Therapists in Portland, OR

View neighborhoods in Portland
Photo of Stefanie Cruz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Stefanie Cruz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
Currently no couples work, no crisis work. Individual telehealth therapy only. Finding the right therapist is a key part in having a positive and effective therapeutic experience. Whether you are beginning your therapeutic journey or continuing on, the growth toward self-discovery and healing is truly a commendable one. I am here to provide guidance toward gaining insight, authenticity to self, confidence, and an opportunity to break patterns. I specialize in: family of origin concerns, creating meaning in difficult hardships, accessing your strengths, rewriting narratives causing distress, and empowering you to be your best self.
Currently no couples work, no crisis work. Individual telehealth therapy only. Finding the right therapist is a key part in having a positive and effective therapeutic experience. Whether you are beginning your therapeutic journey or continuing on, the growth toward self-discovery and healing is truly a commendable one. I am here to provide guidance toward gaining insight, authenticity to self, confidence, and an opportunity to break patterns. I specialize in: family of origin concerns, creating meaning in difficult hardships, accessing your strengths, rewriting narratives causing distress, and empowering you to be your best self.
(971) 248-7833 View (971) 248-7833
Photo of Matthew Block, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Matthew Block
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232
Hi, my name is Matthew Block and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Oregon. I typically work with teens, adults, couples and families. I enjoy helping people work through identity development, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, parenting support, and spiritual concerns. I believe people are influenced by their biological temperament, life experiences, past and present relationships with significant people, and their core values.
Hi, my name is Matthew Block and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Oregon. I typically work with teens, adults, couples and families. I enjoy helping people work through identity development, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, parenting support, and spiritual concerns. I believe people are influenced by their biological temperament, life experiences, past and present relationships with significant people, and their core values.
(971) 791-3216 View (971) 791-3216
Photo of Benjamin Knowlton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Benjamin Knowlton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232
My diverse experience and willingness to go the extra mile help me stand out as a provider. In between sessions, I work tirelessly to research the most effective methods of providing clinical counseling to all types of mental illnesses, with an emphasis on depression and anxiety. Through my experience in the field, I have assisted vulnerable individuals and families in the most challenging of circumstances. By navigating near impossible situations, I have developed resiliency and problem-solving skills that are rare to the field of mental health.
My diverse experience and willingness to go the extra mile help me stand out as a provider. In between sessions, I work tirelessly to research the most effective methods of providing clinical counseling to all types of mental illnesses, with an emphasis on depression and anxiety. Through my experience in the field, I have assisted vulnerable individuals and families in the most challenging of circumstances. By navigating near impossible situations, I have developed resiliency and problem-solving skills that are rare to the field of mental health.
(503) 755-7860 View (503) 755-7860
Photo of Monica Drewer-Tabacchi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Monica Drewer-Tabacchi
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97206  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My practice is currently full. I believe that therapy can be social justice; self care can be a rebellion. I prioritize Queer, BIPOC and female identified care. All people are creative, resourceful and capable of growth. Change is difficult and we are all deserving of support. I am honored to work with folks through all of life’s transitions. If we decide to work together, we will identify goals and work through the barriers to becoming more healthy, happy and fulfilled. Email and I'll respond quickly. Phone calls may take longer.
My practice is currently full. I believe that therapy can be social justice; self care can be a rebellion. I prioritize Queer, BIPOC and female identified care. All people are creative, resourceful and capable of growth. Change is difficult and we are all deserving of support. I am honored to work with folks through all of life’s transitions. If we decide to work together, we will identify goals and work through the barriers to becoming more healthy, happy and fulfilled. Email and I'll respond quickly. Phone calls may take longer.
(971) 407-5729 View (971) 407-5729
Photo of Daniel Combs, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Daniel Combs
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97201
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! I am a licensed psychologist who specializes in working with adults and adolescents who are experiencing a wide variety of mental health issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety disorders, behavioral problems, relationship conflict, and trauma recovery. In addition to individual work, I also provide family therapy and parenting consultation, when indicated, to support parents and promote healthy communication and interactions.
Welcome! I am a licensed psychologist who specializes in working with adults and adolescents who are experiencing a wide variety of mental health issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety disorders, behavioral problems, relationship conflict, and trauma recovery. In addition to individual work, I also provide family therapy and parenting consultation, when indicated, to support parents and promote healthy communication and interactions.
(503) 948-7013 View (503) 948-7013
Photo of Emily L Trum, Art Therapist in Portland, OR
Emily L Trum
Art Therapist, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97239
Waitlist for new clients
I love working with kids and teens. Whether its a play therapy session with a seven year old who is learning to build skills around emotional regulation or a teenager exploring their identity as an individual, it is wonderful. I also enjoy supporting kids and teens process life challenges that are impacting their quality of existence so that they can move through them and begin to heal. There is nothing like supporting an individual to see themselves through the light of their strengths and how they can take those strengths out into the world.
I love working with kids and teens. Whether its a play therapy session with a seven year old who is learning to build skills around emotional regulation or a teenager exploring their identity as an individual, it is wonderful. I also enjoy supporting kids and teens process life challenges that are impacting their quality of existence so that they can move through them and begin to heal. There is nothing like supporting an individual to see themselves through the light of their strengths and how they can take those strengths out into the world.
(971) 363-5383 View (971) 363-5383
Photo of Brent Solari Lcsw Licsw Cadcii, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Brent Solari Lcsw Licsw Cadcii
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, IICSW, CADCII
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety, OCD, mood or relationship issues? Going through a major life transition like changing careers, divorce, or other loss? Do you have disturbing thoughts or compulsions related to OCD or other fears ? Have you lost a loved one or dealing with relationship issues. Hope and change are possible regardless of your struggle. Having someone listen and challenge you to look inside can help build new insight to cope with life's challenges. I am here to work with you on that path, building your ability to work through life's challenges
Are you struggling with anxiety, OCD, mood or relationship issues? Going through a major life transition like changing careers, divorce, or other loss? Do you have disturbing thoughts or compulsions related to OCD or other fears ? Have you lost a loved one or dealing with relationship issues. Hope and change are possible regardless of your struggle. Having someone listen and challenge you to look inside can help build new insight to cope with life's challenges. I am here to work with you on that path, building your ability to work through life's challenges
(971) 407-1998 View (971) 407-1998
Photo of Jamie Samantha Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Portland, OR
Jamie Samantha Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97215  (Online Only)
By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, including somatic practices and parts work (IFS), I can support your exploration of long-standing behavior patterns and perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. Clients that have been drawn to work with me include: couples looking for conflict management and relationship strengthening skills, clients experiencing grief and loss, neurodivergent clients, those in the LGBTQIA+ community.
By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, including somatic practices and parts work (IFS), I can support your exploration of long-standing behavior patterns and perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. Clients that have been drawn to work with me include: couples looking for conflict management and relationship strengthening skills, clients experiencing grief and loss, neurodivergent clients, those in the LGBTQIA+ community.
(503) 563-2567 View (503) 563-2567
Photo of Tamara Jesme, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Tamara Jesme
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214
I believe that much of what we think, feel, and believe is outside of our immediate awareness. Much of the time we think our conscious mind is 'driving the bus' so to speak, yet it is our unconscious that grips the wheel and drives us down roads we have unwittingly been down many times before. We develop beliefs of the self, of others, and of the world in general based on experiences we have earlier in life, often outside of our current awareness. These unexamined beliefs can prevent us from experiencing ourself and others in a healthy and authentic manner.
I believe that much of what we think, feel, and believe is outside of our immediate awareness. Much of the time we think our conscious mind is 'driving the bus' so to speak, yet it is our unconscious that grips the wheel and drives us down roads we have unwittingly been down many times before. We develop beliefs of the self, of others, and of the world in general based on experiences we have earlier in life, often outside of our current awareness. These unexamined beliefs can prevent us from experiencing ourself and others in a healthy and authentic manner.
(503) 487-0421 View (503) 487-0421
Photo of Marissa Kendall, Pre-Licensed Professional in Portland, OR
Marissa Kendall
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97239
I believe in the power of feeling seen and supported. Everyone has the potential for growth; often, what's needed is a nurturing environment where you feel acknowledged and understood. Creating space that allows personal growth and self-discovery is what I strive to provide as a therapist.
I believe in the power of feeling seen and supported. Everyone has the potential for growth; often, what's needed is a nurturing environment where you feel acknowledged and understood. Creating space that allows personal growth and self-discovery is what I strive to provide as a therapist.
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Photo of Ashleigh C Young, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Ashleigh C Young
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe that you have an inner wisdom that knows what you need to heal and feel whole. I'm glad you are listening to it and seeking support, which we all need. Here are a few things to know about me: Respect, curiosity, compassion, and depth are primary values in my work. My role in the therapy process is collaborator, an active participant by your side, holding space for emotions, listening for themes and patterns, asking questions to encourage self-exploration, and (with curiosity, respect, and perhaps some humor) challenging unhelpful or "stuck" patterns.
I believe that you have an inner wisdom that knows what you need to heal and feel whole. I'm glad you are listening to it and seeking support, which we all need. Here are a few things to know about me: Respect, curiosity, compassion, and depth are primary values in my work. My role in the therapy process is collaborator, an active participant by your side, holding space for emotions, listening for themes and patterns, asking questions to encourage self-exploration, and (with curiosity, respect, and perhaps some humor) challenging unhelpful or "stuck" patterns.
(503) 917-3326 View (503) 917-3326
Photo of Amy Aulick Gupta, Pre-Licensed Professional in Portland, OR
Amy Aulick Gupta
Pre-Licensed Professional, MDiv, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97223
So much of life is learning to deal with the cards we’ve been given. I love seeing people not only deal with the cards they’ve been given, but turn them into amazing card castles. I want to help those that seek to get unstuck grow toward their best selves, have great relationships and enjoy lives filled with joy. I like to use well-researched therapeutic techniques that have been proven to help people grow. In couples therapy that means drawing from the research of John Gottman. In family and individual therapy that means an integrative approach - utilizing practical therapeutic tools that help clients achieve their goals.
So much of life is learning to deal with the cards we’ve been given. I love seeing people not only deal with the cards they’ve been given, but turn them into amazing card castles. I want to help those that seek to get unstuck grow toward their best selves, have great relationships and enjoy lives filled with joy. I like to use well-researched therapeutic techniques that have been proven to help people grow. In couples therapy that means drawing from the research of John Gottman. In family and individual therapy that means an integrative approach - utilizing practical therapeutic tools that help clients achieve their goals.
(503) 242-1675 View (503) 242-1675
Photo of Peter Crabtree, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Peter Crabtree
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205
Hello there. I have been in practice providing psychotherapy to adults and adolescents since 1994. Some clients see me briefly for focused concerns such as life transitions or work/school issues. Others who seek my help have been struggling with longer term depression/anxiety, effects of past trauma, or problematic relationship patterns, for many years. In either case I work from a psychoanalytic framework, using the power of the here and now therapy relationship to explore how peoples' unconscious thoughts color their experience of themselves and others. Over time this work often leads to deep, lasting life changes.
Hello there. I have been in practice providing psychotherapy to adults and adolescents since 1994. Some clients see me briefly for focused concerns such as life transitions or work/school issues. Others who seek my help have been struggling with longer term depression/anxiety, effects of past trauma, or problematic relationship patterns, for many years. In either case I work from a psychoanalytic framework, using the power of the here and now therapy relationship to explore how peoples' unconscious thoughts color their experience of themselves and others. Over time this work often leads to deep, lasting life changes.
(503) 308-8930 View (503) 308-8930
Photo of Emily Radcliffe, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Portland, OR
Emily Radcliffe
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205
Difficulty communicating with or feeling heard by your partner, parent, or child? Encountering a major transition? Want to set firmer boundaries, develop more self compassion, learn to manage anxiety, or process trauma? I can provide insight, reflection, and a compassionate and supportive space to explore your inner landscape and begin healing. I believe the tools you need to grow and thrive are already within you. You deserve an authentic therapeutic experience so you can discover and refine those tools. I strive to tailor your experience by offering a wide range of healing tools that feel genuine and actionable.
Difficulty communicating with or feeling heard by your partner, parent, or child? Encountering a major transition? Want to set firmer boundaries, develop more self compassion, learn to manage anxiety, or process trauma? I can provide insight, reflection, and a compassionate and supportive space to explore your inner landscape and begin healing. I believe the tools you need to grow and thrive are already within you. You deserve an authentic therapeutic experience so you can discover and refine those tools. I strive to tailor your experience by offering a wide range of healing tools that feel genuine and actionable.
(971) 247-3623 View (971) 247-3623
Photo of Christine G Glenn, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Christine G Glenn
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97219
Everyone needs to talk about their personal concerns, emotions, and life challenges. At times, it is best to talk to someone who is not a friend or family member. I provide a place and process for these personal conversations. I will support you as you resolve old issues and emotional blocks, find new insights and choices, develop new ways of coping and acting. I am interactive and supportive. I work with individuals experiencing stress/anxiety/trauma; depression; childhood and relationship issues; life transitions - divorce, the death of someone important, illness, and transitions of midlife or becoming an elder; ADHD.
Everyone needs to talk about their personal concerns, emotions, and life challenges. At times, it is best to talk to someone who is not a friend or family member. I provide a place and process for these personal conversations. I will support you as you resolve old issues and emotional blocks, find new insights and choices, develop new ways of coping and acting. I am interactive and supportive. I work with individuals experiencing stress/anxiety/trauma; depression; childhood and relationship issues; life transitions - divorce, the death of someone important, illness, and transitions of midlife or becoming an elder; ADHD.
(503) 676-6423 View (503) 676-6423
Photo of Breena Beck, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Breena Beck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I support individuals and couples dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, & relationship challenges. I’m a trauma-informed therapist & I utilize various therapeutic interventions including Emotionally Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, & Mindfulness. I support clients as they learn to allow emotions to inform rather than control. I am committed to creating a space that is inclusive & affirming to all who seek support.
I support individuals and couples dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, & relationship challenges. I’m a trauma-informed therapist & I utilize various therapeutic interventions including Emotionally Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, & Mindfulness. I support clients as they learn to allow emotions to inform rather than control. I am committed to creating a space that is inclusive & affirming to all who seek support.
(503) 506-6276 View (503) 506-6276
Photo of Michelle D Roberts, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Michelle D Roberts
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214
I work with clients whose PTSD, anxiety, depression, and addictions were caused by relational trauma. This kind of trauma occurs when the actions of another violate the trust on which a relationship was built. The experience of profound and unexpected betrayal (as children or adults) can be deeply traumatic and cause lasting changes in the areas of the brain responsible for regulating emotion, thought, and memory.
I work with clients whose PTSD, anxiety, depression, and addictions were caused by relational trauma. This kind of trauma occurs when the actions of another violate the trust on which a relationship was built. The experience of profound and unexpected betrayal (as children or adults) can be deeply traumatic and cause lasting changes in the areas of the brain responsible for regulating emotion, thought, and memory.
(503) 486-4019 View (503) 486-4019
Photo of Jeanne V Bjorklund, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Jeanne V Bjorklund
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT-CA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97239
Most folks can handle the ups and downs of life unless their closest relationships are in trouble. That's what brings people to me. With over two decades as facilitator of personal and relational growth in individuals, couples and families, I am psycho-dynamic (seek to 'peel back the layers') with individuals, helping them to become free from the emotional baggage of childhood. I offer a systems-oriention with couples and families along with some Gottman tools and Prepare and Enrich. I developed a therapeutic program for a children's home in CA and served as their therapist and staff trainer for 5 years.
Most folks can handle the ups and downs of life unless their closest relationships are in trouble. That's what brings people to me. With over two decades as facilitator of personal and relational growth in individuals, couples and families, I am psycho-dynamic (seek to 'peel back the layers') with individuals, helping them to become free from the emotional baggage of childhood. I offer a systems-oriention with couples and families along with some Gottman tools and Prepare and Enrich. I developed a therapeutic program for a children's home in CA and served as their therapist and staff trainer for 5 years.
(503) 987-3367 View (503) 987-3367
Photo of Sarah A Baird, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Sarah A Baird
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205
I believe that developing a deeper understanding about our current and historical experiences within the context of a supportive, secure therapeutic relationship can lead to the development of more meaningful and satisfying lives and relationships. I provide psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, where the focus is not just on alleviating symptoms, but on understanding and working through beliefs, feelings, fears, and patterns that operate out of awareness and impact current difficulties. I also provide supervision and consultation for licensees and licensed mental health professionals.
I believe that developing a deeper understanding about our current and historical experiences within the context of a supportive, secure therapeutic relationship can lead to the development of more meaningful and satisfying lives and relationships. I provide psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, where the focus is not just on alleviating symptoms, but on understanding and working through beliefs, feelings, fears, and patterns that operate out of awareness and impact current difficulties. I also provide supervision and consultation for licensees and licensed mental health professionals.
(503) 766-5710 View (503) 766-5710
Photo of Dr. Katie Statman-Weil, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Dr. Katie Statman-Weil
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to get your child to listen? Are big tantrums taking over your day? Are you yelling more than you ever expected? I can help. I specialize in working with families to build healthy patterns and rich relationships. Together, we can work to decrease stress, increase confidence in your parenting, find compassion for yourself and your child, and bring joy and harmony into your home. I approach our work as a collaborator: we apply established parenting techniques and we problem solve new ways to create ease in your life. Please reach out with any questions!
Are you struggling to get your child to listen? Are big tantrums taking over your day? Are you yelling more than you ever expected? I can help. I specialize in working with families to build healthy patterns and rich relationships. Together, we can work to decrease stress, increase confidence in your parenting, find compassion for yourself and your child, and bring joy and harmony into your home. I approach our work as a collaborator: we apply established parenting techniques and we problem solve new ways to create ease in your life. Please reach out with any questions!
(971) 257-1028 View (971) 257-1028

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Portland, OR

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Portland, OR who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

54% PacificSource
47% Aetna
38% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Portland, OR see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Portland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.