Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Carolyn H. Bray, Ph.D., Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Carolyn H. Bray, Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
In my 30+ years practicing psychotherapy, I have had extensive experience working with adults who are trying to adjust to the problems that life presents to us---a difficult childhood, trauma, anxiety, depression, postpartum depression, stress, working with a child who has a difficult mental illness, sexual abuse,couples' relationship struggles (heterosexual, gay, and lesbian), and grief from the loss of someone treasured. Always my treatment goal is to facilitate the improvement in the quality of life for each individual and to look for the creative aspect within the destruction. Healing is a natural process, but sometimes it is difficult to remember that fact.
In my 30+ years practicing psychotherapy, I have had extensive experience working with adults who are trying to adjust to the problems that life presents to us---a difficult childhood, trauma, anxiety, depression, postpartum depression, stress, working with a child who has a difficult mental illness, sexual abuse,couples' relationship struggles (heterosexual, gay, and lesbian), and grief from the loss of someone treasured. Always my treatment goal is to facilitate the improvement in the quality of life for each individual and to look for the creative aspect within the destruction. Healing is a natural process, but sometimes it is difficult to remember that fact.
(415) 689-1012 View (415) 689-1012
Photo of Erica Simanonok │ Anxiety Therapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Erica Simanonok │ Anxiety Therapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW, PPSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
MARCH 2024 Accepting New Clients! Do you experience low self-esteem and negative self-talk? Are you feeling anxious or defeated a majority of the time? Are you overwhelmed or feel burnt out in your job or in life? I can support you in resolving your life stressors in order to relieve anxiety, rise up from feeling overwhelmed, and improve your self-esteem!
MARCH 2024 Accepting New Clients! Do you experience low self-esteem and negative self-talk? Are you feeling anxious or defeated a majority of the time? Are you overwhelmed or feel burnt out in your job or in life? I can support you in resolving your life stressors in order to relieve anxiety, rise up from feeling overwhelmed, and improve your self-esteem!
(707) 940-9191 View (707) 940-9191
Photo of Craig L Levine, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Craig L Levine
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
I am a compassionate therapist who has a passion for helping people. I believe that understanding why you do or feel a certain way will lead you to making changes. I not only provide insight-oriented therapy but supportive and motivational therapy to help you reach your goals. My hope is that you will learn more about yourself in the process of change. I specialize in working with couples and individual adults. I approach my work with kindness, compassion and a strong desire to understand your situation.
I am a compassionate therapist who has a passion for helping people. I believe that understanding why you do or feel a certain way will lead you to making changes. I not only provide insight-oriented therapy but supportive and motivational therapy to help you reach your goals. My hope is that you will learn more about yourself in the process of change. I specialize in working with couples and individual adults. I approach my work with kindness, compassion and a strong desire to understand your situation.
(415) 845-5897 View (415) 845-5897
Photo of Christopher Vogt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Christopher Vogt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
If you are suffering with fear, sadness, confusion, loneliness, anger, or other difficult emotions, perhaps I can help. These feelings generally come and go for all of us, but if they come and don't go, then this can be a problem. Maybe this is what brought you here, and you've already tried various things to feel better, but haven't gotten very far. Life can be difficult and perplexing, and wading through the sludge of painful emotions and troublesome thoughts and behaviors on your own can be frustrating and overwhelming.
If you are suffering with fear, sadness, confusion, loneliness, anger, or other difficult emotions, perhaps I can help. These feelings generally come and go for all of us, but if they come and don't go, then this can be a problem. Maybe this is what brought you here, and you've already tried various things to feel better, but haven't gotten very far. Life can be difficult and perplexing, and wading through the sludge of painful emotions and troublesome thoughts and behaviors on your own can be frustrating and overwhelming.
(415) 942-8381 View (415) 942-8381
Photo of Sarah Kwan, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Sarah Kwan
Psychologist, MS, NCSP, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
I am passionate about empowering clients to live a more spirited and enlivened existence. Recognizing that we all react out of habit in challenging situations, I offer concrete practices that build the necessary skills to intervene in these habitual reactions. These skills and insights will help you make new choices and live a more engaged and fulfilling life; you will learn effective ways to communicate personal needs, listen and respond to your own values, and connect with your innate wisdom and ability to heal.
I am passionate about empowering clients to live a more spirited and enlivened existence. Recognizing that we all react out of habit in challenging situations, I offer concrete practices that build the necessary skills to intervene in these habitual reactions. These skills and insights will help you make new choices and live a more engaged and fulfilling life; you will learn effective ways to communicate personal needs, listen and respond to your own values, and connect with your innate wisdom and ability to heal.
(415) 403-2384 View (415) 403-2384
Photo of Bev Jewell Aasect Certified Sex Therapist, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Bev Jewell Aasect Certified Sex Therapist
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94111  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing: relationship issues, feeling overwhelmed, or stuck? Perhaps you are in a Neuro-Diverse relationship (you're wired differently) and stuggle to understand each other and get your needs met? Do you want to learn better commuication and problem-solving skills? Maybe you want a more fulfilling sex life - solo, or with your partner. There are many things that affect us and our sexuality over time - stress, age, life events, hormone changes... I can help you navigate these areas to find the answers you're looking for and get you to a better place!
Are you experiencing: relationship issues, feeling overwhelmed, or stuck? Perhaps you are in a Neuro-Diverse relationship (you're wired differently) and stuggle to understand each other and get your needs met? Do you want to learn better commuication and problem-solving skills? Maybe you want a more fulfilling sex life - solo, or with your partner. There are many things that affect us and our sexuality over time - stress, age, life events, hormone changes... I can help you navigate these areas to find the answers you're looking for and get you to a better place!
(442) 254-0043 View (442) 254-0043
Photo of Kim Williams, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kim Williams
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131
Kim Williams is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Kim believes in the client's ability to see their own strengths to motivate them to take control of situations that ultimately influence the life they want to live. Kim's specialties include Phase of Life Changes, LQBTQ, Anxiety, Depression, Anger Management, and Parenting. Kim also provides Anger Management, Parenting, and Domestic Violence Groups. Kim uses Solution-Focused Therapy, along with CBT, Narrative Therapy, to help clients find the skills needed to bring change and healing to their life.
Kim Williams is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Kim believes in the client's ability to see their own strengths to motivate them to take control of situations that ultimately influence the life they want to live. Kim's specialties include Phase of Life Changes, LQBTQ, Anxiety, Depression, Anger Management, and Parenting. Kim also provides Anger Management, Parenting, and Domestic Violence Groups. Kim uses Solution-Focused Therapy, along with CBT, Narrative Therapy, to help clients find the skills needed to bring change and healing to their life.
(415) 855-9188 View (415) 855-9188
Photo of Helen Star, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Helen Star
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Sometimes anxiety, depression and trauma responses impact your relationships and work. My approach is to provide deep, abiding support to help you come back to center, allowing a more resilient self to emerge. Together we will build on your strengths to address life challenges with the aim that the consultation room is a safe space where actual life strategies are developed. You and I can address issues ranging from phase of life challenges, Work stress, relationship conflicts, trauma resolution, depression and anxiety management or the impacts of addictive processes in your life.
Sometimes anxiety, depression and trauma responses impact your relationships and work. My approach is to provide deep, abiding support to help you come back to center, allowing a more resilient self to emerge. Together we will build on your strengths to address life challenges with the aim that the consultation room is a safe space where actual life strategies are developed. You and I can address issues ranging from phase of life challenges, Work stress, relationship conflicts, trauma resolution, depression and anxiety management or the impacts of addictive processes in your life.
(415) 237-6307 View (415) 237-6307
Photo of Emily Gordon, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Emily Gordon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
I believe that our pasts shape who we are but don't determine who we become. Inherent in all of us is a desire to heal old wounds and learn from our experiences. Therapy is an opportunity to examine and change the way you feel about yourself, to engage more fully in your relationships and to decide what is possible in your life and career. Therapy allows us to make peace with the past so that we can live more fully in the present.
I believe that our pasts shape who we are but don't determine who we become. Inherent in all of us is a desire to heal old wounds and learn from our experiences. Therapy is an opportunity to examine and change the way you feel about yourself, to engage more fully in your relationships and to decide what is possible in your life and career. Therapy allows us to make peace with the past so that we can live more fully in the present.
(415) 634-9628 View (415) 634-9628
Photo of Karen Ulring, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Karen Ulring
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117
I've worked with a wide range of individuals and couples over my 30+ years of practice. The center of my work is to provide a safe and supportive environment for you to sort out what concerns you, to discover what influences(past and present) may keep you stuck and repeating dissatisfying patterns or relationships, and to move beyond them to feel more in charge of your life. I offer a warm and interactive style, supportive of you and what you want to achieve. As I strongly believe that my clients should be able to afford therapy, I offer reduced fees to make this available.
I've worked with a wide range of individuals and couples over my 30+ years of practice. The center of my work is to provide a safe and supportive environment for you to sort out what concerns you, to discover what influences(past and present) may keep you stuck and repeating dissatisfying patterns or relationships, and to move beyond them to feel more in charge of your life. I offer a warm and interactive style, supportive of you and what you want to achieve. As I strongly believe that my clients should be able to afford therapy, I offer reduced fees to make this available.
(650) 319-7969 View (650) 319-7969
Photo of Margaret Boucher, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Margaret Boucher
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Currently seeing patients virtually.
Currently seeing patients virtually.
(415) 969-9816 View (415) 969-9816
Photo of Marty L. Cooper, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Marty L. Cooper
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
If you have a history of depression and anxiety, you no doubt know what it feels like to move through your day as if trudging through a swamp. At worst, there's little desire or motivation or energy, and then when you do climb out of these moods, you see yourself at some point fall back in. You are likely wanting to learn how to gain some permanent ground, to not have your mood rule you, and to just feel better from day to day. If this is what you are after, then I'd like to help.
If you have a history of depression and anxiety, you no doubt know what it feels like to move through your day as if trudging through a swamp. At worst, there's little desire or motivation or energy, and then when you do climb out of these moods, you see yourself at some point fall back in. You are likely wanting to learn how to gain some permanent ground, to not have your mood rule you, and to just feel better from day to day. If this is what you are after, then I'd like to help.
(415) 894-0951 View (415) 894-0951
Photo of Robert A Liss, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Robert A Liss
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117
I believe that the most important trait that leads to a successful outcome is motivation to learn about oneself. This is the essence of desire- or willingness- to change. I am trained as a psycho-analyst, and try to apply the essential understanding of people that psycho-analytic theory and practice, even when- as is usually the case- the psycho-analtyic method is not indicated, for reasons of time, money, and/or practicality. I work with all kinds of people, but feel that the common denominator is a strong motivation to examine oneself honestly and forthrightly, and to interact emotionally.
I believe that the most important trait that leads to a successful outcome is motivation to learn about oneself. This is the essence of desire- or willingness- to change. I am trained as a psycho-analyst, and try to apply the essential understanding of people that psycho-analytic theory and practice, even when- as is usually the case- the psycho-analtyic method is not indicated, for reasons of time, money, and/or practicality. I work with all kinds of people, but feel that the common denominator is a strong motivation to examine oneself honestly and forthrightly, and to interact emotionally.
(415) 858-6956 View (415) 858-6956
Photo of Robert Waska, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Robert Waska
Counselor, LPCC, MFT, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Effective Anxiety Treatment. Psychotherapy can help you resolve the panic, self-doubt, nervousness, and insecurity. Anxiety can cripple your day-to-day happiness, your relationships, your career, and your self-worth. Obsessive thinking, compulsive behaviors, worry patterns, and social anxiety can be managed and mastered. I use research based counseling techniques to create change and lasting relief.
Effective Anxiety Treatment. Psychotherapy can help you resolve the panic, self-doubt, nervousness, and insecurity. Anxiety can cripple your day-to-day happiness, your relationships, your career, and your self-worth. Obsessive thinking, compulsive behaviors, worry patterns, and social anxiety can be managed and mastered. I use research based counseling techniques to create change and lasting relief.
(415) 689-1009 View (415) 689-1009
Photo of Tila B Bibliowicz in San Francisco, CA
Tila B Bibliowicz
MA, BCET
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94131
As a Board Certified Educational Therapist with decades of experience working with children, adolescents, college students, and adults, I am dedicated to helping my clients discover their unique learning styles and find the best tools to maximize their potential. I work with students who are struggling academically, as well as those with ADD/ADHD, executive functioning issues, and OCD clients that affect their academic performance or are in need of remedial learning or effective test-taking strategies. I provide individualized instruction for clients struggling in school or college that addresses each student's difficulties.
As a Board Certified Educational Therapist with decades of experience working with children, adolescents, college students, and adults, I am dedicated to helping my clients discover their unique learning styles and find the best tools to maximize their potential. I work with students who are struggling academically, as well as those with ADD/ADHD, executive functioning issues, and OCD clients that affect their academic performance or are in need of remedial learning or effective test-taking strategies. I provide individualized instruction for clients struggling in school or college that addresses each student's difficulties.
(415) 390-0083 View (415) 390-0083
Photo of Beyond Coping, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Beyond Coping
Psychologist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
Are you living with or have you recently been diagnosed with a major medical condition? Caring for someone who is ill or dying? Are you having difficulties coping with a chronic or newly diagnosed illness? Are your children struggling with the loss of a loved one? Are you dealing with the impact of illness on body image? Are you considering end of life options or dealing with issues such as loss and grief? We help patients, their loved ones, and caregivers coping with cancer, life-altering illness, chronic pain, neurological conditions, infertility, complex pregnancy, and end of life issues.
Are you living with or have you recently been diagnosed with a major medical condition? Caring for someone who is ill or dying? Are you having difficulties coping with a chronic or newly diagnosed illness? Are your children struggling with the loss of a loved one? Are you dealing with the impact of illness on body image? Are you considering end of life options or dealing with issues such as loss and grief? We help patients, their loved ones, and caregivers coping with cancer, life-altering illness, chronic pain, neurological conditions, infertility, complex pregnancy, and end of life issues.
(844) 382-8410 x701 View (844) 382-8410 x701
Photo of Emelia Applegate, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Emelia Applegate
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
People start therapy for a variety of reasons. Are you curious about therapy because you’ve heard its been helpful for others? Maybe you lack contentment in aspects of your life or relationships. You may feel like this is a particularly difficult time in your life and you need help making sense of it. Perhaps you’ve always felt like life has been hard and you don’t want to keep feeling this way. The beauty of therapy is that is it tailored just for you. We work together to make sense of how you are feeling, make changes when it feels appropriate, and allow you to have more choice in your life.
People start therapy for a variety of reasons. Are you curious about therapy because you’ve heard its been helpful for others? Maybe you lack contentment in aspects of your life or relationships. You may feel like this is a particularly difficult time in your life and you need help making sense of it. Perhaps you’ve always felt like life has been hard and you don’t want to keep feeling this way. The beauty of therapy is that is it tailored just for you. We work together to make sense of how you are feeling, make changes when it feels appropriate, and allow you to have more choice in your life.
(415) 329-6954 View (415) 329-6954
Photo of Dr. Anthony Morice, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Anthony Morice
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, or maybe just a lack of direction in life? Are these problems getting in the way of you pursuing your goals, or maybe draining on your relationships? With over 10 years of clinical experience working with diverse populations experiencing these issues, I have developed a passion for helping people find peace, meaning, and connection in their lives. Together, we’ll navigate the underlying factors contributing to your situation, and empower you to regain control and rediscover joy in your life.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, or maybe just a lack of direction in life? Are these problems getting in the way of you pursuing your goals, or maybe draining on your relationships? With over 10 years of clinical experience working with diverse populations experiencing these issues, I have developed a passion for helping people find peace, meaning, and connection in their lives. Together, we’ll navigate the underlying factors contributing to your situation, and empower you to regain control and rediscover joy in your life.
(415) 569-1539 View (415) 569-1539
Photo of Amanda Grumet, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Amanda Grumet
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC, DMA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I love working with individual clients from teens to elders. It is a privilege to have a person's trust. I love to help clients in their 20's adjust to new independence after college and discover their passions and triumph over anxiety. I also enjoy helping adults over 65 manage life adjustments and build resilience. I very much value working with families and couples to resolve conflict and make decisions. I like to help clients improve romantic relationships, conflict with colleagues at work, and family dynamics. I speak multiple languages and am drawn to helping clients navigate cultural differences in couples and families.
I love working with individual clients from teens to elders. It is a privilege to have a person's trust. I love to help clients in their 20's adjust to new independence after college and discover their passions and triumph over anxiety. I also enjoy helping adults over 65 manage life adjustments and build resilience. I very much value working with families and couples to resolve conflict and make decisions. I like to help clients improve romantic relationships, conflict with colleagues at work, and family dynamics. I speak multiple languages and am drawn to helping clients navigate cultural differences in couples and families.
(415) 592-6918 View (415) 592-6918
Photo of Ronald 'max' Yusim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ronald 'max' Yusim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
I am strong in treating people with depression, OCD and anxiety issues. That being said, my true expertise is in the area of alcohol and addiction therapies. I am a recovering alcoholic and love educating folks on the principles of addiction and recovery. I've even had the fascinating experience of leading drug and alcohol group therapy for inmates at San Quentin State Prison. I believe there is no distinction between the many forms of addiction: alcohol, drugs, sex, internet porn, eating, working, video games, social media or gambling"¦all of these are triggered by the same things: fear, stress, and anxiety. And ALL are treatable.
I am strong in treating people with depression, OCD and anxiety issues. That being said, my true expertise is in the area of alcohol and addiction therapies. I am a recovering alcoholic and love educating folks on the principles of addiction and recovery. I've even had the fascinating experience of leading drug and alcohol group therapy for inmates at San Quentin State Prison. I believe there is no distinction between the many forms of addiction: alcohol, drugs, sex, internet porn, eating, working, video games, social media or gambling"¦all of these are triggered by the same things: fear, stress, and anxiety. And ALL are treatable.
(628) 225-4560 View (628) 225-4560

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.