Therapists in West Chester, PA

Photo of Melissa Markowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Chester, PA
Melissa Markowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382
Are you feeling stuck or struggling with life's challenges? Dealing with overwhelming anxiety or stress that is impacting your overall happiness and sense of wellbeing? Taking the first step can be difficult but as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I am here to help you on your therapeutic journey and start the healing process. I will help you navigate life's challenges and understand your past through integrative techniques to help you heal, grow and thrive. I will help you gain a better understanding of yourself and heal from the past while providing resources to resolve emotions and have the happiness you desire.
Are you feeling stuck or struggling with life's challenges? Dealing with overwhelming anxiety or stress that is impacting your overall happiness and sense of wellbeing? Taking the first step can be difficult but as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I am here to help you on your therapeutic journey and start the healing process. I will help you navigate life's challenges and understand your past through integrative techniques to help you heal, grow and thrive. I will help you gain a better understanding of yourself and heal from the past while providing resources to resolve emotions and have the happiness you desire.
(610) 616-5890 View (610) 616-5890
Photo of Tracey Dugan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Chester, PA
Tracey Dugan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
My clients are primarily parents who are experiencing perinatal depression, anxiety and trauma or who have experienced a miscarriage, stillbirth or infant loss, and/or pregnancy complications. Their goal is to feel better as soon as possible. They need an experienced, confident and caring therapist who knows how to help them in their distress. My clients are looking for someone that can teach them skills that they can use both now and for the rest of their lives. I am licensed in both PA and NJ.
My clients are primarily parents who are experiencing perinatal depression, anxiety and trauma or who have experienced a miscarriage, stillbirth or infant loss, and/or pregnancy complications. Their goal is to feel better as soon as possible. They need an experienced, confident and caring therapist who knows how to help them in their distress. My clients are looking for someone that can teach them skills that they can use both now and for the rest of their lives. I am licensed in both PA and NJ.
(484) 271-0533 View (484) 271-0533
Photo of Paula Padget Counseling & Coaching Associates, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Chester, PA
Paula Padget Counseling & Coaching Associates
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCP, BCCP, CPC, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380  (Online Only)
You know how often we lose our way in life, like ships blown off course, no longer heading exactly where we want to go now? If you are looking for more out of life, more from yourself, I can help. What I do in my counseling is to help people chart a new course for themselves based on who they are now - a course that will take them where they truly want to go, more effortlessly, more quickly.
You know how often we lose our way in life, like ships blown off course, no longer heading exactly where we want to go now? If you are looking for more out of life, more from yourself, I can help. What I do in my counseling is to help people chart a new course for themselves based on who they are now - a course that will take them where they truly want to go, more effortlessly, more quickly.
(610) 624-5168 View (610) 624-5168
Photo of Carter Weeber, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Chester, PA
Carter Weeber
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd, MS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382
I am committed to helping you meet your goals by tailoring my therapeutic approach to fit the unique needs of each child, adolescent, couple or family. By providing a warm and empathetic environment, I will collaborate with you to identify what may be holding you back from the freedom to live a more enriching life. My mission is to help you rediscover a sense of hope and encourage you to move forward with the feeling of empowerment and a renewed ability to cope with life's challenges. If desired, I enjoy integrating Christianity into our discussions.
I am committed to helping you meet your goals by tailoring my therapeutic approach to fit the unique needs of each child, adolescent, couple or family. By providing a warm and empathetic environment, I will collaborate with you to identify what may be holding you back from the freedom to live a more enriching life. My mission is to help you rediscover a sense of hope and encourage you to move forward with the feeling of empowerment and a renewed ability to cope with life's challenges. If desired, I enjoy integrating Christianity into our discussions.
(484) 881-3995 View (484) 881-3995
Photo of Faith Niemcewicz, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Chester, PA
Faith Niemcewicz
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
Do you need support in stress management, life transitions, trauma, depression/anxiety, developing effective coping strategies, etc? Do you want to feel more "free" emotionally, mentally, & physically, wanting to improve your life for yourself and possible future relationships/children/family? My ideal client is motivated to engage in treatment and reach their goals of becoming more psychologically flexible and strengthening their connections with themselves and those meaningful relationships around them.
Do you need support in stress management, life transitions, trauma, depression/anxiety, developing effective coping strategies, etc? Do you want to feel more "free" emotionally, mentally, & physically, wanting to improve your life for yourself and possible future relationships/children/family? My ideal client is motivated to engage in treatment and reach their goals of becoming more psychologically flexible and strengthening their connections with themselves and those meaningful relationships around them.
(484) 559-6109 View (484) 559-6109
Photo of Erin Hipple, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Chester, PA
Erin Hipple
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
I am a white, queer, disabled, non-binary femme. I have worked as a therapist in a variety of settings, including inpatient mental health facilities, outpatient community mental health services, women's shelters, and university settings. These experiences have led me to pursue a liberation-based, anti-carceral, and non-pathologizing approach to mental health support. I have worked with individuals experiencing a variety of expressions of distress including: depression, anxiety, stress, struggles with intimacy and boundaries, self-esteem issues, eating disorders, complicated and disenfranchised grief, and trauma-related stress.
I am a white, queer, disabled, non-binary femme. I have worked as a therapist in a variety of settings, including inpatient mental health facilities, outpatient community mental health services, women's shelters, and university settings. These experiences have led me to pursue a liberation-based, anti-carceral, and non-pathologizing approach to mental health support. I have worked with individuals experiencing a variety of expressions of distress including: depression, anxiety, stress, struggles with intimacy and boundaries, self-esteem issues, eating disorders, complicated and disenfranchised grief, and trauma-related stress.
(484) 648-2767 View (484) 648-2767
Photo of Michelle Schweitzer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Chester, PA
Michelle Schweitzer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382
Michelle Schweitzer is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Pennsylvania who received her Master's degree in Social Work from Adelphi University in 2009. She has more than 13 years of experience working with children, adolescents, families, and adults dealing with depression and anxiety, trauma, adjustment problems, relational difficulties, including parent-child conflict, and chronic health conditions. Michelle takes a trauma-informed, strengths-based approach and believes that real change occurs within the context of a safe and collaborative relationship.
Michelle Schweitzer is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Pennsylvania who received her Master's degree in Social Work from Adelphi University in 2009. She has more than 13 years of experience working with children, adolescents, families, and adults dealing with depression and anxiety, trauma, adjustment problems, relational difficulties, including parent-child conflict, and chronic health conditions. Michelle takes a trauma-informed, strengths-based approach and believes that real change occurs within the context of a safe and collaborative relationship.
(484) 878-5090 View (484) 878-5090
Photo of Judy Mahoney, Pre-Licensed Professional in West Chester, PA
Judy Mahoney
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
I'm Judy, a licensed social worker who believes in creating a safe environment that empowers clients to be their authentic selves while feeling seen and heard. I specialize in working with adolescents and adults with life transitions, grief, anxiety, stress management, identity building, depression and relationship struggles.
I'm Judy, a licensed social worker who believes in creating a safe environment that empowers clients to be their authentic selves while feeling seen and heard. I specialize in working with adolescents and adults with life transitions, grief, anxiety, stress management, identity building, depression and relationship struggles.
(610) 981-2162 View (610) 981-2162
Photo of Lauren Gallagher, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Chester, PA
Lauren Gallagher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a National Certified Counselor and have worked in the mental health field since 2015. I have provided individual, couples and family therapy to clients experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, PTSD, grief and loss, or adjusting to a life change. I understand how unique we all are and operate from a person-centered approach in order to work in collaboration with you to create a personalized plan to help you achieve your goals. No matter what you are struggling with, I am here to provide you with therapy that is meaningful for you and your needs!
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a National Certified Counselor and have worked in the mental health field since 2015. I have provided individual, couples and family therapy to clients experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, PTSD, grief and loss, or adjusting to a life change. I understand how unique we all are and operate from a person-centered approach in order to work in collaboration with you to create a personalized plan to help you achieve your goals. No matter what you are struggling with, I am here to provide you with therapy that is meaningful for you and your needs!
(484) 678-2498 View (484) 678-2498
Photo of Caroline Springhorn, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Chester, PA
Caroline Springhorn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
My ideal client is seeking therapy to become the best version of themselves. They would be committed to treatment and be willing to put in the work in and outside of therapy.
My ideal client is seeking therapy to become the best version of themselves. They would be committed to treatment and be willing to put in the work in and outside of therapy.
(484) 897-7269 View (484) 897-7269
David C Terjanian
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19380
Dr. Terjanian is a cognitive-interpersonal psychotherapist in practice for over 25 years. He has worked with the challenges people of all ages experience including depression, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, addictions, marriage and family difficulties and stress management. His experience ranges from behavioral strategies with parents of young children to concerns of people in their 90's. Additionally, he worked as a school psychologist for 10 years. Dr. Terjanian uses problem solving strategies for people to move forward in their lives. He wants to help you discern how to make healthy changes in your life.
Dr. Terjanian is a cognitive-interpersonal psychotherapist in practice for over 25 years. He has worked with the challenges people of all ages experience including depression, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, addictions, marriage and family difficulties and stress management. His experience ranges from behavioral strategies with parents of young children to concerns of people in their 90's. Additionally, he worked as a school psychologist for 10 years. Dr. Terjanian uses problem solving strategies for people to move forward in their lives. He wants to help you discern how to make healthy changes in your life.
(484) 652-8333 View (484) 652-8333
Photo of Teresa Naylor, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Chester, PA
Teresa Naylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382
“Only when we are brave enough to explore the darkness will we discover the infinite power of our light.” - Brene Brown. I am here to provide a safe space for you to come as you are - a compassionate space for self-exploration and discovery. We inevitably encounter ups and downs throughout our lives and navigating adversity can be challenging. I believe we all have the courage to explore our inner worlds with the ultimate goal of reaching our full potential. Whatever your goals may be, I am here to assist in gaining insight, building resilience, and learning necessary skills to improve your day-to-day life.
“Only when we are brave enough to explore the darkness will we discover the infinite power of our light.” - Brene Brown. I am here to provide a safe space for you to come as you are - a compassionate space for self-exploration and discovery. We inevitably encounter ups and downs throughout our lives and navigating adversity can be challenging. I believe we all have the courage to explore our inner worlds with the ultimate goal of reaching our full potential. Whatever your goals may be, I am here to assist in gaining insight, building resilience, and learning necessary skills to improve your day-to-day life.
(484) 351-6741 View (484) 351-6741
Photo of Heather Jacoby, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Chester, PA
Heather Jacoby
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Equestrian, Yoga Teacher, Student of Life... I am curious, interested, hungry for more...I am tattooed, spry, witty...I say these things not to brag about myself, but to simple put out the intention behind Pathways to Peace. I am not defined by a single aspect, of my life and neither are you! That being said, considering we are all unique beings with our individual needs, qualities and experiences, how is it reasonable to expect one to follow one path of healing, typically traditional psychotherapy and/or medication management?
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Equestrian, Yoga Teacher, Student of Life... I am curious, interested, hungry for more...I am tattooed, spry, witty...I say these things not to brag about myself, but to simple put out the intention behind Pathways to Peace. I am not defined by a single aspect, of my life and neither are you! That being said, considering we are all unique beings with our individual needs, qualities and experiences, how is it reasonable to expect one to follow one path of healing, typically traditional psychotherapy and/or medication management?
(610) 624-2070 View (610) 624-2070
Photo of Springfield Psychological of West Chester, Psychologist in West Chester, PA
Springfield Psychological of West Chester
Psychologist
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
We are a friendly and professional mental health practice that has been providing outstanding and affordable therapy for adults, couples, families, teens and children since 1985. With seven locations in Havertown, King of Prussia, North Wales, Philadelphia, Sinking Spring, Springfield, and West Chester as well as flexible scheduling options, we are able to offer appointments during the daytime, evening, and weekends for your convenience. In addition, we accept most insurance plans.
We are a friendly and professional mental health practice that has been providing outstanding and affordable therapy for adults, couples, families, teens and children since 1985. With seven locations in Havertown, King of Prussia, North Wales, Philadelphia, Sinking Spring, Springfield, and West Chester as well as flexible scheduling options, we are able to offer appointments during the daytime, evening, and weekends for your convenience. In addition, we accept most insurance plans.
(610) 364-5156 View (610) 364-5156
Photo of Chelsea Robinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Chester, PA
Chelsea Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380  (Online Only)
I am a Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), EMDR Trained Therapist, Board Certified-Telemental Health Provider (BC-TMH), and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I am pleased to offer online therapy sessions to Pennsylvania and Delaware residents and dedicated to accompanying clients in their quests to recover from life’s plot twists and turbulence. My mission is to help clients untangle themselves from the complex webs of life that have spun around them, leaving them feeling helpless and stuck. I enjoy supporting young adult and middle-aged women who have experienced:
I am a Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), EMDR Trained Therapist, Board Certified-Telemental Health Provider (BC-TMH), and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I am pleased to offer online therapy sessions to Pennsylvania and Delaware residents and dedicated to accompanying clients in their quests to recover from life’s plot twists and turbulence. My mission is to help clients untangle themselves from the complex webs of life that have spun around them, leaving them feeling helpless and stuck. I enjoy supporting young adult and middle-aged women who have experienced:
(484) 451-7224 View (484) 451-7224
Photo of Dr. Kevin A Hoffman, Psychologist in West Chester, PA
Dr. Kevin A Hoffman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Kevin Hoffman, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. His therapeutic approach is both holistic and eclectic, incorporating empirically supported cognitive-behavioral modalities tailored to the needs of each client. Dr. Hoffman specializes in working with those drawn to personal development and self-improvement who are prepared and willing to make necessary changes to improve their quality of life. He works with motivated adults seeking to achieve new levels of personal wellness.
Kevin Hoffman, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. His therapeutic approach is both holistic and eclectic, incorporating empirically supported cognitive-behavioral modalities tailored to the needs of each client. Dr. Hoffman specializes in working with those drawn to personal development and self-improvement who are prepared and willing to make necessary changes to improve their quality of life. He works with motivated adults seeking to achieve new levels of personal wellness.
(484) 441-0074 View (484) 441-0074
Photo of Dr. Nicole McKinney, Marriage & Family Therapist in West Chester, PA
Dr. Nicole McKinney
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19380  (Online Only)
With 20 years experience of empowering individuals, couples and families, I aim to inspire those I counsel. I am passionate about people and the restoration, maintenance and progression of their relationships. I help people adjust to life changes including: academic, family or work related stress; education, employment or military relocation; and loss. I specialize in “before the ring” counseling, financial matters, interracial coupling, pregnancy care, and racial identity of Biracials. For those seeking Christian counseling, I am a Jesus follower and I am willing to incorporate faith into therapy upon request.
With 20 years experience of empowering individuals, couples and families, I aim to inspire those I counsel. I am passionate about people and the restoration, maintenance and progression of their relationships. I help people adjust to life changes including: academic, family or work related stress; education, employment or military relocation; and loss. I specialize in “before the ring” counseling, financial matters, interracial coupling, pregnancy care, and racial identity of Biracials. For those seeking Christian counseling, I am a Jesus follower and I am willing to incorporate faith into therapy upon request.
(484) 282-7085 View (484) 282-7085
Photo of Kelley Nolan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Chester, PA
Kelley Nolan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19380
In therapy, I believe creating a safe, open, and supportive space helps to foster healing and growth. My passion is to help children, teens, and young adults find their unique strengths and skills and use these to build self-confidence and determine their purpose in life. I understand that barriers & challenges can get in the way but my focus is to guide and empower my clients to trust their ability to make it through these challenges and develop healthy ways to cope.
In therapy, I believe creating a safe, open, and supportive space helps to foster healing and growth. My passion is to help children, teens, and young adults find their unique strengths and skills and use these to build self-confidence and determine their purpose in life. I understand that barriers & challenges can get in the way but my focus is to guide and empower my clients to trust their ability to make it through these challenges and develop healthy ways to cope.
(484) 428-6870 View (484) 428-6870
Photo of Dr. Ruiqing Yu, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Chester, PA
Dr. Ruiqing Yu
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
Have you had a car accident and lost everything, including your career and physical health? Did you have to undergo multiple surgeries to fix your body because of the accident? Are you becoming more and more depressed and easily angry at home? Does your family think you need some help? Have you struggled with a lot of anxiety & OCD since you were young? Do you want to make changes to yourself so your husband and daughters can love again? I use a person-centered approach to build rapport with clients. I provide psychoeducation about what depression & anxiety are and how therapy works to help reduce the unknown feelings.
Have you had a car accident and lost everything, including your career and physical health? Did you have to undergo multiple surgeries to fix your body because of the accident? Are you becoming more and more depressed and easily angry at home? Does your family think you need some help? Have you struggled with a lot of anxiety & OCD since you were young? Do you want to make changes to yourself so your husband and daughters can love again? I use a person-centered approach to build rapport with clients. I provide psychoeducation about what depression & anxiety are and how therapy works to help reduce the unknown feelings.
(484) 592-6170 View (484) 592-6170
Photo of Grace Ann Flannery, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in West Chester, PA
Grace Ann Flannery
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
I have been a practicing clinician in the field of addiction for over 20 years. My specialty is individual and group work. The groups I facilitate are gender specific and foster a safe, confidential environment in which to recover from this devastating illness.
I have been a practicing clinician in the field of addiction for over 20 years. My specialty is individual and group work. The groups I facilitate are gender specific and foster a safe, confidential environment in which to recover from this devastating illness.
(267) 433-2140 View (267) 433-2140

See more therapy options for West Chester

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in West Chester, PA

600+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in West Chester, PA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
91% Depression
76% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Coping Skills
63% Grief
63% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in West Chester, PA see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in West Chester?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.