Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Julia Belotserkovsky, Psychologist in New York, NY
Julia Belotserkovsky
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Do you feel stuck- maybe in a difficult relationship with someone important or in a complicated relationship with yourself? Have you been feeling that something is missing and you are somewhat disconnected, anxious or depressed? Does it seem as if you will never become unstuck? Let's find your way of feeling alive together. Coming to see a therapist can be highly personal and vulnerable. I treat my patients with deep respect and provide an atmosphere of emotional safety. Together, we will develop a sense of honest curiosity about your world, both internal and external and try to regain the sense of joy you deserve.
Do you feel stuck- maybe in a difficult relationship with someone important or in a complicated relationship with yourself? Have you been feeling that something is missing and you are somewhat disconnected, anxious or depressed? Does it seem as if you will never become unstuck? Let's find your way of feeling alive together. Coming to see a therapist can be highly personal and vulnerable. I treat my patients with deep respect and provide an atmosphere of emotional safety. Together, we will develop a sense of honest curiosity about your world, both internal and external and try to regain the sense of joy you deserve.
(617) 858-8851 View (617) 858-8851
Photo of Mia A. Lee, Psychologist in New York, NY
Mia A. Lee
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
I aim to help people reduce suffering while nurturing strengths and potential in a collaborative pursuit of their life goals. Together we'll create a comfortable, culturally sensitive environment where you can work on increasing self-compassion through understanding your thoughts and behaviors. Using validation and change strategies, I can help you achieve your goals and build meaning in your life. I help clients work through emotion dysregulation that occurs from personality disorders, PTSD, mood and anxiety disorders, as well as the demands of our face-paced, sometimes stressful, world.
I aim to help people reduce suffering while nurturing strengths and potential in a collaborative pursuit of their life goals. Together we'll create a comfortable, culturally sensitive environment where you can work on increasing self-compassion through understanding your thoughts and behaviors. Using validation and change strategies, I can help you achieve your goals and build meaning in your life. I help clients work through emotion dysregulation that occurs from personality disorders, PTSD, mood and anxiety disorders, as well as the demands of our face-paced, sometimes stressful, world.
(646) 798-4818 View (646) 798-4818
Photo of Andrew Goodman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Andrew Goodman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
I see people in individual and couple therapy. I try to balance understanding a couple as a whole as well as the two individuals that form the relationship. I help couples focus on ineffective communication patterns that result in a sense of frustration and discouragement, which push each other away. I encourage each person to express his or her emotional needs more directly and openly. People often express anger and criticism about their partner's behavior, but have difficulty asking for what they need in a clear, non-attacking way. When each person makes an effort to change, they start to feel less stuck and more hopeful.
I see people in individual and couple therapy. I try to balance understanding a couple as a whole as well as the two individuals that form the relationship. I help couples focus on ineffective communication patterns that result in a sense of frustration and discouragement, which push each other away. I encourage each person to express his or her emotional needs more directly and openly. People often express anger and criticism about their partner's behavior, but have difficulty asking for what they need in a clear, non-attacking way. When each person makes an effort to change, they start to feel less stuck and more hopeful.
(646) 386-2311 View (646) 386-2311
Photo of Allison Funk, Psychologist in New York, NY
Allison Funk
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10155
My approach to therapy emphasizes the individual, applying the principles of empirically supported therapies in a flexible manner to meet your unique needs. I also view treatment as a collaborative process; we will work as a team to identify factors contributing to your areas of concern, set goals, and create change. I have particular expertise in working with individuals who are navigating anxiety, panic disorder, depression, trauma, work or school stress, and perfectionism, as well as numerous other life challenges.
My approach to therapy emphasizes the individual, applying the principles of empirically supported therapies in a flexible manner to meet your unique needs. I also view treatment as a collaborative process; we will work as a team to identify factors contributing to your areas of concern, set goals, and create change. I have particular expertise in working with individuals who are navigating anxiety, panic disorder, depression, trauma, work or school stress, and perfectionism, as well as numerous other life challenges.
(646) 921-5584 View (646) 921-5584
Photo of Sabrina Jhanwar, Psychologist in New York, NY
Sabrina Jhanwar
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
My specialties are in anxiety, depression, and health psychology. I focus on the mind-body connection. I use cognitive behavioral and eclectic techniques. I see individuals dealing with various stressors relating to coping with academic, job, and other stressors.
My specialties are in anxiety, depression, and health psychology. I focus on the mind-body connection. I use cognitive behavioral and eclectic techniques. I see individuals dealing with various stressors relating to coping with academic, job, and other stressors.
(646) 762-1218 View (646) 762-1218
Photo of Christine Malossi, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Christine Malossi
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003
Do you feel lost, overwhelmed, confused, isolated? Maybe it feels like your life is spinning out of control, but you can barely find time to catch your breath. Your sessions with me will be an opportunity to slow down…breathe…and develop a deeper awareness of your body, mind, heart, and soul. This process is incredibly rewarding. It’s also challenging, which is why I’m here to be your guide as we collaborate to create your unique path to self-knowledge, self-acceptance, and transformation. I'm committed to providing a space that is safe, open, and judgment-free, within which you'll learn to trust your own instinctive knowledge.
Do you feel lost, overwhelmed, confused, isolated? Maybe it feels like your life is spinning out of control, but you can barely find time to catch your breath. Your sessions with me will be an opportunity to slow down…breathe…and develop a deeper awareness of your body, mind, heart, and soul. This process is incredibly rewarding. It’s also challenging, which is why I’m here to be your guide as we collaborate to create your unique path to self-knowledge, self-acceptance, and transformation. I'm committed to providing a space that is safe, open, and judgment-free, within which you'll learn to trust your own instinctive knowledge.
(929) 565-5679 View (929) 565-5679
Photo of Todd Anderson, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Todd Anderson
Licensed Psychoanalyst, PhD, PsyD, LP, NCPsyA, CCTP
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Beginning therapy can be scary and is a bold step toward making proactive changes in your life. I provide a warm and relaxed atmosphere to explore your emotional life in a safe and supportive space. Aware of the importance of the body, I experience you as a whole person: your words, life themes, affect, posture, and your presence. By experiencing you in your wholeness, I can contextualize what can feel confusing or fragmentary. I can share what I see and understand, helping you raise your self-awareness. This process can harmonize your thoughts and emotions. Insight alone often is not sufficient for healing.
Beginning therapy can be scary and is a bold step toward making proactive changes in your life. I provide a warm and relaxed atmosphere to explore your emotional life in a safe and supportive space. Aware of the importance of the body, I experience you as a whole person: your words, life themes, affect, posture, and your presence. By experiencing you in your wholeness, I can contextualize what can feel confusing or fragmentary. I can share what I see and understand, helping you raise your self-awareness. This process can harmonize your thoughts and emotions. Insight alone often is not sufficient for healing.
(914) 252-3138 View (914) 252-3138
Photo of Harold Lalande, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Harold Lalande
Licensed Psychoanalyst, DMin, LP, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Coming for therapy can be one of the most important investments one can make. We often take the time to invest when considering purchasing a car or a home. However, when it comes to investing in oneself, we too often are found lacking. This self-care is the very foundation in which everything else depends upon. If we are not taken care of, it negatively impacts our ability to take care of anything else.
Coming for therapy can be one of the most important investments one can make. We often take the time to invest when considering purchasing a car or a home. However, when it comes to investing in oneself, we too often are found lacking. This self-care is the very foundation in which everything else depends upon. If we are not taken care of, it negatively impacts our ability to take care of anything else.
(646) 663-5302 View (646) 663-5302
Photo of Juliana Cousins in New York, NY
Juliana Cousins
MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10105  (Online Only)
Whether you’re struggling with anxious thoughts, sadness, past trauma, or just need someone to listen, I aim to empower and challenge individuals to help improve their quality of life. As a therapist, I help my clients recognize their own potential by walking alongside them; guiding them through their unique journey while implementing tools along the way to deal with life’s stressors. I earned my Master of Science in Mental Health Counseling and my Bachelor’s in Psychology with a double minor in Sociology and Counseling at the University at Buffalo.
Whether you’re struggling with anxious thoughts, sadness, past trauma, or just need someone to listen, I aim to empower and challenge individuals to help improve their quality of life. As a therapist, I help my clients recognize their own potential by walking alongside them; guiding them through their unique journey while implementing tools along the way to deal with life’s stressors. I earned my Master of Science in Mental Health Counseling and my Bachelor’s in Psychology with a double minor in Sociology and Counseling at the University at Buffalo.
(347) 763-3106 View (347) 763-3106
Photo of Transforming Lives Counseling Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Transforming Lives Counseling Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Not accepting new clients
We're not accepting new clients at this time. Are you feeling stressed, anxious, or sad? Do you sometimes feel stuck, unhappy, or frustrated in your life, but don't know why? If any of this, sounds familiar, we're here to help you. We provide a safe, non-judgmental, culturally sensitive atmosphere that will allow you to express yourself & uncover the negative thoughts & behaviors that are interfering with the realization of your hopes & dreams.
We're not accepting new clients at this time. Are you feeling stressed, anxious, or sad? Do you sometimes feel stuck, unhappy, or frustrated in your life, but don't know why? If any of this, sounds familiar, we're here to help you. We provide a safe, non-judgmental, culturally sensitive atmosphere that will allow you to express yourself & uncover the negative thoughts & behaviors that are interfering with the realization of your hopes & dreams.
(347) 202-1072 View (347) 202-1072
Photo of Erin McMaugh Tierno, The Keely Group, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Erin McMaugh Tierno, The Keely Group
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
You've focused so much on career (and successfully so) that some of the other major pieces of life that you just assumed would fall into place have...well...they just HAVEN'T. I founded The Keely Group (Online Therapy NYC) in 2016 to offer virtual to people whose lives "look great on paper" but are missing something important. Perhaps that's a great romantic partner or close friendships; maybe it's some relief from the chronic (albeit high-functioning) anxiety that keeps you up at night or some balance so as to enjoy the parts of your life that really are great. Regardless, we can help.
You've focused so much on career (and successfully so) that some of the other major pieces of life that you just assumed would fall into place have...well...they just HAVEN'T. I founded The Keely Group (Online Therapy NYC) in 2016 to offer virtual to people whose lives "look great on paper" but are missing something important. Perhaps that's a great romantic partner or close friendships; maybe it's some relief from the chronic (albeit high-functioning) anxiety that keeps you up at night or some balance so as to enjoy the parts of your life that really are great. Regardless, we can help.
(718) 313-3218 View (718) 313-3218
Photo of Janet R. Mayes, Psychologist in New York, NY
Janet R. Mayes
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
I build a supportive, collaborative relationship committed to maximizing positive relationships and personal potential. I work with history, dreams and current problems in living. I offer a generous sliding scale, particularly to people in the arts and free-lancers.
I build a supportive, collaborative relationship committed to maximizing positive relationships and personal potential. I work with history, dreams and current problems in living. I offer a generous sliding scale, particularly to people in the arts and free-lancers.
(646) 780-7755 View (646) 780-7755
Photo of Deborah Yamin Manocchia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Deborah Yamin Manocchia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10023
The foundation of my practice comes from a strong belief in the importance of building a strong and trusting therapeutic relationship. My practice is based on an integrated approach, utilizing clinical models that are best for the client, helping you make positive changes, finding and cultivating your strengths, meeting your goals, and relieving distress. I will actively engage with you in a supportive and non-judgmental manner, and work collaboratively. Working with clients who are open to becoming more self aware and improving their lives, motivates my work.
The foundation of my practice comes from a strong belief in the importance of building a strong and trusting therapeutic relationship. My practice is based on an integrated approach, utilizing clinical models that are best for the client, helping you make positive changes, finding and cultivating your strengths, meeting your goals, and relieving distress. I will actively engage with you in a supportive and non-judgmental manner, and work collaboratively. Working with clients who are open to becoming more self aware and improving their lives, motivates my work.
(646) 846-8812 View (646) 846-8812
Photo of Eva Fogelman, Psychologist in New York, NY
Eva Fogelman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You're single, and haven't found your soulmate, or you're in a committed relationship that's impossible. You're depressed, anxious, and have low self-esteem. You or your family has suffered through a historical trauma and you still feel like a victim. You've been trying to conceive, and nature or your partner is uncooperative. You've lost your sense of how to cope and move forward. If any of these concerns are holding you back from realizing your potential or expressing your creative talents, then perhaps it's time to receive some insight, support and hope from a psychoanalytic psychotherapist with 35 years of experience.
You're single, and haven't found your soulmate, or you're in a committed relationship that's impossible. You're depressed, anxious, and have low self-esteem. You or your family has suffered through a historical trauma and you still feel like a victim. You've been trying to conceive, and nature or your partner is uncooperative. You've lost your sense of how to cope and move forward. If any of these concerns are holding you back from realizing your potential or expressing your creative talents, then perhaps it's time to receive some insight, support and hope from a psychoanalytic psychotherapist with 35 years of experience.
(646) 600-8257 View (646) 600-8257
Photo of Jayne Barrett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jayne Barrett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years of post-graduate experience in the treatment of children, teens and adults with anxiety, depression, drug/ alcohol addiction, eating disorders, and school/peer issues. I work with the individual and with the family if appropriate. My style is warm, respectful, and interactive utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialect Behavior Therapy (DBT). I have experience working with veterans and others who have experienced trauma and have worked with school districts to implement Functional Behavioral Assessments and Behavioral Intervention Plans for school and home.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years of post-graduate experience in the treatment of children, teens and adults with anxiety, depression, drug/ alcohol addiction, eating disorders, and school/peer issues. I work with the individual and with the family if appropriate. My style is warm, respectful, and interactive utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialect Behavior Therapy (DBT). I have experience working with veterans and others who have experienced trauma and have worked with school districts to implement Functional Behavioral Assessments and Behavioral Intervention Plans for school and home.
(646) 461-7951 View (646) 461-7951
Photo of Brianna Paruolo, Counselor in New York, NY
Brianna Paruolo
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
New York, NY 10005  (Online Only)
You want to appear like you have it all together, but deep down you're struggling to feel confident in who you are and cope with life's challenges. Maybe you're tired of the constant anxiety, the critical inner voice, or feeling lost when it comes to your sense of purpose. At this point, it may be hard to even imagine a life where you feel balanced and at peace with yourself. But one thing is certain: you're ready for change. You're ready to speak to yourself with kindness. You're ready to establish self-care rituals that help you thrive.
You want to appear like you have it all together, but deep down you're struggling to feel confident in who you are and cope with life's challenges. Maybe you're tired of the constant anxiety, the critical inner voice, or feeling lost when it comes to your sense of purpose. At this point, it may be hard to even imagine a life where you feel balanced and at peace with yourself. But one thing is certain: you're ready for change. You're ready to speak to yourself with kindness. You're ready to establish self-care rituals that help you thrive.
(516) 613-4618 View (516) 613-4618
Photo of Cassandra Lynn Richmond, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Cassandra Lynn Richmond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LiMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
My work with you will be collaborative, inclusive to your ideas, insights and desire for change. I will be with you as you explore and challenge what you once wanted for your life, and finding the best path that will point you in the direction you now want to be. If you ask yourself questions about relationships...whether that question is how to begin, end, or simply understand some of the complexities of keeping a relationship, I can provide a safe, caring space to get answers.
My work with you will be collaborative, inclusive to your ideas, insights and desire for change. I will be with you as you explore and challenge what you once wanted for your life, and finding the best path that will point you in the direction you now want to be. If you ask yourself questions about relationships...whether that question is how to begin, end, or simply understand some of the complexities of keeping a relationship, I can provide a safe, caring space to get answers.
(917) 746-8816 View (917) 746-8816
Photo of Stefy Causey in New York, NY
Stefy Causey
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Parenthood can be an exciting time full of surprises, but also challenges. It can be difficult to navigate perinatal, pregnancy and/or postpartum health while balancing the day-to-day. By fostering an empathetic environment, individuals can safely expand ways to transition into this new stage. I aim to support and empower clients by developing tools, enhancing insight and creating change to thrive.
Parenthood can be an exciting time full of surprises, but also challenges. It can be difficult to navigate perinatal, pregnancy and/or postpartum health while balancing the day-to-day. By fostering an empathetic environment, individuals can safely expand ways to transition into this new stage. I aim to support and empower clients by developing tools, enhancing insight and creating change to thrive.
(646) 490-0456 View (646) 490-0456
Photo of Rachel Levine, Psychologist in New York, NY
Rachel Levine
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
With over 10 years of experience in the field of psychotherapy, I use a collaborative approach to therapy with the goal of helping my clients cope with stressful life circumstances and gain insight to make positive lasting changes in their lives. I work with individuals as well as with couples. If you are dealing with anxiety or depression, stress or communication difficulties in a relationship, struggles with infertility or non-traditional conception, parenting challenges, a career transition or any other challenge, I am confident that you can benefit from time in a safe and supportive therapeutic environment.
With over 10 years of experience in the field of psychotherapy, I use a collaborative approach to therapy with the goal of helping my clients cope with stressful life circumstances and gain insight to make positive lasting changes in their lives. I work with individuals as well as with couples. If you are dealing with anxiety or depression, stress or communication difficulties in a relationship, struggles with infertility or non-traditional conception, parenting challenges, a career transition or any other challenge, I am confident that you can benefit from time in a safe and supportive therapeutic environment.
(917) 809-6187 View (917) 809-6187
Photo of Lisa Beth Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lisa Beth Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, BCD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025
Life is learning. We all have obstacles to smoothly incorporating information into the way we live our lives. Behaving reasonably is easier said than done. The process of learning to live our lives well requires commitment, humility and openness. These qualities are cultivated within a trusted relationship. There are no shortcuts to an open mind. having worked extensively with children and adults, in school, clinic, day treatment and hospital settings, I'm best suited to treating children, parents, relationship issues, addiction issues and issues of narcissistic personalities. I have experience with EMDR, an excellent tool.
Life is learning. We all have obstacles to smoothly incorporating information into the way we live our lives. Behaving reasonably is easier said than done. The process of learning to live our lives well requires commitment, humility and openness. These qualities are cultivated within a trusted relationship. There are no shortcuts to an open mind. having worked extensively with children and adults, in school, clinic, day treatment and hospital settings, I'm best suited to treating children, parents, relationship issues, addiction issues and issues of narcissistic personalities. I have experience with EMDR, an excellent tool.
(646) 233-0101 View (646) 233-0101

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.