Therapists in Syosset, NY

Photo of Brian Moriarty, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syosset, NY
Brian Moriarty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
At some time in life, everyone feels overwhelmed and looks for a path to a happier, more comfortable day-to-day routine. That is different for everybody, and regardless of your individual needs, I can help you reach your goals. Change is not easy. When change involves mental health including anxiety and depression, substance abuse, or addressing negative behavioral patterns, it is necessary to involve a mental health professional.
At some time in life, everyone feels overwhelmed and looks for a path to a happier, more comfortable day-to-day routine. That is different for everybody, and regardless of your individual needs, I can help you reach your goals. Change is not easy. When change involves mental health including anxiety and depression, substance abuse, or addressing negative behavioral patterns, it is necessary to involve a mental health professional.
(516) 980-3002 View (516) 980-3002
Photo of Salina Felice-Ballensweig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syosset, NY
Salina Felice-Ballensweig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW, BS
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
As a therapist I partner with clients to address obstacles interfering in their quality of life. My therapeutic style is a cognitive behavioral approach also applying psychodynamic and holistic strategies. I offer a compassionate, safe and non-judgmental environment to build trust and confidence to move forward. My approach is straightforward and interactive— together we set and re-evaluate goals as we journey to a place where clients are content with how they are living their lives and feel satisfied with their progress.
As a therapist I partner with clients to address obstacles interfering in their quality of life. My therapeutic style is a cognitive behavioral approach also applying psychodynamic and holistic strategies. I offer a compassionate, safe and non-judgmental environment to build trust and confidence to move forward. My approach is straightforward and interactive— together we set and re-evaluate goals as we journey to a place where clients are content with how they are living their lives and feel satisfied with their progress.
(516) 407-7795 View (516) 407-7795
Photo of Elizabeth Axel, Psychologist in Syosset, NY
Elizabeth Axel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
I am a licensed Psychologist in New York and specialize in Clinical Neuropsychology. My focus is on the evaluation of children/adolescents who display symptoms of a possible learning disability, dyslexia, attentional disorder (e.g., AD/HD), anxiety or other mood disorder, autistic spectrum disorders, processing disorders, developmental disabilities, or executive functioning difficulties.
I am a licensed Psychologist in New York and specialize in Clinical Neuropsychology. My focus is on the evaluation of children/adolescents who display symptoms of a possible learning disability, dyslexia, attentional disorder (e.g., AD/HD), anxiety or other mood disorder, autistic spectrum disorders, processing disorders, developmental disabilities, or executive functioning difficulties.
(516) 986-4733 View (516) 986-4733
Photo of Natalie DiLascio, Licensed Master Social Worker in Syosset, NY
Natalie DiLascio
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
I am a licensed social worker committed to supporting children, adolescents, and adults through life's challenges. I establish authentic and powerful therapeutic connections with clients, using warmth, humor, genuine curiosity, and deep empathy. I believe that in order for our children to flourish, they must be able to deal with their emotional world and treat themselves with more compassion. Young people experience more stress than ever before. It is deeply important to find meaning and begin to explore their unique strengths.
I am a licensed social worker committed to supporting children, adolescents, and adults through life's challenges. I establish authentic and powerful therapeutic connections with clients, using warmth, humor, genuine curiosity, and deep empathy. I believe that in order for our children to flourish, they must be able to deal with their emotional world and treat themselves with more compassion. Young people experience more stress than ever before. It is deeply important to find meaning and begin to explore their unique strengths.
(516) 447-3331 View (516) 447-3331
Photo of Keri Chernuchin, Psychologist in Syosset, NY
Keri Chernuchin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
Dr. Keri Chernuchin is licensed Psychologist providing individual, family and group therapy in the Syosset, New York community since 1999, and more recently, telehealth services. Dr. Chernuchin is also the director of Psychological FACTS (Family, Adolescent and Child Therapy Services), a small group mental health practice.
Dr. Keri Chernuchin is licensed Psychologist providing individual, family and group therapy in the Syosset, New York community since 1999, and more recently, telehealth services. Dr. Chernuchin is also the director of Psychological FACTS (Family, Adolescent and Child Therapy Services), a small group mental health practice.
(516) 730-9705 View (516) 730-9705
Photo of Alexandra Lo Re, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syosset, NY
Alexandra Lo Re
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791  (Online Only)
Are you overwhelmed with the feelings brought on by the "quarter-life crisis"? Do you feel disconnected or aimless Or maybe you're surprised by how difficult your 20s or 30s feel? Isn't this supposed to be the time of your life? The reality is that this is a tough chapter for many people (despite what everyone is posting on social media). I have extensive experience working with Millienials and Gen Z, and can help you create a complete and fulfilling life. My specialties include depression, anxiety, and adjusting to life transitions. I use a variety of techniques and strategies to help each individual based on their specific needs.
Are you overwhelmed with the feelings brought on by the "quarter-life crisis"? Do you feel disconnected or aimless Or maybe you're surprised by how difficult your 20s or 30s feel? Isn't this supposed to be the time of your life? The reality is that this is a tough chapter for many people (despite what everyone is posting on social media). I have extensive experience working with Millienials and Gen Z, and can help you create a complete and fulfilling life. My specialties include depression, anxiety, and adjusting to life transitions. I use a variety of techniques and strategies to help each individual based on their specific needs.
(516) 788-8706 View (516) 788-8706
Photo of Hazel-Ann Jennifer Lewis, LPC Intern in Syosset, NY
Hazel-Ann Jennifer Lewis
LPC Intern, MHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791  (Online Only)
I am devoted to providing my clients with empathetic, person-centered therapeutic services. I am interested in working with a range of clients (singles, couples, professionals and college students) in a supportive and non-judgmental environment to address depression, anxiety and stress, and other life issues.
I am devoted to providing my clients with empathetic, person-centered therapeutic services. I am interested in working with a range of clients (singles, couples, professionals and college students) in a supportive and non-judgmental environment to address depression, anxiety and stress, and other life issues.
(516) 585-2319 View (516) 585-2319
Photo of Nancy S. Streitman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syosset, NY
Nancy S. Streitman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
Entering therapy can seem difficult and overwhelming, but generally people feel immediate relief. The support and encouragement experienced in a safe and nurturing relationship enables people to make positive changes in their lives. I have a deep appreciation for an individual's quest for emotional healing and growth. I am committed to assisting patients as quickly as possible, working in the present and healing past wounds without focusing on the past.
Entering therapy can seem difficult and overwhelming, but generally people feel immediate relief. The support and encouragement experienced in a safe and nurturing relationship enables people to make positive changes in their lives. I have a deep appreciation for an individual's quest for emotional healing and growth. I am committed to assisting patients as quickly as possible, working in the present and healing past wounds without focusing on the past.
(516) 495-3141 View (516) 495-3141
Photo of Samantha Stein, Licensed Master Social Worker in Syosset, NY
Samantha Stein
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
At Long Island Institute of Sex Therapy (LIIST), Samantha works with individuals facing challenges related to sexual functioning, depression, anxiety, gender and sexual orientation, and relationship skills. She provides support for gender and sexual orientation diverse (LGBTQ+) individuals and helps couples of all types enhance their communication skills. Samantha is also poly-inclusive and kink-aware.
At Long Island Institute of Sex Therapy (LIIST), Samantha works with individuals facing challenges related to sexual functioning, depression, anxiety, gender and sexual orientation, and relationship skills. She provides support for gender and sexual orientation diverse (LGBTQ+) individuals and helps couples of all types enhance their communication skills. Samantha is also poly-inclusive and kink-aware.
(516) 654-8511 View (516) 654-8511
Photo of Maria Sarkissian, Marriage & Family Therapist in Syosset, NY
Maria Sarkissian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
I collaborate with families, couples and individuals to change old unhealthy patterns into mutually beneficial ways of relating. I work with large number of presenting issues including managing depression, anxiety and stress, improving communication in primary relationships. I have worked with adults, children, adolescents, couples and families with various issues including: Depression, Sexual Identity, Increasing Intimacy, Self Esteem, Addiction, Bereavement, Anxiety and many other Relationship Issues.
I collaborate with families, couples and individuals to change old unhealthy patterns into mutually beneficial ways of relating. I work with large number of presenting issues including managing depression, anxiety and stress, improving communication in primary relationships. I have worked with adults, children, adolescents, couples and families with various issues including: Depression, Sexual Identity, Increasing Intimacy, Self Esteem, Addiction, Bereavement, Anxiety and many other Relationship Issues.
(917) 746-1635 View (917) 746-1635
Photo of Lauryn S Brady, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syosset, NY
Lauryn S Brady
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MS
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
Are you feeling overwhelmed, struggling with personal challenges, family and or relationship issues? Anxiety and fear can leave you stuck and hold you back from moving forward. By having a safe, nonjudgmental space to talk freely, one can often face new possibilities with ease. I utilize person-centered and strength-based therapeutic practices that are solution-focused and aim to promote individual growth. We will work together to identify and implement the changes you need to meet your life's goals and happiness. Assisting you in creating the life you desire and deserve is my ultimate objective.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, struggling with personal challenges, family and or relationship issues? Anxiety and fear can leave you stuck and hold you back from moving forward. By having a safe, nonjudgmental space to talk freely, one can often face new possibilities with ease. I utilize person-centered and strength-based therapeutic practices that are solution-focused and aim to promote individual growth. We will work together to identify and implement the changes you need to meet your life's goals and happiness. Assisting you in creating the life you desire and deserve is my ultimate objective.
(516) 210-4275 View (516) 210-4275
Photo of Lorraine Baum LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syosset, NY
Lorraine Baum LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PLLC
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791  (Online Only)
Are you not feeling quite yourself. Maybe you are going through a life transition. The end of a relationship or a life event that hit unexpectedly. Perhaps you are a bit down, not interested in the things that used to excite you. Or maybe you have noticed your mind is crowded with anxious thoughts that interfere with enjoying the good in your life. Is work causing you undue stress. Are you having conflicts with friends or family that are tiring you out. Are you feeling stuck and in need of a change of direction. Do you have unresolved hurts from your past that are interfering with your ability to be present in hour life now.
Are you not feeling quite yourself. Maybe you are going through a life transition. The end of a relationship or a life event that hit unexpectedly. Perhaps you are a bit down, not interested in the things that used to excite you. Or maybe you have noticed your mind is crowded with anxious thoughts that interfere with enjoying the good in your life. Is work causing you undue stress. Are you having conflicts with friends or family that are tiring you out. Are you feeling stuck and in need of a change of direction. Do you have unresolved hurts from your past that are interfering with your ability to be present in hour life now.
(631) 888-6148 View (631) 888-6148
Photo of Staci Leavitt Mind & Body Inc, Counselor in Syosset, NY
Staci Leavitt Mind & Body Inc
Counselor, RD, LCSW, PsyD, Coaches, Staff
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
We are a mental health, therapy, out-patient eating disorder and nutrition center. We handle all therapy & nutrition needs with the upmost amount of love, care and compassion. Having a mixed staff of Psychotherapists, Registered Dietitians & Coaches, we are able to treat a whole person, not just mind or body. Each patient is is viewed as an individual, allowing us to focus on THEIR personal needs/wishes. Our goal is to meet the patient where they are at and together help them understand their struggles and bring them to a happier & healthier place mentally & physically. Our passion is to provide the most safe/comfortable environment
We are a mental health, therapy, out-patient eating disorder and nutrition center. We handle all therapy & nutrition needs with the upmost amount of love, care and compassion. Having a mixed staff of Psychotherapists, Registered Dietitians & Coaches, we are able to treat a whole person, not just mind or body. Each patient is is viewed as an individual, allowing us to focus on THEIR personal needs/wishes. Our goal is to meet the patient where they are at and together help them understand their struggles and bring them to a happier & healthier place mentally & physically. Our passion is to provide the most safe/comfortable environment
(516) 433-1456 View (516) 433-1456
Photo of Christine Tighe NPP in Syosset, NY
Christine Tighe NPP
MS, CS, NPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, I specialize in medication management. With 20 years in the field, I have extensive experience workng with clients from adolescence through adulthood with expertise in treating the full spectrum of depression and anxiety disorders, OCD, ADD, bipolar disorders and co-occurring substance/addiction issues. I can also offer DNA testing to assist with medication selection. I am fully credentialed and board certified. Although I don't accept insurance directly, I would be happy to work with your out of network coverage benefit or offer an adjusted fee scale to suit your needs.
As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, I specialize in medication management. With 20 years in the field, I have extensive experience workng with clients from adolescence through adulthood with expertise in treating the full spectrum of depression and anxiety disorders, OCD, ADD, bipolar disorders and co-occurring substance/addiction issues. I can also offer DNA testing to assist with medication selection. I am fully credentialed and board certified. Although I don't accept insurance directly, I would be happy to work with your out of network coverage benefit or offer an adjusted fee scale to suit your needs.
(631) 721-9877 View (631) 721-9877
Photo of Melissa Rosenblatt, Psychologist in Syosset, NY
Melissa Rosenblatt
Psychologist, PhD, BCBA-D, LBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
Not accepting new clients
Welcome. You've taken the first step by seeking therapy for your child, and this is often the most difficult. I am a Licensed Psychologist and a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA-D) and specialize in working with young children through adolescents. I work with children struggling with emotional or behavioral challenges, as well as Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD. In addition to working directly with your child, I find that treatment is most effective when the parent(s) are involved and we work collaboratively. I also work with families on parenting and developing plans to support concerns at home.
Welcome. You've taken the first step by seeking therapy for your child, and this is often the most difficult. I am a Licensed Psychologist and a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA-D) and specialize in working with young children through adolescents. I work with children struggling with emotional or behavioral challenges, as well as Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD. In addition to working directly with your child, I find that treatment is most effective when the parent(s) are involved and we work collaboratively. I also work with families on parenting and developing plans to support concerns at home.
(917) 382-8759 View (917) 382-8759
Photo of Suzanne Griesner, Pre-Licensed Professional in Syosset, NY
Suzanne Griesner
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791  (Online Only)
If you've ever felt helpless or are looking for someone to talk to about what you are struggling with, you have come to the right place. I am here to help empower you, build self-esteem, and give you hope for the future. Helping clients understand their own strengths can help them advocate for themselves. I will provide unconditional acceptance while also remaining non-judgmental. I understand that experiences can often change our perspective on life, and how we value ourselves as human beings. I utilize a client-centered approach.
If you've ever felt helpless or are looking for someone to talk to about what you are struggling with, you have come to the right place. I am here to help empower you, build self-esteem, and give you hope for the future. Helping clients understand their own strengths can help them advocate for themselves. I will provide unconditional acceptance while also remaining non-judgmental. I understand that experiences can often change our perspective on life, and how we value ourselves as human beings. I utilize a client-centered approach.
(631) 292-0048 View (631) 292-0048
Photo of Lisa Cohen, Counselor in Syosset, NY
Lisa Cohen
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791  (Online Only)
My approach is positive, practical and proactive. I have been working in the counseling field for over 20 years. While I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, I have a passion for working with women guiding them to regain and increase self-awareness, encourage self-esteem and self-love and ultimately make positive changes to become happier individuals. I specialize in issues including codependency, anxiety, PTSD, as well as developmental disorders and relationship issues. I believe that our behavior is often influenced by our inner experiences, and understanding this connection is crucial in fostering change.
My approach is positive, practical and proactive. I have been working in the counseling field for over 20 years. While I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, I have a passion for working with women guiding them to regain and increase self-awareness, encourage self-esteem and self-love and ultimately make positive changes to become happier individuals. I specialize in issues including codependency, anxiety, PTSD, as well as developmental disorders and relationship issues. I believe that our behavior is often influenced by our inner experiences, and understanding this connection is crucial in fostering change.
(516) 279-3724 View (516) 279-3724
Photo of Lisa J Kahn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syosset, NY
Lisa J Kahn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCATP
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791  (Online Only)
Are you an adult or adolescent grappling with the challenges of overthinking, feeling overwhelmed, having low self-confidence, or anxiety? Perhaps you also find yourself dealing with symptoms of ADHD, such as struggling with focus, being disorganized, experiencing difficulties with time management, and feeling the burden of anxiety disrupting your overall well-being and quality of life. I am here to offer the guidance and resources to help you break free from these patterns, Just imagine equipping yourself with the necessary tools to navingate lifes's hurdles and achieve a sense of inner peace and balance.
Are you an adult or adolescent grappling with the challenges of overthinking, feeling overwhelmed, having low self-confidence, or anxiety? Perhaps you also find yourself dealing with symptoms of ADHD, such as struggling with focus, being disorganized, experiencing difficulties with time management, and feeling the burden of anxiety disrupting your overall well-being and quality of life. I am here to offer the guidance and resources to help you break free from these patterns, Just imagine equipping yourself with the necessary tools to navingate lifes's hurdles and achieve a sense of inner peace and balance.
(516) 350-3975 View (516) 350-3975
Photo of Michelene Fiedtkou, Pre-Licensed Professional in Syosset, NY
Michelene Fiedtkou
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791
My experience includes providing counseling to adults struggling with substance use, working with young adults involved in the criminal justice system, assisting families experiencing homelessness, and providing therapy to families. I am an advocate for LGBTQ rights and social justice issues.
My experience includes providing counseling to adults struggling with substance use, working with young adults involved in the criminal justice system, assisting families experiencing homelessness, and providing therapy to families. I am an advocate for LGBTQ rights and social justice issues.
(516) 788-6854 View (516) 788-6854
Photo of Zuhal K. Abrar, Counselor in Syosset, NY
Zuhal K. Abrar
Counselor, LMHC, MS
Verified Verified
Syosset, NY 11791  (Online Only)
As an experienced and dedicated mental health clinician I take pride in providing a genuine and compassionate environment for my patients. I am highly committed to the success and well-being of every individual who walks in through our doors. My goal is to provide a safe space and healing for patients to work through their issues and I do so with a deep level of compassion towards each and every individual. I have experience in both clinical and non-profit based work with diagnoses varying from anxiety and depressive disorders, mood disorders, to trauma afflicted individuals with both acute and complex levels of trauma.
As an experienced and dedicated mental health clinician I take pride in providing a genuine and compassionate environment for my patients. I am highly committed to the success and well-being of every individual who walks in through our doors. My goal is to provide a safe space and healing for patients to work through their issues and I do so with a deep level of compassion towards each and every individual. I have experience in both clinical and non-profit based work with diagnoses varying from anxiety and depressive disorders, mood disorders, to trauma afflicted individuals with both acute and complex levels of trauma.
(516) 217-3861 View (516) 217-3861

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Syosset, NY

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Syosset, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
88% Relationship Issues
85% Self Esteem
77% Coping Skills
68% Family Conflict
65% Stress

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Oxford

How Therapists in Syosset, NY see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Syosset?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.