a client and I will unpack and process negative self-beliefs, explore the importance of past and present relationships, and implement strategies to promote long term wellness.
(215) 999-8933 View (215) 999-8933
Photo of John Applegate, MD & Associates, LLC in Philadelphia, PA
John Applegate, MD & Associates, LLC
MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19130
With years of experience and having earned the trust and respect of the Philadelphia Christian community, we are prepared to help you navigate the storms of life in good hands. With competent Christian psychiatrists, Christian psychologists, Biblical counselors and health coaching, we are well trained to address the complex interplay of body and soul.
With years of experience and having earned the trust and respect of the Philadelphia Christian community, we are prepared to help you navigate the storms of life in good hands. With competent Christian psychiatrists, Christian psychologists, Biblical counselors and health coaching, we are well trained to address the complex interplay of body and soul.
(215) 515-2821 View (215) 515-2821
Photo of Circle Counseling, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Circle Counseling
Psychologist, Dir, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19146
Hi everyone. I'm Gwen White, Director for Circle Counseling. When you call our number you will be talking to me. I will help you to make a connection with a therapist best suited for you. We have been serving Philadelphia for 27 years. If you go to our website, you can get a look at our partners and learn more about us.
Hi everyone. I'm Gwen White, Director for Circle Counseling. When you call our number you will be talking to me. I will help you to make a connection with a therapist best suited for you. We have been serving Philadelphia for 27 years. If you go to our website, you can get a look at our partners and learn more about us.
(215) 770-3875 View (215) 770-3875
Photo of Bridgett Bollin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Bridgett Bollin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Difficult experiences in childhood can linger on in adulthood as low self esteem, difficulties dating, and underperforming professionally. You may also wonder if better relationships with difficult family members are possible. I specialize in working with individuals who want relief from anxiety, insecurities and a harsh inner critic, but also want to better understand themselves. As a psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapist, I can help you make sense of how the past lives on in the present, so that you can get unstuck from patterns that no longer serve you, to live with greater clarity, confidence and joy.
Difficult experiences in childhood can linger on in adulthood as low self esteem, difficulties dating, and underperforming professionally. You may also wonder if better relationships with difficult family members are possible. I specialize in working with individuals who want relief from anxiety, insecurities and a harsh inner critic, but also want to better understand themselves. As a psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapist, I can help you make sense of how the past lives on in the present, so that you can get unstuck from patterns that no longer serve you, to live with greater clarity, confidence and joy.
(267) 296-8313 View (267) 296-8313
Photo of Aurelio García, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Aurelio García
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Hola! I'm Aurelio. I provide IFS-informed EMDR and relationship therapy in English and Spanish for adults, including those who identify as people of color, polyam/non-monog, neurodiverse, kinky, LGBQ+, and trans/gender expansive. I also support folks exploring identities, and those healing from trauma and emotional pain. My liberation and healing are bound up with yours. I see healing as an ongoing process that we do for ourselves, our community, our ancestors, and the ones who will come after us. A process where we collectively hold space for each other, tend to our wounds, laugh, and strengthen our capacity to survive and thrive.
Hola! I'm Aurelio. I provide IFS-informed EMDR and relationship therapy in English and Spanish for adults, including those who identify as people of color, polyam/non-monog, neurodiverse, kinky, LGBQ+, and trans/gender expansive. I also support folks exploring identities, and those healing from trauma and emotional pain. My liberation and healing are bound up with yours. I see healing as an ongoing process that we do for ourselves, our community, our ancestors, and the ones who will come after us. A process where we collectively hold space for each other, tend to our wounds, laugh, and strengthen our capacity to survive and thrive.
(484) 669-7028 View (484) 669-7028
Photo of Timothy Judson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Timothy Judson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Hello. I am a licenced clinical social worker who loves life and working with others. I have had my struggles in life, and after seeking and recieving help, I fell in love with the idea of making a difference by challenging and supporting people in the therapeutic process.
Hello. I am a licenced clinical social worker who loves life and working with others. I have had my struggles in life, and after seeking and recieving help, I fell in love with the idea of making a difference by challenging and supporting people in the therapeutic process.
(484) 946-3862 View (484) 946-3862
Photo of Virginia Harr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Virginia Harr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Overwhelming feelings, difficult life transitions, and relationship challenges are normal; but they can take a major toll on the quality of your life and your sense of well-being. In my decade of clinical experience, I've seen therapy provide relief, clarity, and empowerment.
Overwhelming feelings, difficult life transitions, and relationship challenges are normal; but they can take a major toll on the quality of your life and your sense of well-being. In my decade of clinical experience, I've seen therapy provide relief, clarity, and empowerment.
(267) 494-6010 View (267) 494-6010
Photo of Nancy Gale Wzontek, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Nancy Gale Wzontek
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Are you feeling stuck or unhappy in terms of a relationship, job, or in life in general? My integrative, solution-based focus is tailored to your specific situation, goals, personality, and comfort level. Together, we can identify and change the obstacles that are preventing you from better pursuing your goals, getting along better with the important people in your life, and feeling more confident and less anxious. My goal is to help you to find new ways of thinking about yourself and others so that you can manage challenges more easily and feel more confident and fulfilled in your life.
Are you feeling stuck or unhappy in terms of a relationship, job, or in life in general? My integrative, solution-based focus is tailored to your specific situation, goals, personality, and comfort level. Together, we can identify and change the obstacles that are preventing you from better pursuing your goals, getting along better with the important people in your life, and feeling more confident and less anxious. My goal is to help you to find new ways of thinking about yourself and others so that you can manage challenges more easily and feel more confident and fulfilled in your life.
(610) 595-4378 View (610) 595-4378
Photo of Joanne Perilstein, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Joanne Perilstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Do you lay awake worrying about your relationship, your family, money, your job, or your life in general? Feel stressed out, unable to relax? Are you easily distractible, have trouble accomplishing things, and wonder if you have ADHD? Wish you could "stop the world and get off" for while? Therapy is a good place to do just that. To help you figure out what's not working, and new ways to approach old problems. Like how to avoid having the same fight over and over with a loved one. Or maybe you just need someone to talk to, who won't judge you.
Do you lay awake worrying about your relationship, your family, money, your job, or your life in general? Feel stressed out, unable to relax? Are you easily distractible, have trouble accomplishing things, and wonder if you have ADHD? Wish you could "stop the world and get off" for while? Therapy is a good place to do just that. To help you figure out what's not working, and new ways to approach old problems. Like how to avoid having the same fight over and over with a loved one. Or maybe you just need someone to talk to, who won't judge you.
(215) 564-4669 View (215) 564-4669
Photo of Andrew Lightfoot, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Andrew Lightfoot
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19107  (Online Only)
Drew Lightfoot specializes in working with individuals with depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, couples and marriage counseling, autism-spectrum disorder, and trauma/PTSD.  His approach includes a mixture of finding a meaning and purpose in life, learning ways to cope with stress and overwhelming emotions, improving social skills and communication, and changing the negative ways we think about ourselves and our world. Drew Lightfoot is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of combined education and experience in the field of Psychology and Counseling. 
Drew Lightfoot specializes in working with individuals with depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, couples and marriage counseling, autism-spectrum disorder, and trauma/PTSD.  His approach includes a mixture of finding a meaning and purpose in life, learning ways to cope with stress and overwhelming emotions, improving social skills and communication, and changing the negative ways we think about ourselves and our world. Drew Lightfoot is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of combined education and experience in the field of Psychology and Counseling. 
(267) 463-4655 View (267) 463-4655
Photo of Taylor Nance, Marriage & Family Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Taylor Nance
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Perhaps you're being pulled in a million different directions & beginning to feel that the people closest to you are taking you for granted. You can't seem to find time for yourself, & although you try to fight it, resentment is building. It may seem like the odds are against you, but there is hope! You can create calm in this chaos. I want to empower you to build higher esteem by prioritizing your wellbeing, reduce stress by releasing things out of your control, & gain self-compassion as you make peace with the past. Together we will work towards developing a life that is aligned with your values despite its never ending demands.
Perhaps you're being pulled in a million different directions & beginning to feel that the people closest to you are taking you for granted. You can't seem to find time for yourself, & although you try to fight it, resentment is building. It may seem like the odds are against you, but there is hope! You can create calm in this chaos. I want to empower you to build higher esteem by prioritizing your wellbeing, reduce stress by releasing things out of your control, & gain self-compassion as you make peace with the past. Together we will work towards developing a life that is aligned with your values despite its never ending demands.
(215) 458-5953 View (215) 458-5953
Photo of Erica deDufour, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Erica deDufour
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
Are you ready for a new perspective on life? Tired of feeling anxious, hopeless, or overwhelmed? Hi, I'm Erica and I'm here to help you address and work through whatever's keeping you from living the life you desire. If anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, stress, or trauma are holding you back, let’s work through it and reframe your experience so you can live life on your terms. Together, we will identify triggers, challenge negative thought patterns, and develop healthy coping skills.
Are you ready for a new perspective on life? Tired of feeling anxious, hopeless, or overwhelmed? Hi, I'm Erica and I'm here to help you address and work through whatever's keeping you from living the life you desire. If anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, stress, or trauma are holding you back, let’s work through it and reframe your experience so you can live life on your terms. Together, we will identify triggers, challenge negative thought patterns, and develop healthy coping skills.
(484) 255-8144 View (484) 255-8144
Photo of Hana Kubkova, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Hana Kubkova
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19107
I am a clinical social worker licensed in Pennsylvania with 13 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I have worked in a variety of settings, including an inpatient and outpatient-psychiatry center, a foster care residential facility, a women’s counseling agency, and a drug and alcohol rehabilitation clinic. I currently see clients in my private practice in Philadelphia for short-term (10-12 sessions) or long-term treatment (6 months or longer), depending on their goals. My collaborative therapeutic approach combines multiple techniques (e.g. Gestalt, Psychodynamic, EMDR, CBT, and Mindfulness).
I am a clinical social worker licensed in Pennsylvania with 13 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I have worked in a variety of settings, including an inpatient and outpatient-psychiatry center, a foster care residential facility, a women’s counseling agency, and a drug and alcohol rehabilitation clinic. I currently see clients in my private practice in Philadelphia for short-term (10-12 sessions) or long-term treatment (6 months or longer), depending on their goals. My collaborative therapeutic approach combines multiple techniques (e.g. Gestalt, Psychodynamic, EMDR, CBT, and Mindfulness).
(415) 917-2996 View (415) 917-2996
Photo of Katie O'Connor, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Katie O'Connor
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147
Mental health struggles are common but your particular experience with them is unique. That is why your relationship with your therapist is so crucial. To have someone who is there for you for the sole purpose of providing support is such an amazing and empowering experience. I get to know you as an individual, help you identify your strengths, and find access to your resilience. You may have lost insight into your important qualities due to life events or a mental health disorder. Let us investigate what has gotten in your way and how to move through it to get to the other side.
Mental health struggles are common but your particular experience with them is unique. That is why your relationship with your therapist is so crucial. To have someone who is there for you for the sole purpose of providing support is such an amazing and empowering experience. I get to know you as an individual, help you identify your strengths, and find access to your resilience. You may have lost insight into your important qualities due to life events or a mental health disorder. Let us investigate what has gotten in your way and how to move through it to get to the other side.
(267) 668-1677 View (267) 668-1677
Photo of South Philly EMDR and Psychotherapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
South Philly EMDR and Psychotherapy
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147
Welcome to South Philly EMDR and Psychotherapy! Are you having difficulties surrounding emotional regulation, staying in the present moment, racing thoughts, or self care? Have you found your relationships with both others and yourself have been increasingly strained? With South Philly's EMDR & Psychotherapy's team of trauma informed therapists you will be able to explore which techniques and skills work best specifically for you in order to reduce symptoms, increase mindfulness of yourself and others, and create a life fueled by intention.
Welcome to South Philly EMDR and Psychotherapy! Are you having difficulties surrounding emotional regulation, staying in the present moment, racing thoughts, or self care? Have you found your relationships with both others and yourself have been increasingly strained? With South Philly's EMDR & Psychotherapy's team of trauma informed therapists you will be able to explore which techniques and skills work best specifically for you in order to reduce symptoms, increase mindfulness of yourself and others, and create a life fueled by intention.
(484) 613-3905 View (484) 613-3905
Photo of Devon Bowman, Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Devon Bowman
Counselor, MS, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
Hi I’m Devon and I’m glad you’re here. I’m a master’s level counselor with a degree specialized in trauma treatment. When we have experiences that change the way we relate to the world, it can be difficult to adjust. I’d consider it an honor to be part of your journey toward healing and re-discovery. It is my goal to provide you with a container to process and explore your emotions. I can also teach you skills to help establish a sense of safety within yourself and your environment.
Hi I’m Devon and I’m glad you’re here. I’m a master’s level counselor with a degree specialized in trauma treatment. When we have experiences that change the way we relate to the world, it can be difficult to adjust. I’d consider it an honor to be part of your journey toward healing and re-discovery. It is my goal to provide you with a container to process and explore your emotions. I can also teach you skills to help establish a sense of safety within yourself and your environment.
(484) 616-2767 View (484) 616-2767
Photo of Julia Ferrence, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Julia Ferrence
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19130
Therapy is about personal understanding, change, growth, and finding happiness within yourself. As a cognitive therapist, I help clients see the connection between their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and use this inner awareness to improve their day to day lives. I work with adolescents and adults in individual, family and couples therapy to overcome emotional and relational challenges that may be keeping them from achieving their goals and living happy, fulfilled lives. I have expertise in working with clients suffering from anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, parenting issues, prenatal and post-natal challenges, family stressors, illness and losses of all kinds.
Therapy is about personal understanding, change, growth, and finding happiness within yourself. As a cognitive therapist, I help clients see the connection between their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and use this inner awareness to improve their day to day lives. I work with adolescents and adults in individual, family and couples therapy to overcome emotional and relational challenges that may be keeping them from achieving their goals and living happy, fulfilled lives. I have expertise in working with clients suffering from anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, parenting issues, prenatal and post-natal challenges, family stressors, illness and losses of all kinds.
(267) 399-1092 View (267) 399-1092
Photo of Kristin Townsend, Marriage & Family Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Kristin Townsend
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
With a over a decade of experience, I'm here to help you feel supported and understood as you navigate life's uncertainty. Whether you are navigating challenges such as stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or seeking personal growth, I can help! ​Over the years, I've honed my expertise in various therapeutic modalities, blending traditional psychotherapy with mindfulness techniques, meditation, and other somatic approaches to guide you towards a life of intention, peace and fulfillment.
With a over a decade of experience, I'm here to help you feel supported and understood as you navigate life's uncertainty. Whether you are navigating challenges such as stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or seeking personal growth, I can help! ​Over the years, I've honed my expertise in various therapeutic modalities, blending traditional psychotherapy with mindfulness techniques, meditation, and other somatic approaches to guide you towards a life of intention, peace and fulfillment.
(484) 228-7043 View (484) 228-7043
Photo of Daniel Pinsk, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Daniel Pinsk
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19122
I believe that therapy should be an engaging and enriching experience. Therapy is collaborative, it is a conversation, and it can even be enjoyable. I strive to do what I can to make you as comfortable as possible in session. You are the expert on you, and it’s my job to help you figure out what that means. I specialize in the following: Queer and Transgender issues, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Anxiety, Depression, Adolescent and Young Adult Issues, Stress Management, Aging, Grief Counseling. and Relationship Stress
I believe that therapy should be an engaging and enriching experience. Therapy is collaborative, it is a conversation, and it can even be enjoyable. I strive to do what I can to make you as comfortable as possible in session. You are the expert on you, and it’s my job to help you figure out what that means. I specialize in the following: Queer and Transgender issues, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Anxiety, Depression, Adolescent and Young Adult Issues, Stress Management, Aging, Grief Counseling. and Relationship Stress
(215) 273-9338 View (215) 273-9338

See more therapy options for Philadelphia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$143

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
60% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.