Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

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Photo of Allison Cayne Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Allison Cayne Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! I offer counseling services for adolescents and young adults who are struggling with relationships (including IPV), life changes, identity, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. My approach to therapy is compassionate, client centered, and emphasizes the mutual development of goals for better emotional, physical, and relationship health. In our initial consultation, we can talk through where you’re at right now, where you’d like to be, and how we can get there in a way that feels comfortable for you. I like to spend time really getting to know you because a solid therapeutic relationship is built upon trust and understanding.
Welcome! I offer counseling services for adolescents and young adults who are struggling with relationships (including IPV), life changes, identity, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. My approach to therapy is compassionate, client centered, and emphasizes the mutual development of goals for better emotional, physical, and relationship health. In our initial consultation, we can talk through where you’re at right now, where you’d like to be, and how we can get there in a way that feels comfortable for you. I like to spend time really getting to know you because a solid therapeutic relationship is built upon trust and understanding.
(314) 697-2139 View (314) 697-2139
Photo of Jackie Sell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Jackie Sell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63118
Depth psychotherapy work is a process unique to each individual and it relies on their innate potential for growth and ability to explore deeper realms of the psyche. We will use tools such as dream work, active imagination, explorations of the past as well as the present to understand those deeper aspects of the mind. The goal of depth work is to understand unconscious patterns and origins of behavior which can ultimately lead to greater psychological flexibility and freedom. Many clients who experience depth work end up finding a renewed sense of Self and purpose.
Depth psychotherapy work is a process unique to each individual and it relies on their innate potential for growth and ability to explore deeper realms of the psyche. We will use tools such as dream work, active imagination, explorations of the past as well as the present to understand those deeper aspects of the mind. The goal of depth work is to understand unconscious patterns and origins of behavior which can ultimately lead to greater psychological flexibility and freedom. Many clients who experience depth work end up finding a renewed sense of Self and purpose.
(636) 215-6894 View (636) 215-6894
Photo of Kimberly E Keegan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kimberly E Keegan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63131
I find that often a person is suffering with one or more unresolved issues and continues to hope things will change. When things don't change or get better, they may be ready to seek counseling and become open to talking with a stranger. That's often a big step to take. The goal is to improve the situation, handle a crisis and/or just stop the pain. There are many issues that result in reaching out to a counselor including a relationship crisis, loss of some sort, surviving trauma, addictions, difficulty with family or significant others, and changes that may occur within the person such as depression or anxiety.
I find that often a person is suffering with one or more unresolved issues and continues to hope things will change. When things don't change or get better, they may be ready to seek counseling and become open to talking with a stranger. That's often a big step to take. The goal is to improve the situation, handle a crisis and/or just stop the pain. There are many issues that result in reaching out to a counselor including a relationship crisis, loss of some sort, surviving trauma, addictions, difficulty with family or significant others, and changes that may occur within the person such as depression or anxiety.
(314) 937-5229 View (314) 937-5229
Photo of Kara Lynne Ressel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kara Lynne Ressel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63132
I value supporting adolescents and adults struggling with life's challenges: depression, anxiety, stress, relationship difficulties, and much more. We tend to isolate in these difficult moments believing we are alone in our struggles. My goal is to provide a comforting and safe environment to make changes to achieve your goals and create more positive interactions.
I value supporting adolescents and adults struggling with life's challenges: depression, anxiety, stress, relationship difficulties, and much more. We tend to isolate in these difficult moments believing we are alone in our struggles. My goal is to provide a comforting and safe environment to make changes to achieve your goals and create more positive interactions.
(636) 205-2391 View (636) 205-2391
Photo of Kara Shaughnessy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Kara Shaughnessy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63128
Not accepting new clients
Some people have intense or overwhelming emotions, feeling stressed or just “stuck” in life. While we all try to do the best we can to problem solve and manage life stressors, sometimes what we’ve been doing is no longer working for us. I am skilled in helping clients untangle strong emotions and thoughts by balancing the “see-saw” of acceptance of what won't change in life while also empowering clients to use new skills to change. In doing so, we identify unhelpful behaviors that are no longer serving a purpose and work toward more healthy behaviors that are relevant to people’s goals to figure out the problems in their lives.
Some people have intense or overwhelming emotions, feeling stressed or just “stuck” in life. While we all try to do the best we can to problem solve and manage life stressors, sometimes what we’ve been doing is no longer working for us. I am skilled in helping clients untangle strong emotions and thoughts by balancing the “see-saw” of acceptance of what won't change in life while also empowering clients to use new skills to change. In doing so, we identify unhelpful behaviors that are no longer serving a purpose and work toward more healthy behaviors that are relevant to people’s goals to figure out the problems in their lives.
(314) 207-4999 View (314) 207-4999
Photo of Michael Deal, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Michael Deal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63117
When working with individuals, I aim to help them through a collaborative process to understand the underlying issues that are causing them to not live up to their potential. The model which I employ assumes that many of our struggles are connected to conflicts within us of which we are not completely aware. I feel that therapy is most effective when the entire person's personality and history are considered instead of just focusing on current problematic behaviors. My work focuses on recognizing long standing relationship patterns that are troublesome as well as developing a more emotionally stable and adaptive personality.
When working with individuals, I aim to help them through a collaborative process to understand the underlying issues that are causing them to not live up to their potential. The model which I employ assumes that many of our struggles are connected to conflicts within us of which we are not completely aware. I feel that therapy is most effective when the entire person's personality and history are considered instead of just focusing on current problematic behaviors. My work focuses on recognizing long standing relationship patterns that are troublesome as well as developing a more emotionally stable and adaptive personality.
(314) 561-7106 View (314) 561-7106
Photo of Cristina Marie Smugala, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Cristina Marie Smugala
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63127  (Online Only)
My passion is to empathetically guide and support transformation of traumatic experience. I will empower you to face your fears, unburden toxic shame, heal traumatic wounds and help you reclaim the courage that you know is inside of you. The ability to have love, compassion and acceptance for yourself are powerful healing forces that I strive to ignite, recover and unlock in my clients. Through EMDR and Somatic Experiencing I focus on restoring a sense of calm, centered connectedness within the brain and body. I work to inspire courage, promote healing so you can embody radical acceptance, release fear and embrace authenticity.
My passion is to empathetically guide and support transformation of traumatic experience. I will empower you to face your fears, unburden toxic shame, heal traumatic wounds and help you reclaim the courage that you know is inside of you. The ability to have love, compassion and acceptance for yourself are powerful healing forces that I strive to ignite, recover and unlock in my clients. Through EMDR and Somatic Experiencing I focus on restoring a sense of calm, centered connectedness within the brain and body. I work to inspire courage, promote healing so you can embody radical acceptance, release fear and embrace authenticity.
(314) 888-5212 x3 View (314) 888-5212 x3
Photo of Amanda Woollard, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Amanda Woollard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63127
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about helping people and believe therapy is a collaborative process where we will work together to determine your goals and how to achieve them. Current or past issues may have you feeling discouraged or defeated about your ability to feel better. My goal is to create a safe environment that allows you to feel comfortable enough to engage fully in therapy so that I can help you achieve your full potential. Clients find themselves at ease working with me and are able to address what prompted them to seek therapy without fear of being judged or criticized.
I am passionate about helping people and believe therapy is a collaborative process where we will work together to determine your goals and how to achieve them. Current or past issues may have you feeling discouraged or defeated about your ability to feel better. My goal is to create a safe environment that allows you to feel comfortable enough to engage fully in therapy so that I can help you achieve your full potential. Clients find themselves at ease working with me and are able to address what prompted them to seek therapy without fear of being judged or criticized.
(314) 287-5397 View (314) 287-5397
Photo of Karen Grayson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Karen Grayson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63141
I work exclusively with therapists and coaches who want to bring Internal Family Systems (IFS) more fully into their lives and professional work. Heal your own trauma. Live more effectively from your best Self. Help your clients gain insight and transform their lives. The more Self-led, grounded, and confident you are as a practitioner, the more your clients will heal and the more joy you'll feel in your life and work.
I work exclusively with therapists and coaches who want to bring Internal Family Systems (IFS) more fully into their lives and professional work. Heal your own trauma. Live more effectively from your best Self. Help your clients gain insight and transform their lives. The more Self-led, grounded, and confident you are as a practitioner, the more your clients will heal and the more joy you'll feel in your life and work.
(314) 714-4233 View (314) 714-4233
Photo of Laura Peroutka, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Laura Peroutka
Licensed Professional Counselor, ATR-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Through a focus on insight and empowerment, I help clients heal wounds incurred against their bodies, minds and/or spirit allowing them to feel stronger, more accepting, more whole, more clear, and more motivated for change. I have a special interest in issues such as trauma/PTSD, self-esteem, identity, perfectionism, loss, anger, depression and life transitions. My style is empathic and supportive, but also truthful and authentic. When appropriate I will utilize my sense of humor, celebrate small steps, and seek out the simple joys that can guide us through dark times.
Through a focus on insight and empowerment, I help clients heal wounds incurred against their bodies, minds and/or spirit allowing them to feel stronger, more accepting, more whole, more clear, and more motivated for change. I have a special interest in issues such as trauma/PTSD, self-esteem, identity, perfectionism, loss, anger, depression and life transitions. My style is empathic and supportive, but also truthful and authentic. When appropriate I will utilize my sense of humor, celebrate small steps, and seek out the simple joys that can guide us through dark times.
(314) 736-3649 View (314) 736-3649
Photo of Jennifer Newman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Jennifer Newman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63109
I am a particularly good fit for clients who tend to intellectualize their problems and who are uncomfortable/unaccustomed to tapping into their emotions. I am a more interactive therapist. I see therapy as a conversation. If you are someone who has been frustrated by therapists who are detached, I may be a good fit for you. I am patient and I will not push you into going deeper than you feel comfortable with at the moment. I know that change and trust are slow processes and I will respect your ability to set the pace of your own therapy.
I am a particularly good fit for clients who tend to intellectualize their problems and who are uncomfortable/unaccustomed to tapping into their emotions. I am a more interactive therapist. I see therapy as a conversation. If you are someone who has been frustrated by therapists who are detached, I may be a good fit for you. I am patient and I will not push you into going deeper than you feel comfortable with at the moment. I know that change and trust are slow processes and I will respect your ability to set the pace of your own therapy.
(314) 582-9421 View (314) 582-9421
Photo of Dr. Caleb S Reese, Psychologist in Saint Louis, MO
Dr. Caleb S Reese
Psychologist, PsyD, LP, DBT-LBC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63146
Waitlist for new clients
I believe obstacles can be paths and hope to be of service to those who are struggling. The willingness to ask for help requires courage. I strive to provide guidance and support as we explore your inner strengths. I do not ask my clients to do anything that I would not do. I recognize my own fallibilities because I am human, too. Through collaborative work and a desire to push towards change, my goal is to aid in recognizing what you have control over in order to make the most of your time.
I believe obstacles can be paths and hope to be of service to those who are struggling. The willingness to ask for help requires courage. I strive to provide guidance and support as we explore your inner strengths. I do not ask my clients to do anything that I would not do. I recognize my own fallibilities because I am human, too. Through collaborative work and a desire to push towards change, my goal is to aid in recognizing what you have control over in order to make the most of your time.
(314) 804-6951 View (314) 804-6951
Photo of Krystal Schuette, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Krystal Schuette
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63144
Are you struggling because of something that happened in the recent or distant past? Have you experienced something traumatic like abuse, combat, physical violence, rape or robbery? Do you view the world negatively? Have you re-experienced the past or feel like 'it's happening all over again"? Do you avoid things you used to do for fear of being reminded of the past? Do you hate when people bring it up? You may be struggling with trauma triggers.
Are you struggling because of something that happened in the recent or distant past? Have you experienced something traumatic like abuse, combat, physical violence, rape or robbery? Do you view the world negatively? Have you re-experienced the past or feel like 'it's happening all over again"? Do you avoid things you used to do for fear of being reminded of the past? Do you hate when people bring it up? You may be struggling with trauma triggers.
(314) 310-2738 View (314) 310-2738
Photo of Kari Englund-Moreton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Kari Englund-Moreton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63118
I strive to provide a warm, safe environment in which you can feel safe to share and process current experiences and past experiences that may be causing difficulty to your system. I believe that positive experiences and relationships are central to trauma recovery and are important to general well-being. I believe that psychotherapy is a journey of self-discovery. I believe treatment is a creative process. We will work together to develop new insights that inform change. I currently do not have openings but I am happy to add you to my waitlist if that is your preference.
I strive to provide a warm, safe environment in which you can feel safe to share and process current experiences and past experiences that may be causing difficulty to your system. I believe that positive experiences and relationships are central to trauma recovery and are important to general well-being. I believe that psychotherapy is a journey of self-discovery. I believe treatment is a creative process. We will work together to develop new insights that inform change. I currently do not have openings but I am happy to add you to my waitlist if that is your preference.
(314) 300-9879 View (314) 300-9879
Photo of Raymond L. Scott, Ph.D., Psychologist in Saint Louis, MO
Raymond L. Scott, Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63101
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I administer, interpret, and prepare culturally sensitive reports based on psychological test data. Cultural considerations play a crucial role in understanding an individual’s beliefs, learning styles, educational attainment, and values and which provide a foundation for her or his pursue of happiness, attainment of career success, and development of a sense of purpose and situatedness. I conduct aptitude and achievement evaluations, assessments to evaluate an individual’s intellectual and emotional intelligence, assessments to evaluate an individual’s personality and social functioning.
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I administer, interpret, and prepare culturally sensitive reports based on psychological test data. Cultural considerations play a crucial role in understanding an individual’s beliefs, learning styles, educational attainment, and values and which provide a foundation for her or his pursue of happiness, attainment of career success, and development of a sense of purpose and situatedness. I conduct aptitude and achievement evaluations, assessments to evaluate an individual’s intellectual and emotional intelligence, assessments to evaluate an individual’s personality and social functioning.
(314) 260-9040 View (314) 260-9040
Photo of Courtney Cannes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Courtney Cannes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63131
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! Starting counseling can be overwhelming and I would love the opportunity to start this process with you. Maybe you are struggling with your own internal emotions or thoughts. Maybe you are acting in a way that doesn't feel right and you want to break some patterns. Maybe your relationships with friends, family, kids is not what you want. Counseling is a great place to find hope and work towards creating the life that you want. I provide a safe and non-judgmental atmosphere for you to share your struggles/concerns and for us to work together towards freedom and healing.
Welcome! Starting counseling can be overwhelming and I would love the opportunity to start this process with you. Maybe you are struggling with your own internal emotions or thoughts. Maybe you are acting in a way that doesn't feel right and you want to break some patterns. Maybe your relationships with friends, family, kids is not what you want. Counseling is a great place to find hope and work towards creating the life that you want. I provide a safe and non-judgmental atmosphere for you to share your struggles/concerns and for us to work together towards freedom and healing.
(314) 300-7989 View (314) 300-7989
Photo of Stacy Blassingame, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Stacy Blassingame
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63139
It's plain to see that world bombards us with ample reason to live in fear, doubt, and negativity. Yet, we all possess the ability to change, and to make good on the hope toward a rich, full, and confident life. We can't erase our pasts, but we can work together in the present to find new ways of thinking and being that produce the lives we want.
It's plain to see that world bombards us with ample reason to live in fear, doubt, and negativity. Yet, we all possess the ability to change, and to make good on the hope toward a rich, full, and confident life. We can't erase our pasts, but we can work together in the present to find new ways of thinking and being that produce the lives we want.
(314) 462-2626 View (314) 462-2626
Photo of Diana Dee-Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Diana Dee-Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63125
Not accepting new clients
My name is Diana Dee-Williams, I am a Licensed professional counselor in the State of MO. My focus is to create a safe sense of comfort for clients to build rapport while helping them solve their life challenges. I am psychotherapist who believes in helping individuals explore their inner thoughts, feelings, behaviors behind their significant life challenges as well help him or her move toward Self-Achievement and Self-Growth. The goal is for the therapist and individuals to work together in maintaining stability with the intentional plan to work through those circumstances and reach a positive balance and purpose in life.
My name is Diana Dee-Williams, I am a Licensed professional counselor in the State of MO. My focus is to create a safe sense of comfort for clients to build rapport while helping them solve their life challenges. I am psychotherapist who believes in helping individuals explore their inner thoughts, feelings, behaviors behind their significant life challenges as well help him or her move toward Self-Achievement and Self-Growth. The goal is for the therapist and individuals to work together in maintaining stability with the intentional plan to work through those circumstances and reach a positive balance and purpose in life.
(314) 408-2838 View (314) 408-2838
Photo of Corry Cande in Saint Louis, MO
Corry Cande
MEd, CCLS, FMCHC, NBC-HWC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
"I don't think I can repeat often enough how grateful I am that we found our way to you." - Parent Testimonial. Since 2001, I have had the privilege of working with children, adolescents and families as they have faced some of life's most challenging obstacles. Using a strengths based approach, all that I say and do, is individualized to meet the specific needs of each person. Empowering the individual by encouraging positive coping and stress transformation is at heart of what I do. As a Mother of 3 children, one of which has a rare health condition, I deeply understand the importance of meeting the unique needs of each individual.
"I don't think I can repeat often enough how grateful I am that we found our way to you." - Parent Testimonial. Since 2001, I have had the privilege of working with children, adolescents and families as they have faced some of life's most challenging obstacles. Using a strengths based approach, all that I say and do, is individualized to meet the specific needs of each person. Empowering the individual by encouraging positive coping and stress transformation is at heart of what I do. As a Mother of 3 children, one of which has a rare health condition, I deeply understand the importance of meeting the unique needs of each individual.
(636) 429-2499 View (636) 429-2499
Photo of Anthony F. Pickens, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Anthony F. Pickens
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63112
I work with families and individuals ages 12 and up who are seeking support with daily life challenges related to emotional, relational, spiritual or career concerns.
I work with families and individuals ages 12 and up who are seeking support with daily life challenges related to emotional, relational, spiritual or career concerns.
(314) 912-3085 View (314) 912-3085

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Saint Louis, MO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saint Louis, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Louis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.