Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Karen Stoddard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Karen Stoddard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I focus on helping you find a deeper and more positive sense of yourself. Together we explore your feelings, thought patterns, dreams, and attitudes to gain understanding about current problems and concerns. This work can positively transform the perspectives and behaviors that affect where you are feeling stuck, such as with relationship issues, or having symptoms of depression and anxiety, or problems with anger, substance abuse, career and work concerns, struggles with past abuse or trauma, facing acute or chronic health issues, or working through the process of aging.
I focus on helping you find a deeper and more positive sense of yourself. Together we explore your feelings, thought patterns, dreams, and attitudes to gain understanding about current problems and concerns. This work can positively transform the perspectives and behaviors that affect where you are feeling stuck, such as with relationship issues, or having symptoms of depression and anxiety, or problems with anger, substance abuse, career and work concerns, struggles with past abuse or trauma, facing acute or chronic health issues, or working through the process of aging.
(651) 401-8164 View (651) 401-8164
Photo of Andrea Walker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Andrea Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
My name is Andrea Walker, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I see individuals, couples, and families. I approach therapy using Internal Family Systems, Narrative, Somatic Experiencing, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and CBT. I see people with Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Relationship issues, Grief & Loss, and Personal Development. I approach therapy with a mix of Internal Family Systems (part of me wanted to eat the cake and part of me didn't), Narrative Therapy (creating our life story), and Somatic Experiencing (helping get us out of our heads and into our bodies).
My name is Andrea Walker, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I see individuals, couples, and families. I approach therapy using Internal Family Systems, Narrative, Somatic Experiencing, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and CBT. I see people with Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Relationship issues, Grief & Loss, and Personal Development. I approach therapy with a mix of Internal Family Systems (part of me wanted to eat the cake and part of me didn't), Narrative Therapy (creating our life story), and Somatic Experiencing (helping get us out of our heads and into our bodies).
(651) 390-1508 View (651) 390-1508
Photo of Katherine Quie, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Katherine Quie
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55108
My goal is to help every child, adolescent, and/or young adult touched by ADHD navigate through their specific challenges, and find their unique areas of brilliance. I have been practicing as a child and adolescent psychologist for over twenty years. I work closely with youth, parents, educators, and families. One of my primary areas of expertise is neuropsychological testing, which has given me great insight into how children and adolescents learn. I founded my own organization, ADHD&U, in 2019 after writing a book about raising my own son with ADHD (Raising Will: Surviving the Brilliance and Blues of ADHD).
My goal is to help every child, adolescent, and/or young adult touched by ADHD navigate through their specific challenges, and find their unique areas of brilliance. I have been practicing as a child and adolescent psychologist for over twenty years. I work closely with youth, parents, educators, and families. One of my primary areas of expertise is neuropsychological testing, which has given me great insight into how children and adolescents learn. I founded my own organization, ADHD&U, in 2019 after writing a book about raising my own son with ADHD (Raising Will: Surviving the Brilliance and Blues of ADHD).
(651) 374-9477 View (651) 374-9477
Photo of Sunrise Recovery Services, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Sunrise Recovery Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! I'm here to support my clients cope with difficult emotions such as anger, worry, and hopelessness. Often, these challenges greatly impact us, our relationships, as well as other critical aspects of life. I support my clients in this journey and walk alongside them as they discover their strengths and persevere, whether it is overcoming anxiety or healing from lived trauma. My approach is cognitive behavioral, with an emphasis on using compassion, strengths, and behavioral activation in order to help individuals recover, grow, and develop new ways of adapting to life’s many challenges.
Welcome! I'm here to support my clients cope with difficult emotions such as anger, worry, and hopelessness. Often, these challenges greatly impact us, our relationships, as well as other critical aspects of life. I support my clients in this journey and walk alongside them as they discover their strengths and persevere, whether it is overcoming anxiety or healing from lived trauma. My approach is cognitive behavioral, with an emphasis on using compassion, strengths, and behavioral activation in order to help individuals recover, grow, and develop new ways of adapting to life’s many challenges.
(612) 230-8358 View (612) 230-8358
Photo of Rebekah Morse, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Rebekah Morse
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CCW
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Waitlist for new clients
Healing comes from seeking understanding of the whole self. I provide a calm and compassionate space to work through intense anxiety, depression, grief, difficult relationships, parenting concerns or that feeling that things just aren’t right. Together we can explore patterns you may feel caught in, look at things in new ways, and reclaim parts of yourself that have been closed off or are waiting for the opportunity to grow. I enjoy helpIng adults, couples, and teens heal emotional wounds, work through intense trauma or abuse, work through the trauma of the everyday, and deepen awareness of needs, wishes, and heart’s desire.
Healing comes from seeking understanding of the whole self. I provide a calm and compassionate space to work through intense anxiety, depression, grief, difficult relationships, parenting concerns or that feeling that things just aren’t right. Together we can explore patterns you may feel caught in, look at things in new ways, and reclaim parts of yourself that have been closed off or are waiting for the opportunity to grow. I enjoy helpIng adults, couples, and teens heal emotional wounds, work through intense trauma or abuse, work through the trauma of the everyday, and deepen awareness of needs, wishes, and heart’s desire.
(651) 318-4719 View (651) 318-4719
Photo of Scott Brownlee, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Scott Brownlee
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Have you been wondering if you need to make a change to your drinking or substance use, but don’t feel like AA or rehab is a good fit? Have you been searching for alternatives, but keep running into programs that all sound the same? If so, I offer a fresh perspective on how to make lasting changes in these areas.
Have you been wondering if you need to make a change to your drinking or substance use, but don’t feel like AA or rehab is a good fit? Have you been searching for alternatives, but keep running into programs that all sound the same? If so, I offer a fresh perspective on how to make lasting changes in these areas.
(651) 505-8259 View (651) 505-8259
Photo of Lindsay Gades, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Lindsay Gades
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
We can feel a lot of pressure to succeed or look a certain way. Sometimes we just don't feel good enough or that we have to do things "perfectly" to be accepted. We might even think, "when will I finally get there?", "why can't I just get over this?", or "I feel like there is something wrong with me." Together, we will work to help you to heal your relationship with yourself and overcome your struggles; whether they are anxiety, depression, feelings of inadequacy, or challenges with food and/or exercise.
We can feel a lot of pressure to succeed or look a certain way. Sometimes we just don't feel good enough or that we have to do things "perfectly" to be accepted. We might even think, "when will I finally get there?", "why can't I just get over this?", or "I feel like there is something wrong with me." Together, we will work to help you to heal your relationship with yourself and overcome your struggles; whether they are anxiety, depression, feelings of inadequacy, or challenges with food and/or exercise.
(651) 376-2944 View (651) 376-2944
Photo of Down to Earth Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Down to Earth Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
(651) 376-2749 View (651) 376-2749
Photo of Tracy R Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Tracy R Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, SEP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I am a white, ciswoman, eager to work with adults interested in integrating Somatic Experiencing work into psychotherapy, a body based trauma therapy. If you recognize that your personal struggles are connected to the pervasive impact of the social, political, structural and power dynamics in which we live, working on that connection can be powerful. Embodied psychotherapy can be helful if you are feeling stuck and flat, or anxious and feel like you can't turn off, or if you flip back and forth between anxious and despairing. I hope to support your natural resilience so you can move through the stressors of life with more ease.
I am a white, ciswoman, eager to work with adults interested in integrating Somatic Experiencing work into psychotherapy, a body based trauma therapy. If you recognize that your personal struggles are connected to the pervasive impact of the social, political, structural and power dynamics in which we live, working on that connection can be powerful. Embodied psychotherapy can be helful if you are feeling stuck and flat, or anxious and feel like you can't turn off, or if you flip back and forth between anxious and despairing. I hope to support your natural resilience so you can move through the stressors of life with more ease.
(612) 324-1392 View (612) 324-1392
Photo of Jennifer Pinion, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Jennifer Pinion
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55125
Our agency has Immediate Openings for in person and virtual therapy and we'd love to help you. I oversee a team of experienced therapists who are eager to support you in your journey for better well-being. I enjoy helping others find their inner strength to make lasting changes that bring them closer to the life they yearn for. I strive to make therapy a safe place to work through fears, self-doubt, hopelessness and anger, so that you can develop the skills and confidence needed to live authentically and engage in healthy relationships.
Our agency has Immediate Openings for in person and virtual therapy and we'd love to help you. I oversee a team of experienced therapists who are eager to support you in your journey for better well-being. I enjoy helping others find their inner strength to make lasting changes that bring them closer to the life they yearn for. I strive to make therapy a safe place to work through fears, self-doubt, hopelessness and anger, so that you can develop the skills and confidence needed to live authentically and engage in healthy relationships.
(612) 255-5991 View (612) 255-5991
Photo of Reena Pathak, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Reena Pathak
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
(651) 299-6160 View (651) 299-6160
Photo of Joseph Graves, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Joseph Graves
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
(651) 661-2519 View (651) 661-2519
Photo of Pamela Gilliam Martin, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Pamela Gilliam Martin
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I am committed to your health and well-being through the delivery of evidence based therapeutic approaches. As a Mental Health Practitioner, I work with adults addressing a variety of concerns including addictions, eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, stress management, depression, self-esteem, career, life transitions, grief/loss and relationship issues.
I am committed to your health and well-being through the delivery of evidence based therapeutic approaches. As a Mental Health Practitioner, I work with adults addressing a variety of concerns including addictions, eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, stress management, depression, self-esteem, career, life transitions, grief/loss and relationship issues.
(651) 644-4100 x140 View (651) 644-4100 x140
Photo of Kasia Chojan-Cymerman, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Kasia Chojan-Cymerman
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I believe lasting change takes place over time in the context of a safe and secure therapeutic relationship. As a therapist, I strive to provide a non-judgmental and supportive space where you can begin exploring problematic and often repetitive relationship patterns. In the process you will become more aware of your feelings and deep assumptions that may be continually preventing you from reaching your goals in life. I believe everyone has inner potential for growth. In therapy, we can work together toward helping you find courage and your natural capacity for growth so that you can live a happier and more empowered life.
I believe lasting change takes place over time in the context of a safe and secure therapeutic relationship. As a therapist, I strive to provide a non-judgmental and supportive space where you can begin exploring problematic and often repetitive relationship patterns. In the process you will become more aware of your feelings and deep assumptions that may be continually preventing you from reaching your goals in life. I believe everyone has inner potential for growth. In therapy, we can work together toward helping you find courage and your natural capacity for growth so that you can live a happier and more empowered life.
(651) 252-4995 View (651) 252-4995
Photo of Karen Wright, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Karen Wright
Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
If you're like most people who seek help, you've already tried everything. You've come to the end of your rope, and you're afraid that even therapy won't work. I know - I've been there. Perhaps the source of your pain is a relationship with a family member, partner, or spouse. Maybe it's long-standing general anxiety or depression. Perhaps you're grappling with an addiction that's truly ruining your life. Or, perhaps you're recovering from an addiction, but anxiety and self-doubt are preventing you from moving forward with basic life goals.
If you're like most people who seek help, you've already tried everything. You've come to the end of your rope, and you're afraid that even therapy won't work. I know - I've been there. Perhaps the source of your pain is a relationship with a family member, partner, or spouse. Maybe it's long-standing general anxiety or depression. Perhaps you're grappling with an addiction that's truly ruining your life. Or, perhaps you're recovering from an addiction, but anxiety and self-doubt are preventing you from moving forward with basic life goals.
(651) 321-2697 View (651) 321-2697
Photo of Susan Balto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Susan Balto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LMSW, MPH
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Your reasoning for seeking therapy is specific and unique. My name is Susan and I help my Clients to create a safe place to explore, grow, and better understand their feelings and motivations. Together, we will find new ways to listen deeply and understand the roots of the patterns keeping you stuck, frustrated, or lost. I believe that therapy is a learned skill that we will refine together to come up with a course of therapy that suits your personal values, preferences, and needs.
Your reasoning for seeking therapy is specific and unique. My name is Susan and I help my Clients to create a safe place to explore, grow, and better understand their feelings and motivations. Together, we will find new ways to listen deeply and understand the roots of the patterns keeping you stuck, frustrated, or lost. I believe that therapy is a learned skill that we will refine together to come up with a course of therapy that suits your personal values, preferences, and needs.
(651) 360-2031 View (651) 360-2031
Photo of Hannah Stevens Nauman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Hannah Stevens Nauman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I work with couples who have been feeling stuck in the same patterns, disconnected from each other, and have difficulty communicating. Together, we will work towards creating a more fulfilling and attuned relationship. I also work with individuals who are looking for relief from anxiety, depression, trauma, or are searching for ways to cope with challenging life transitions.
I work with couples who have been feeling stuck in the same patterns, disconnected from each other, and have difficulty communicating. Together, we will work towards creating a more fulfilling and attuned relationship. I also work with individuals who are looking for relief from anxiety, depression, trauma, or are searching for ways to cope with challenging life transitions.
(612) 808-5421 View (612) 808-5421
Photo of Savira Kambhu, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Savira Kambhu
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
Some of the issues I work with often include anxiety, depression, anger, lack of motivation, career-related stress, parental issues, sex and gender-related issues, and addiction. I work to create an environment that feels supportive, respectful, and collaborative. Together we will explore your challenges and find ways to get unstuck. Sometimes our goal may be to decrease the severity of symptoms, and sometimes it may be to understand what is missing in your life.
Some of the issues I work with often include anxiety, depression, anger, lack of motivation, career-related stress, parental issues, sex and gender-related issues, and addiction. I work to create an environment that feels supportive, respectful, and collaborative. Together we will explore your challenges and find ways to get unstuck. Sometimes our goal may be to decrease the severity of symptoms, and sometimes it may be to understand what is missing in your life.
(651) 661-3672 View (651) 661-3672
Photo of Rebecca A Stewart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Rebecca A Stewart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Not accepting new clients
Welcome. The desire to feel seen, heard, and understood is a universal and essential part of human wellness. In my work as a psychotherapist I try to help people understand, both emotionally and intellectually, the deeper roots of their difficulties and reignite their own natural gifts for growth, and resilience. I understand that coming to therapy can be difficult, and I strive to provide a warm, compassionate, and empathetic space for our work together. I am relational in my approach; this means I believe that how well I listen and connect with you matters.
Welcome. The desire to feel seen, heard, and understood is a universal and essential part of human wellness. In my work as a psychotherapist I try to help people understand, both emotionally and intellectually, the deeper roots of their difficulties and reignite their own natural gifts for growth, and resilience. I understand that coming to therapy can be difficult, and I strive to provide a warm, compassionate, and empathetic space for our work together. I am relational in my approach; this means I believe that how well I listen and connect with you matters.
(612) 260-9980 View (612) 260-9980
Photo of William Schultz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
William Schultz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55101
Wondering if you have OCD? Looking for OCD treatment (such as ERP)? Signs of OCD include anxiously asking "What if..." questions like: What if I contact a germ in the environment? What if I left the stove on? What if I hit someone with my car? What if I uncontrollably do something terrible? What if something bad happens to my baby? What if I can't trust my memory? If these questions are frequently on your mind (especially if you're often anxious, repetitively check, seek reassurance, or avoid situations most others don't), you could be experiencing symptoms of OCD, a form of anxiety which can take over your life.
Wondering if you have OCD? Looking for OCD treatment (such as ERP)? Signs of OCD include anxiously asking "What if..." questions like: What if I contact a germ in the environment? What if I left the stove on? What if I hit someone with my car? What if I uncontrollably do something terrible? What if something bad happens to my baby? What if I can't trust my memory? If these questions are frequently on your mind (especially if you're often anxious, repetitively check, seek reassurance, or avoid situations most others don't), you could be experiencing symptoms of OCD, a form of anxiety which can take over your life.
(651) 927-7939 View (651) 927-7939

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.