Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Amelia Howard-Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Amelia Howard-Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
You want to be seen, heard, and understood. This is what you’ll feel when you work with me. My approach is collaborative and tailored to your unique needs. I strive to help you make sense out of the past while guiding you to make changes for the future. I want to help you live the life you want to live, and I’m here to provide you with the tools to do just that. Together we’ll work towards gaining a deeper understanding of yourself, finding meaning in your life, self-acceptance, and empowerment. You’ll learn to manage strong and uncomfortable emotions and work through negative thought patterns.
You want to be seen, heard, and understood. This is what you’ll feel when you work with me. My approach is collaborative and tailored to your unique needs. I strive to help you make sense out of the past while guiding you to make changes for the future. I want to help you live the life you want to live, and I’m here to provide you with the tools to do just that. Together we’ll work towards gaining a deeper understanding of yourself, finding meaning in your life, self-acceptance, and empowerment. You’ll learn to manage strong and uncomfortable emotions and work through negative thought patterns.
(415) 326-1841 View (415) 326-1841
Photo of Melissa Bright, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Melissa Bright
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a dependable therapist who has extensive training in trauma-informed-care? Melissa provides Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). She is a culturally sensitive and competent marriage and family therapist with specialized training supporting those affected by adoption, foster, and kin caregiving.
Are you looking for a dependable therapist who has extensive training in trauma-informed-care? Melissa provides Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). She is a culturally sensitive and competent marriage and family therapist with specialized training supporting those affected by adoption, foster, and kin caregiving.
(415) 367-0931 View (415) 367-0931
Photo of Krista Gaston, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Krista Gaston
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94142  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I offer individual services to youth 16 and up! I especially am interested in supporting queer-identified folks, caregivers (mental health providers, teachers, parents, caregivers, nurses, ), creators and change-makers. Re-orienting to life sustaining processes when healing from trauma or navigating life's transitional moments, is a constant practice. Ideally I work with folks who want a deeper understanding of their inner-workings as well as grow into their most empowered self. And build the resources to maintain that empowered self.
I offer individual services to youth 16 and up! I especially am interested in supporting queer-identified folks, caregivers (mental health providers, teachers, parents, caregivers, nurses, ), creators and change-makers. Re-orienting to life sustaining processes when healing from trauma or navigating life's transitional moments, is a constant practice. Ideally I work with folks who want a deeper understanding of their inner-workings as well as grow into their most empowered self. And build the resources to maintain that empowered self.
(628) 257-2470 View (628) 257-2470
Photo of Jo Sopko, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jo Sopko
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, RDT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
* ADULTS: I work with issues of loss, stress, anxiety, depression, abuse, sex addiction, spiritual guidance, and developmental life changes.* CHILDREN: I invite their stories that may be troubled due to emotional and academic issues. Through play, art and sand tray, I address issues of divorce, traumatic losses, abuse, adoption, bullying and low self esteem that may be affecting your children. * COUPLES: My passion is to help the couple find a yet unknown way to a compassionate, loving, open communicative relationship; to become vulnerable to the pain and wounds of each other's soul.
* ADULTS: I work with issues of loss, stress, anxiety, depression, abuse, sex addiction, spiritual guidance, and developmental life changes.* CHILDREN: I invite their stories that may be troubled due to emotional and academic issues. Through play, art and sand tray, I address issues of divorce, traumatic losses, abuse, adoption, bullying and low self esteem that may be affecting your children. * COUPLES: My passion is to help the couple find a yet unknown way to a compassionate, loving, open communicative relationship; to become vulnerable to the pain and wounds of each other's soul.
(415) 799-4143 View (415) 799-4143
Photo of Lisa Bialy, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Lisa Bialy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I help individuals, couples, and families identify their goals, face their fears, and explore old patterns of behavior so they can make the desired changes in their lives that lead to more meaningful, happy futures as well as better relationships with themselves and others. I am interested in why we keep doing things that don't seem to work. My approach is both pragmatic and depth oriented and my style is collaborative.
I help individuals, couples, and families identify their goals, face their fears, and explore old patterns of behavior so they can make the desired changes in their lives that lead to more meaningful, happy futures as well as better relationships with themselves and others. I am interested in why we keep doing things that don't seem to work. My approach is both pragmatic and depth oriented and my style is collaborative.
(415) 799-8984 View (415) 799-8984
Photo of Veronica Elizabeth Encinas, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Veronica Elizabeth Encinas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117
My passion and dedication to this work lies in that asking for help is not a sign of weakness. Everyone at some point in their life has had some frictions or challenges and need support to get through those times. I work experientially and relationally. Welcoming clients to tell their stories, histories, and important aspects of life.
My passion and dedication to this work lies in that asking for help is not a sign of weakness. Everyone at some point in their life has had some frictions or challenges and need support to get through those times. I work experientially and relationally. Welcoming clients to tell their stories, histories, and important aspects of life.
(415) 895-9752 View (415) 895-9752
Photo of Antonia Servat, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Antonia Servat
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Welcome, I'm honored that you are viewing this page and discovering whether I might be a good fit for you. I have worked extensively with children, families, adults, and couples and am experienced in the areas of anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, attachment, matters related to self-esteem, relationship challenges, and life transition issues. I provide Individual, Couples & Family Therapy services and have worked with clients aged 4 and up since 2010. My approach is Strength-based, viewing my clients as the experts in their own lives. I utilize CBT techniques for skill building and Play Therapy techniques with children.
Welcome, I'm honored that you are viewing this page and discovering whether I might be a good fit for you. I have worked extensively with children, families, adults, and couples and am experienced in the areas of anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, attachment, matters related to self-esteem, relationship challenges, and life transition issues. I provide Individual, Couples & Family Therapy services and have worked with clients aged 4 and up since 2010. My approach is Strength-based, viewing my clients as the experts in their own lives. I utilize CBT techniques for skill building and Play Therapy techniques with children.
(415) 483-4819 View (415) 483-4819
Photo of Lili Shidlovski, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lili Shidlovski
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117
We are now in a communal health crisis together. It exacerbates feelings of anxiety and depression that we may have, and can make us spin as we try to adjust to Pandemic reality. Many of my clients are parents, people with career questions, immigrants, social justice workers. Many are either coping with a current situational issue that is confusing, overwhelming, or painful, or with a longer term pattern that they would like to change. I work in an engaged manner, hoping to build trust and a collaborative relationship that will allow you to look at old patterns and create new emotional and behavioral options, especially now.
We are now in a communal health crisis together. It exacerbates feelings of anxiety and depression that we may have, and can make us spin as we try to adjust to Pandemic reality. Many of my clients are parents, people with career questions, immigrants, social justice workers. Many are either coping with a current situational issue that is confusing, overwhelming, or painful, or with a longer term pattern that they would like to change. I work in an engaged manner, hoping to build trust and a collaborative relationship that will allow you to look at old patterns and create new emotional and behavioral options, especially now.
(415) 630-5757 View (415) 630-5757
Photo of Zak Forrest, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Zak Forrest, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
No issue is too small or unworthy of consideration and care. Sometimes the reasons for seeking therapy are beacons for something deeper. Together, we can focus on alleviating distress in the short term while beginning the more in-depth process of addressing issues at their core. In this process, many of the people I work with discover what is most important to them, what can be changed, and what can be actualized within their relationships and career.
No issue is too small or unworthy of consideration and care. Sometimes the reasons for seeking therapy are beacons for something deeper. Together, we can focus on alleviating distress in the short term while beginning the more in-depth process of addressing issues at their core. In this process, many of the people I work with discover what is most important to them, what can be changed, and what can be actualized within their relationships and career.
(415) 779-7169 View (415) 779-7169
Photo of Chandra Birenbaum, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Chandra Birenbaum
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
With over 25 years of working with adolescents and adults, my therapy style is authentic, empowering, strength based, compassionate, creative and fun. I am particularly skilled in working with trauma, managing strong emotions, and living with ADHD, Autism or Learning Disabilities. I enjoy supporting those looking for more purpose, self understanding, direction, peace, creativity or perspective. I have a great deal of experience working in multicultural and LGBTQ+ supportive contexts. I feel especially inspired by working with young adults because finding one’s own way in life is hard, exciting and full of possibilities.
With over 25 years of working with adolescents and adults, my therapy style is authentic, empowering, strength based, compassionate, creative and fun. I am particularly skilled in working with trauma, managing strong emotions, and living with ADHD, Autism or Learning Disabilities. I enjoy supporting those looking for more purpose, self understanding, direction, peace, creativity or perspective. I have a great deal of experience working in multicultural and LGBTQ+ supportive contexts. I feel especially inspired by working with young adults because finding one’s own way in life is hard, exciting and full of possibilities.
(510) 319-9210 View (510) 319-9210
Photo of Feel Well with Arielle, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Feel Well with Arielle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
As an evidence-based trained clinician, I have found that ultimately the best therapeutic relationship is one that feels safe to get comfortable with discomfort. My specialties are in codependency, perfectionism, and eating disorders, and my intent is to help people who struggle with these issues get out of the patterns that no longer serve them. I have a true passion for supporting people in recognizing their inherent worth, exploring narratives that might have influenced self-defeating coping mechanisms, and implementing practices that align with shifted - and uplifted - perspectives of themselves.
As an evidence-based trained clinician, I have found that ultimately the best therapeutic relationship is one that feels safe to get comfortable with discomfort. My specialties are in codependency, perfectionism, and eating disorders, and my intent is to help people who struggle with these issues get out of the patterns that no longer serve them. I have a true passion for supporting people in recognizing their inherent worth, exploring narratives that might have influenced self-defeating coping mechanisms, and implementing practices that align with shifted - and uplifted - perspectives of themselves.
(415) 612-6850 View (415) 612-6850
Photo of Meisha Vella, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Meisha Vella
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94108  (Online Only)
Are you depressed, anxious, grieving or burnt out? Are you struggling with transitions, relationships, parenting or identity? I would be honored to accompany you through your difficulties. In my 14 years working with adults and families, I have witnessed that feeling safe and connected to your therapist is essential for collaborative healing. In your work with me, you can expect curiosity, empathy, hope and laughter. I will help you to understand your feelings, past experiences and patterns. I will support you to track your body’s responses to stress, understand your nervous system and how to resource yourself when triggered.
Are you depressed, anxious, grieving or burnt out? Are you struggling with transitions, relationships, parenting or identity? I would be honored to accompany you through your difficulties. In my 14 years working with adults and families, I have witnessed that feeling safe and connected to your therapist is essential for collaborative healing. In your work with me, you can expect curiosity, empathy, hope and laughter. I will help you to understand your feelings, past experiences and patterns. I will support you to track your body’s responses to stress, understand your nervous system and how to resource yourself when triggered.
(628) 345-8228 View (628) 345-8228
Photo of Vesna Lubina Westbrook, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Vesna Lubina Westbrook
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I work with clients who are (highly) sensitive, empathic, or intuitive. Sensitive people have a finely attuned nervous system that is a huge gift when made conscious. They experience life deeply, yet don't always feel easily understood by others. Growing up, they often experienced not fitting in, and have adapted to a largely non-sensitive world in myriad ways that didn't always serve their best interest. I support sensitive people on their path to finding their voice, experiencing genuine relationships, purposeful work, and reclaiming their space in the world.
I work with clients who are (highly) sensitive, empathic, or intuitive. Sensitive people have a finely attuned nervous system that is a huge gift when made conscious. They experience life deeply, yet don't always feel easily understood by others. Growing up, they often experienced not fitting in, and have adapted to a largely non-sensitive world in myriad ways that didn't always serve their best interest. I support sensitive people on their path to finding their voice, experiencing genuine relationships, purposeful work, and reclaiming their space in the world.
(530) 270-3224 View (530) 270-3224
Photo of Rob Dean, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Rob Dean
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Welcome, glad you're here. Let's be honest, life often is messy and can feel like a struggle. And yet, what if beneath trauma, disappointments, frustrations, or seemingly poor life choices lie seeds of growth that just need some watering? What if you already contain the ingredients essential for thriving? Might your relationships as well? In my view therapy provides a sacred like opportunity where one is offered a chance to experience renewed vitality, meaning, and an invigorated sense of mind, body, spirit, and soul. A space where the genius in you or perhaps the potentials lying in relationships and parenting roles can emerge.
Welcome, glad you're here. Let's be honest, life often is messy and can feel like a struggle. And yet, what if beneath trauma, disappointments, frustrations, or seemingly poor life choices lie seeds of growth that just need some watering? What if you already contain the ingredients essential for thriving? Might your relationships as well? In my view therapy provides a sacred like opportunity where one is offered a chance to experience renewed vitality, meaning, and an invigorated sense of mind, body, spirit, and soul. A space where the genius in you or perhaps the potentials lying in relationships and parenting roles can emerge.
(510) 901-3796 View (510) 901-3796
Photo of Anna Zozulinsky, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Anna Zozulinsky
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Navigating our internal and external realities - work, family and relationships - can be challenging. You may feel stuck, isolated or in despair. In such times, engaging with another person who listens carefully can help with exploration, acceptance and change. I work with people from a range of different backgrounds, including artists facing creative blocks, immigrants wishing to find greater freedom in the in-between spaces they inhabit, and people who have gone through adversity and seek relief from distress.
Navigating our internal and external realities - work, family and relationships - can be challenging. You may feel stuck, isolated or in despair. In such times, engaging with another person who listens carefully can help with exploration, acceptance and change. I work with people from a range of different backgrounds, including artists facing creative blocks, immigrants wishing to find greater freedom in the in-between spaces they inhabit, and people who have gone through adversity and seek relief from distress.
(415) 237-0669 View (415) 237-0669
Photo of Mary LaGue, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Mary LaGue
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
Throughout my 20 years of experience as a psychologist, I have helped people cope with anxiety, depression, and the stresses of life changes such as divorce, medical issues, menopause, retirement, grief, and much more. My mission is to partner with my patients to develop coping strategies, improve self-awareness, and help them enhance their relationships with others. I guide my clients through the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, mindfulness, and Object Relations. I am here to support your healing and personal growth.
Throughout my 20 years of experience as a psychologist, I have helped people cope with anxiety, depression, and the stresses of life changes such as divorce, medical issues, menopause, retirement, grief, and much more. My mission is to partner with my patients to develop coping strategies, improve self-awareness, and help them enhance their relationships with others. I guide my clients through the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, mindfulness, and Object Relations. I am here to support your healing and personal growth.
(619) 651-9495 View (619) 651-9495
Photo of Lisa Serrano, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lisa Serrano
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I typically work with adults who come into therapy feeling uncomfortable and unsure. Many of my clients experience anxiety, notice that they might feel things more intensely than others, and are feeling out of place in a few different parts of their lives. I notice that these feelings are often accompanied by a sense of disembodiment - an uncertainty about how one's body reflects how they feel or a detachment from one's body, which causes great distress. Often, traumatic experiences have impacted the mind, body, and inner experiences of my clients and support is needed to explore these areas and to begin the healing process.
I typically work with adults who come into therapy feeling uncomfortable and unsure. Many of my clients experience anxiety, notice that they might feel things more intensely than others, and are feeling out of place in a few different parts of their lives. I notice that these feelings are often accompanied by a sense of disembodiment - an uncertainty about how one's body reflects how they feel or a detachment from one's body, which causes great distress. Often, traumatic experiences have impacted the mind, body, and inner experiences of my clients and support is needed to explore these areas and to begin the healing process.
(415) 996-1385 View (415) 996-1385
Photo of Theresa Carpinito Kira, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Theresa Carpinito Kira
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
I work with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, disordered eating, body image concerns, relationship issues, life/role transitions, attachment issues, and trauma. I focus on trying to help my clients identify what is important to them and to find ways to live a more rich and meaningful life. I help to uncover what negative beliefs or patterns might be keeping them stuck while helping to shift perspective on their distress and find ways to move forward. I see adults only in my practice.
I work with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, disordered eating, body image concerns, relationship issues, life/role transitions, attachment issues, and trauma. I focus on trying to help my clients identify what is important to them and to find ways to live a more rich and meaningful life. I help to uncover what negative beliefs or patterns might be keeping them stuck while helping to shift perspective on their distress and find ways to move forward. I see adults only in my practice.
(415) 650-5307 View (415) 650-5307
Photo of Krystal Koop, Associate Clinical Social Worker in San Francisco, CA
Krystal Koop
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
Grief can be complex-sometimes our relationships with people we have lost are complicated and the process of aging and passing on is not something that many people openly talk about or acknowledge and can add to the burden of grief. Our society is also one of quick fixes, fast moves, and instant gratification, so the slow and arduous process of grieving does not typically get the space it deserves. Too often we are forced to get back to work, back to being happy, back to being "normal" when things are anything but.
Grief can be complex-sometimes our relationships with people we have lost are complicated and the process of aging and passing on is not something that many people openly talk about or acknowledge and can add to the burden of grief. Our society is also one of quick fixes, fast moves, and instant gratification, so the slow and arduous process of grieving does not typically get the space it deserves. Too often we are forced to get back to work, back to being happy, back to being "normal" when things are anything but.
(510) 369-5069 View (510) 369-5069
Photo of Lindsay Olshan, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lindsay Olshan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
My goal is to help people regain balance in their lives, deepen their understanding of self and achieve a level of awareness that alleviates helplessness and creates choice and ultimate change.
My goal is to help people regain balance in their lives, deepen their understanding of self and achieve a level of awareness that alleviates helplessness and creates choice and ultimate change.
(310) 341-7992 View (310) 341-7992

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.