Therapists in Saratoga Springs, NY

Photo of Meagan McCarthy Rivenburgh, Counselor in Saratoga Springs, NY
Meagan McCarthy Rivenburgh
Counselor, CASAC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
My clients often tell me they seek therapy when beginning to question why their knowledge and hard work is not translating to increased life satisfaction. Some are finding the work-life balance lauded by media, family, friends, and colleagues to feel elusive. Others find quests for self-improvement are resulting in cycles of determined action followed by disappointment, self-doubt, and feelings of shame or inadequacy. Most want to live in a way that is aligned to their identities and values, but find this has often resulted in more pain. If any of these ring true to you- you are not alone, and your efforts have not been in vain.
My clients often tell me they seek therapy when beginning to question why their knowledge and hard work is not translating to increased life satisfaction. Some are finding the work-life balance lauded by media, family, friends, and colleagues to feel elusive. Others find quests for self-improvement are resulting in cycles of determined action followed by disappointment, self-doubt, and feelings of shame or inadequacy. Most want to live in a way that is aligned to their identities and values, but find this has often resulted in more pain. If any of these ring true to you- you are not alone, and your efforts have not been in vain.
(518) 306-1652 View (518) 306-1652
Photo of Lynne A Davidson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Lynne A Davidson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
I work with individuals to assist them in discovering or rediscovering their self respect, uniqueness and joy. My role as therapist includes offering support, safety, confidentiality and guidance. My goal for each person is for them to thrive in whatever life is uniquely theirs.
I work with individuals to assist them in discovering or rediscovering their self respect, uniqueness and joy. My role as therapist includes offering support, safety, confidentiality and guidance. My goal for each person is for them to thrive in whatever life is uniquely theirs.
(518) 400-3414 View (518) 400-3414
Photo of Barbara Wall, Mental Health Counselor in Saratoga Springs, NY
Barbara Wall
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CFRC
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
I utilize a person-centered, non-pathological approach to therapy. Internal Family Systems is my preferred modality as it views the struggles of humankind, as just that, struggles and not pathology. It also honors the healer inside of each of us, believing that each person not only has the capacity to heal but has a Self that is designed to do just that. In my approach, IFS is used as a road map and we journey together to the destinations you identify. You will do some hard, challenging, and courageous work but you will not do it alone; I will honor all your parts and hold a steady light for you as you journey through.
I utilize a person-centered, non-pathological approach to therapy. Internal Family Systems is my preferred modality as it views the struggles of humankind, as just that, struggles and not pathology. It also honors the healer inside of each of us, believing that each person not only has the capacity to heal but has a Self that is designed to do just that. In my approach, IFS is used as a road map and we journey together to the destinations you identify. You will do some hard, challenging, and courageous work but you will not do it alone; I will honor all your parts and hold a steady light for you as you journey through.
(518) 306-4500 View (518) 306-4500
Photo of Lisa Casey, Licensed Master Social Worker in Saratoga Springs, NY
Lisa Casey
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Hi, I am accepting new patients in the Saratoga Springs/Ballston Spa area. I have 15 years experience with individual and family counseling including young children. My experience includes working in child welfare, hospitals, and now private practice. I accept all insurances below and also have self-pay options.
Hi, I am accepting new patients in the Saratoga Springs/Ballston Spa area. I have 15 years experience with individual and family counseling including young children. My experience includes working in child welfare, hospitals, and now private practice. I accept all insurances below and also have self-pay options.
(518) 855-3126 View (518) 855-3126
Photo of Stephanie Armer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Stephanie Armer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
I believe that it's important to recognize that each client I work with has their own unique set of strengths as well as challenges. We will work together to identify where and how life is challenging, as well as, identify and build upon preexisting strengths, values, develop and utilize coping mechanisms, create tools for self-regulation and increase mindfulness.
I believe that it's important to recognize that each client I work with has their own unique set of strengths as well as challenges. We will work together to identify where and how life is challenging, as well as, identify and build upon preexisting strengths, values, develop and utilize coping mechanisms, create tools for self-regulation and increase mindfulness.
(518) 302-2240 View (518) 302-2240
Photo of Melissa Golub, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Melissa Golub
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, RYT-200
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Office Hours: Monday - Friday 9am-4pm. I have been a clinician in the mental health field for 18 years, graduating from Columbia University with a Master's Degree in Social Work in 2005. I am trained in EMDR, DBT, and also incorporate mindfulness, embodiment and self-compassion practices into my work with clients. Additionally, I am a Befriending Your Body Program Certified Teacher. The Befriending Your Body Program is a unique 8-week Somatic Self-Compassion Recovery program teaching you the skills of embodiment and self-compassion for disordered eating and making peace with your body, food and self. Next group begins May 2024.
Office Hours: Monday - Friday 9am-4pm. I have been a clinician in the mental health field for 18 years, graduating from Columbia University with a Master's Degree in Social Work in 2005. I am trained in EMDR, DBT, and also incorporate mindfulness, embodiment and self-compassion practices into my work with clients. Additionally, I am a Befriending Your Body Program Certified Teacher. The Befriending Your Body Program is a unique 8-week Somatic Self-Compassion Recovery program teaching you the skills of embodiment and self-compassion for disordered eating and making peace with your body, food and self. Next group begins May 2024.
(518) 501-1293 View (518) 501-1293
Photo of Rochelle M Guido, Counselor in Saratoga Springs, NY
Rochelle M Guido
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Life can present with many unexpected challenges and stressors. My passion is to help children, adolescents, adults and families to heal from their personal struggles. I have over thirteen years clinical experience helping people with anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, grief/loss, trouble at work/school, and relationship issues. We will work together to identify your specific needs and goals in an open, non-judgmental, and safe therapy setting. With therapeutic support, you can start the process of feeling better about yourself and your life.
Life can present with many unexpected challenges and stressors. My passion is to help children, adolescents, adults and families to heal from their personal struggles. I have over thirteen years clinical experience helping people with anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, grief/loss, trouble at work/school, and relationship issues. We will work together to identify your specific needs and goals in an open, non-judgmental, and safe therapy setting. With therapeutic support, you can start the process of feeling better about yourself and your life.
(518) 941-8685 View (518) 941-8685
Photo of Don Sheeley, Counselor in Saratoga Springs, NY
Don Sheeley
Counselor, MD, ABIM
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
I am a physician offering MAT, Medication-Assisted-Treatment for addiction to opioids and alcohol. These meds can help people stay off heroin, opioids, and alcohol - offering time to address the root of the problems, pains and sufferings that people are escaping from. Many times people who use drugs and alcohol have had difficult experiences at home growing up. With decent therapy they can rebuild their inner strength and become functioning adults again without needing alcohol and drugs as crutches. They can learn to love themselves the way they are, and move on in life.
I am a physician offering MAT, Medication-Assisted-Treatment for addiction to opioids and alcohol. These meds can help people stay off heroin, opioids, and alcohol - offering time to address the root of the problems, pains and sufferings that people are escaping from. Many times people who use drugs and alcohol have had difficult experiences at home growing up. With decent therapy they can rebuild their inner strength and become functioning adults again without needing alcohol and drugs as crutches. They can learn to love themselves the way they are, and move on in life.
(518) 730-4457 View (518) 730-4457
Photo of Lauren Weisberg, Psychologist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Lauren Weisberg
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
You are capable of healing with adequate resources and expert care. I started a private practice so that I can help you grow into the person you want to be. In our work together, your well-being is my top priority. I utilize emotion regulation strategies and psychodynamic processing to address the root causes of emotion dysregulation, including treatment of past trauma and addressing attachment anxiety.
You are capable of healing with adequate resources and expert care. I started a private practice so that I can help you grow into the person you want to be. In our work together, your well-being is my top priority. I utilize emotion regulation strategies and psychodynamic processing to address the root causes of emotion dysregulation, including treatment of past trauma and addressing attachment anxiety.
(518) 252-7972 View (518) 252-7972
Photo of Mirko Pavlek, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Mirko Pavlek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
My practice is based on presumption that mind can create dysfunctional, disruptive and destructive functioning patterns, but it also has an enormous potential for healing from those patterns by recognizing, resolving, modifying and integrating them. Toward that end, I use therapeutic approaches where the therapy itself is "held" by strong alliance and trust in process, that as it deepens, allows for access and application of client's unique conscious and unconscious healing potentials. The therapy is effective with depressed and/or anxious individuals, couples with problems, as well as individuals with unresolved traumas or PTSD.
My practice is based on presumption that mind can create dysfunctional, disruptive and destructive functioning patterns, but it also has an enormous potential for healing from those patterns by recognizing, resolving, modifying and integrating them. Toward that end, I use therapeutic approaches where the therapy itself is "held" by strong alliance and trust in process, that as it deepens, allows for access and application of client's unique conscious and unconscious healing potentials. The therapy is effective with depressed and/or anxious individuals, couples with problems, as well as individuals with unresolved traumas or PTSD.
(518) 306-5126 View (518) 306-5126
Photo of Rachel Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Rachel Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Rachel provides therapy services to children, adolescents, transitional age/emerging adulthood, couples, and families. Over the course of 17 years as a clinician, she has maintained a high level of commitment to providing service to others. Her approach to therapy is integrative, as she takes a client-directed, competency-based approach so that clients are active in their therapeutic experience. She is committed to social justice issues and assisting clients to discover their strengths, voice, skills, and unique abilities. Rachel incorporates the use of mindfulness and the effects of food & mood into therapy practices.
Rachel provides therapy services to children, adolescents, transitional age/emerging adulthood, couples, and families. Over the course of 17 years as a clinician, she has maintained a high level of commitment to providing service to others. Her approach to therapy is integrative, as she takes a client-directed, competency-based approach so that clients are active in their therapeutic experience. She is committed to social justice issues and assisting clients to discover their strengths, voice, skills, and unique abilities. Rachel incorporates the use of mindfulness and the effects of food & mood into therapy practices.
(518) 759-7391 View (518) 759-7391
Photo of Elaine Sandra Simione, Counselor in Saratoga Springs, NY
Elaine Sandra Simione
Counselor, LMHC, CCH, MST
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Elaine does transpersonal and transformational therapy. Clients experience their unique personal transformation through a mind, body, spiritual approach. It's a heart-centered journey to wellness utilizing holistic therapies. Through hypnosis, art therapy, breathwork, Reiki healing, energy medicine, TFT, and the work of Byron Katie the client is brought back to the essence of who he/she really is. We learn to let go of our tedious stories that only serve to keep us suffering and struggling with life. We meet all of our thoughts, feelings, and experiences with love, acceptance and as gifts of opportunity and portals to healing.
Elaine does transpersonal and transformational therapy. Clients experience their unique personal transformation through a mind, body, spiritual approach. It's a heart-centered journey to wellness utilizing holistic therapies. Through hypnosis, art therapy, breathwork, Reiki healing, energy medicine, TFT, and the work of Byron Katie the client is brought back to the essence of who he/she really is. We learn to let go of our tedious stories that only serve to keep us suffering and struggling with life. We meet all of our thoughts, feelings, and experiences with love, acceptance and as gifts of opportunity and portals to healing.
(518) 636-1207 View (518) 636-1207
Photo of Alex Harnos, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saratoga Springs, NY
Alex Harnos
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866  (Online Only)
Life can be difficult and so can college. Talking about it is a great way to help make things go smoother. I’m here to help you talk and connect in a way that makes it easy to do so. We can discuss anything you want from the past, present or future and find ways together to better understand the challenges that you face today. I am here to let you know that you can tell me anything and you are not alone. Creating a safe space to have good conversations about your life is what I do best. Sometimes it's hard to talk about things that give us anxiety or depression but the best medicine is talking.
Life can be difficult and so can college. Talking about it is a great way to help make things go smoother. I’m here to help you talk and connect in a way that makes it easy to do so. We can discuss anything you want from the past, present or future and find ways together to better understand the challenges that you face today. I am here to let you know that you can tell me anything and you are not alone. Creating a safe space to have good conversations about your life is what I do best. Sometimes it's hard to talk about things that give us anxiety or depression but the best medicine is talking.
(518) 543-9436 View (518) 543-9436
Photo of Jean Devlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Jean Devlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
I have been working as a clinical social worker and therapist in Saratoga County for over 20 years. I have worked with adolescents and adults in various settings including school-based counseling, intensive outpatient treatment programs and as a supervisor in an adult services outpatient treatment clinic. I have experience with a variety of mental health issues including anxiety, depression, mood disorders, trauma and substance use/ addiction issues. As an experienced clinician, I believe in staying informed and up to date with best practices in the field and have training with CBT, DBT and trauma-based approaches.
I have been working as a clinical social worker and therapist in Saratoga County for over 20 years. I have worked with adolescents and adults in various settings including school-based counseling, intensive outpatient treatment programs and as a supervisor in an adult services outpatient treatment clinic. I have experience with a variety of mental health issues including anxiety, depression, mood disorders, trauma and substance use/ addiction issues. As an experienced clinician, I believe in staying informed and up to date with best practices in the field and have training with CBT, DBT and trauma-based approaches.
(518) 735-0988 View (518) 735-0988
Photo of Kylie McKeighan, Counselor in Saratoga Springs, NY
Kylie McKeighan
Counselor, LMHC, RN
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I find great joy in working with people across the lifespan, but especially childhood (ages 5 and up) through middle adulthood. I will work with you on defining your goals for therapy, whether you want to improve your coping, work through communication struggles, build self-esteem, or explore your identity.
I find great joy in working with people across the lifespan, but especially childhood (ages 5 and up) through middle adulthood. I will work with you on defining your goals for therapy, whether you want to improve your coping, work through communication struggles, build self-esteem, or explore your identity.
(518) 750-3878 View (518) 750-3878
Photo of Christina Celmer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Christina Celmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866  (Online Only)
I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 40 years. Throughout all of my years in practice, I have been amazed by the resilience of the human spirit. I work with clients who have endured and survived traumatic histories or devastating losses, and are now presenting with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or Complex PTSD. Recovery from trauma is hard work, but with support, effective therapeutic tools, and the commitment to recover, I believe healing is possible.
I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 40 years. Throughout all of my years in practice, I have been amazed by the resilience of the human spirit. I work with clients who have endured and survived traumatic histories or devastating losses, and are now presenting with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or Complex PTSD. Recovery from trauma is hard work, but with support, effective therapeutic tools, and the commitment to recover, I believe healing is possible.
(518) 901-2670 View (518) 901-2670
Photo of Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops in Saratoga Springs, NY
Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops
PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
(518) 254-8676 View (518) 254-8676
Photo of Christina Koslin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Christina Koslin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with youth, adolescents and transitional age adults. I am particularly interested in working with LGBTQIA2S+ individuals.
I specialize in working with youth, adolescents and transitional age adults. I am particularly interested in working with LGBTQIA2S+ individuals.
(518) 851-1759 View (518) 851-1759
Photo of Jonathan L Sulkin, Psychologist in Saratoga Springs, NY
Jonathan L Sulkin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
I have over 30 years experience working as a psychotherapist with a great variety of people who have come to me for help. My style is conversational, engaging and direct - I prefer a humane rather than a clinical approach and I actively participate in creating our work together. I love to help people develop emotionally and be able to make creative changes and meet challenges in their lives. My experience has been that people frequently discover, in their work with me, that they have more resources with which to build their lives than they had previously imagined.
I have over 30 years experience working as a psychotherapist with a great variety of people who have come to me for help. My style is conversational, engaging and direct - I prefer a humane rather than a clinical approach and I actively participate in creating our work together. I love to help people develop emotionally and be able to make creative changes and meet challenges in their lives. My experience has been that people frequently discover, in their work with me, that they have more resources with which to build their lives than they had previously imagined.
(518) 580-9863 View (518) 580-9863
Photo of Stephanie Stolar, Mental Health Counselor in Saratoga Springs, NY
Stephanie Stolar
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Saratoga Springs, NY 12866  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My main specialty is working with clients who have experienced any type of trauma, including sexual abuse and assault and incest, as well as working through issues that can develop when trying to cope with the trauma, including various addictions such as sex and love addiction, health problems, relationship and sexual difficulties, anxiety, depression, and others. I have an affinity with LGBTQ clients, and have supported them through the many challenges that they face, including transitioning, coming out, discrimination, identity development, sexuality, relationship difficulties, and others.
My main specialty is working with clients who have experienced any type of trauma, including sexual abuse and assault and incest, as well as working through issues that can develop when trying to cope with the trauma, including various addictions such as sex and love addiction, health problems, relationship and sexual difficulties, anxiety, depression, and others. I have an affinity with LGBTQ clients, and have supported them through the many challenges that they face, including transitioning, coming out, discrimination, identity development, sexuality, relationship difficulties, and others.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saratoga Springs, NY

200+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Saratoga Springs, NY who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
74% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

62% CDPHP
60% Aetna
50% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Saratoga Springs, NY see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saratoga Springs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.