Therapists in Katy, TX

Photo of Raven E. Corpus, LPC-Associate in Katy, TX
Raven E. Corpus
LPC-Associate, MEd, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77449  (Online Only)
I believe that everyone deserves the opportunity to truly be seen, heard, and valued. We are all fully capable of reaching our full potential with the right people in our corner. I believe that I can be that person for those who are willing to do the necessary work.
I believe that everyone deserves the opportunity to truly be seen, heard, and valued. We are all fully capable of reaching our full potential with the right people in our corner. I believe that I can be that person for those who are willing to do the necessary work.
(346) 248-4549 View (346) 248-4549
Photo of Ginger Klawer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Katy, TX
Ginger Klawer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
Do you struggle to communicate in ways that allow you to feel heard and understood? Would you like to learn how to create healthy boundaries and feel valued? Are you struggling as you navigate through life’s challenges? As a therapist, I help families, and individuals of all ages to answer these questions and help them understand the importance of emotional, relational, and spiritual healing. These are key components of self that often need strengthening to establish healthy relationships and a better understanding of self-worth. Together we can begin the process of healing and growth.
Do you struggle to communicate in ways that allow you to feel heard and understood? Would you like to learn how to create healthy boundaries and feel valued? Are you struggling as you navigate through life’s challenges? As a therapist, I help families, and individuals of all ages to answer these questions and help them understand the importance of emotional, relational, and spiritual healing. These are key components of self that often need strengthening to establish healthy relationships and a better understanding of self-worth. Together we can begin the process of healing and growth.
(832) 979-5436 View (832) 979-5436
Photo of Kristina E Reyes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Kristina E Reyes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450
Are you feeling overwhelmed or stressed? Do you have unmet goals or want to get more out of your current situation in life? Counseling is a place where you can get the support you need in life. I believe that the counseling process is a collaboration between client and therapist. My goal is to provide a supportive environment where we can explore your initial concerns and develop goals. Together, we can discover your strengths and resources that can help you attain your goals.
Are you feeling overwhelmed or stressed? Do you have unmet goals or want to get more out of your current situation in life? Counseling is a place where you can get the support you need in life. I believe that the counseling process is a collaboration between client and therapist. My goal is to provide a supportive environment where we can explore your initial concerns and develop goals. Together, we can discover your strengths and resources that can help you attain your goals.
(713) 597-5949 View (713) 597-5949
Photo of Katy Psychological Services, PLLC, Psychologist in Katy, TX
Katy Psychological Services, PLLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
We are a small, warm, and friendly private practice in Katy. We have the most diverse group of doctoral level psychologists and staff. Seeing a psychologist means you are receiving care from the highest-trained professional in the field. Please view our webiste or give us a call to discuss if we are the right fit for you.
We are a small, warm, and friendly private practice in Katy. We have the most diverse group of doctoral level psychologists and staff. Seeing a psychologist means you are receiving care from the highest-trained professional in the field. Please view our webiste or give us a call to discuss if we are the right fit for you.
(713) 903-8802 View (713) 903-8802
Photo of Alivio Counseling Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Katy, TX
Alivio Counseling Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77450
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, the impact of grief or difficult life experiences? Are you looking for relief? We are committed to helping you overcome trauma, anxiety, and other mental health challenges. We believe the power of therapy can unlock the innate resilience within you and guide you towards a healthier and more fulfilling life. Together we’ll figure out how to get you from where you are to where you want to be.
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, the impact of grief or difficult life experiences? Are you looking for relief? We are committed to helping you overcome trauma, anxiety, and other mental health challenges. We believe the power of therapy can unlock the innate resilience within you and guide you towards a healthier and more fulfilling life. Together we’ll figure out how to get you from where you are to where you want to be.
(832) 583-0324 View (832) 583-0324
Photo of Dr. Angie J. Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Dr. Angie J. Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC-S, LMFT, NCC, CART
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77449
ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS!! I have expertise in helping children, adolescents and adults recover from traumatic experiences/events in their lives. In order that we strive and move forward despite whatever obstacles we might face in life, we must instill the concept of RESILIENCY in our children, adolescents and adults. Resiliency teaches us to continue to move forward despite the obstacles we face. In order that we achieve our goal of promoting resiliency and community within the family, we found it most effective to provide a service that would make a difference not only in the homes of those we serve, but also in our communities.
ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS!! I have expertise in helping children, adolescents and adults recover from traumatic experiences/events in their lives. In order that we strive and move forward despite whatever obstacles we might face in life, we must instill the concept of RESILIENCY in our children, adolescents and adults. Resiliency teaches us to continue to move forward despite the obstacles we face. In order that we achieve our goal of promoting resiliency and community within the family, we found it most effective to provide a service that would make a difference not only in the homes of those we serve, but also in our communities.
(281) 394-0821 View (281) 394-0821
Photo of Joseph Gaffney, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Katy, TX
Joseph Gaffney
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MS, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450
I aim to help clients find emotional and physical balance and wellness as they work through their challenges and strive for personal aspirations. Building on my experience as a seasoned Firefighter/EMT and my service in the Air Force, I bring a unique perspective to the counseling profession, understanding the nuances and challenges faced by veterans, men, and adolescents. My educational background in social psychology, clinical mental health counseling, and real-world experience allow me to create an empathetic/effective therapeutic environment. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Attachment Theory to help clients.
I aim to help clients find emotional and physical balance and wellness as they work through their challenges and strive for personal aspirations. Building on my experience as a seasoned Firefighter/EMT and my service in the Air Force, I bring a unique perspective to the counseling profession, understanding the nuances and challenges faced by veterans, men, and adolescents. My educational background in social psychology, clinical mental health counseling, and real-world experience allow me to create an empathetic/effective therapeutic environment. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Attachment Theory to help clients.
(281) 394-4725 View (281) 394-4725
Photo of Michael Weinberger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Michael Weinberger
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
If you are feeling overwhelmed with emotions, depression, anxiety, frustration or anger, it is my hope that we can work together as a team to help you achieve a more happy and fulfilling life. I can assist you by providing an atmosphere of unconditional acceptance, as we work together on any issues, goals and changes you desire. I strongly believe everyone has the right to choose the path they want to follow in life.
If you are feeling overwhelmed with emotions, depression, anxiety, frustration or anger, it is my hope that we can work together as a team to help you achieve a more happy and fulfilling life. I can assist you by providing an atmosphere of unconditional acceptance, as we work together on any issues, goals and changes you desire. I strongly believe everyone has the right to choose the path they want to follow in life.
(832) 234-9570 View (832) 234-9570
Photo of Sneha Nayar-Bhalerao, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Sneha Nayar-Bhalerao
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450
Exciting news! We are currently accepting new clients and there is no waitlist at this time. We understand that meeting a counselor can be daunting, but rest assured, we're here to support you every step of the way. I'm Sneha Nayar-Bhalerao, and together, we will embark on a journey to make a positive impact in your life. I commend you for taking the courageous first step in seeking help. My goal is to instill hope, provide the necessary support, and guide you towards a more satisfying and fulfilling life. Remember, counseling is not meant to last forever, and neither should your struggles.
Exciting news! We are currently accepting new clients and there is no waitlist at this time. We understand that meeting a counselor can be daunting, but rest assured, we're here to support you every step of the way. I'm Sneha Nayar-Bhalerao, and together, we will embark on a journey to make a positive impact in your life. I commend you for taking the courageous first step in seeking help. My goal is to instill hope, provide the necessary support, and guide you towards a more satisfying and fulfilling life. Remember, counseling is not meant to last forever, and neither should your struggles.
(281) 204-8350 View (281) 204-8350
Photo of Dustin Laich, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Dustin Laich
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77450
Waitlist for new clients
Sometimes in life, we get frustrated, overwhelmed, confused, hurt, or just plan tired of struggling. It’s at times like these that we’re most vulnerable. And, in order to make it through the fight, we need a listening ear, guidance, and, sometimes, a push in the right direction, so we can become the best version of ourselves. Most of the time, that takes a lot of work and time. It is my privilege to assist in this process of life change. I enjoy meeting people where they are and, together, working on their unique and personal goals.
Sometimes in life, we get frustrated, overwhelmed, confused, hurt, or just plan tired of struggling. It’s at times like these that we’re most vulnerable. And, in order to make it through the fight, we need a listening ear, guidance, and, sometimes, a push in the right direction, so we can become the best version of ourselves. Most of the time, that takes a lot of work and time. It is my privilege to assist in this process of life change. I enjoy meeting people where they are and, together, working on their unique and personal goals.
(281) 769-7097 View (281) 769-7097
Photo of Monica Hicks, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Monica Hicks
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77449  (Online Only)
FULLY ONLINE PRACTICE ACCEPTING AGE 18+ (INDIVIDUALS): NOW is the time. If you’ve been struggling with an issue and wondering when you should take that next step to get help, the time is now. I obtained my Master’s in Education from the University of Houston-Victoria. Licensed in KS, TX, FL.
FULLY ONLINE PRACTICE ACCEPTING AGE 18+ (INDIVIDUALS): NOW is the time. If you’ve been struggling with an issue and wondering when you should take that next step to get help, the time is now. I obtained my Master’s in Education from the University of Houston-Victoria. Licensed in KS, TX, FL.
(409) 908-4639 View (409) 908-4639
Photo of Stella Lessert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Katy, TX
Stella Lessert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450  (Online Only)
As you have probably learned by now, life doesn't come with a road map. Life's journeys are uniquely individual! When you feel stuck, overwhelmed or seem to be going in circles, you've hit a boulder. Life transitions can be difficult, sometimes painful and tough to maneuver. They typically involve family relationships, career changes, peer interactions, or are related to loss, terminal illness, or caregiver responsibilities. Often, we experience feelings of anxiety, sadness, loneliness or fear; your not alone. Together, in a supportive, non-judgemental environment, we will explore and clarify these issues and underlying feelings.
As you have probably learned by now, life doesn't come with a road map. Life's journeys are uniquely individual! When you feel stuck, overwhelmed or seem to be going in circles, you've hit a boulder. Life transitions can be difficult, sometimes painful and tough to maneuver. They typically involve family relationships, career changes, peer interactions, or are related to loss, terminal illness, or caregiver responsibilities. Often, we experience feelings of anxiety, sadness, loneliness or fear; your not alone. Together, in a supportive, non-judgemental environment, we will explore and clarify these issues and underlying feelings.
(832) 569-7943 View (832) 569-7943
Photo of Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy in Katy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy in Katy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77450
If you're located in Katy, Texas, and struggling with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, or other related conditions, you might benefit from a novel approach known as Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP). This form of therapy has been shown to offer significant benefits to patients, with a majority reporting substantial improvements in their symptoms. Benefits can include reduced headaches and migraines, lifted brain fog, diminished effects of PTSD and anxiety, halted panic attacks, improved sleep, and lessened depressive thoughts.
If you're located in Katy, Texas, and struggling with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, or other related conditions, you might benefit from a novel approach known as Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP). This form of therapy has been shown to offer significant benefits to patients, with a majority reporting substantial improvements in their symptoms. Benefits can include reduced headaches and migraines, lifted brain fog, diminished effects of PTSD and anxiety, halted panic attacks, improved sleep, and lessened depressive thoughts.
(346) 545-4353 View (346) 545-4353
Photo of Alba Villegas Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Alba Villegas Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
My name is Alba, I have over 12 years of experience in the Mental Health field and I am bilingual and provide Therapy and Immigration Evaluation Services. I specialize in: 1 - Counseling for moms ( sadness, worry, lack of positive relationships, loneliness, lack of identity and connection. 2 - Counseling for teenagers: depression, anxiety, lack of motivation, friendship problems, suicidal thoughts, low self-esteem, anger management. 3- SSES Counseling: behavioral services offered for students receiving special education funds through TEA. And 4- Immigration Evaluations (Hardship and Trauma).
My name is Alba, I have over 12 years of experience in the Mental Health field and I am bilingual and provide Therapy and Immigration Evaluation Services. I specialize in: 1 - Counseling for moms ( sadness, worry, lack of positive relationships, loneliness, lack of identity and connection. 2 - Counseling for teenagers: depression, anxiety, lack of motivation, friendship problems, suicidal thoughts, low self-esteem, anger management. 3- SSES Counseling: behavioral services offered for students receiving special education funds through TEA. And 4- Immigration Evaluations (Hardship and Trauma).
(832) 210-2808 View (832) 210-2808
Photo of Donald T Cooper, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Donald T Cooper
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Not accepting new clients
I have a zeal for learning ways to inspire and help others. I came to Texas by way of the inner city of Northern New Jersey, and by the way of civil war ravaged Liberia in West Africa. I have learned that relationships continually call us to develop greater consciousness through shedding old beliefs and ways in order to grow. Relationships compel us to bring forth the light of awareness within all of us to engender the courage to be more of the deeper sense of who we are. My approach to counseling germinates from this disposition.
I have a zeal for learning ways to inspire and help others. I came to Texas by way of the inner city of Northern New Jersey, and by the way of civil war ravaged Liberia in West Africa. I have learned that relationships continually call us to develop greater consciousness through shedding old beliefs and ways in order to grow. Relationships compel us to bring forth the light of awareness within all of us to engender the courage to be more of the deeper sense of who we are. My approach to counseling germinates from this disposition.
(713) 597-8905 View (713) 597-8905
Photo of Stacy Kador, Pre-Licensed Professional in Katy, TX
Stacy Kador
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
Stacy Kador is a Licensed Professional Counselor Associate (LPC-A) with approximately 8 years of experience in the mental health field and over 13 years of experience in the field of education. She looks forward to helping to facilitate growth in children, adolescents, and families through exploration of themselves and their goals. Stacy specializes in anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, and relationship issues. Stacy completed her Master's degree at Adams State University in Colorado and her Bachelor's degree at Louisiana State University. She is a mother of three beautiful children and a former educator.
Stacy Kador is a Licensed Professional Counselor Associate (LPC-A) with approximately 8 years of experience in the mental health field and over 13 years of experience in the field of education. She looks forward to helping to facilitate growth in children, adolescents, and families through exploration of themselves and their goals. Stacy specializes in anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, and relationship issues. Stacy completed her Master's degree at Adams State University in Colorado and her Bachelor's degree at Louisiana State University. She is a mother of three beautiful children and a former educator.
(281) 949-6580 View (281) 949-6580
Photo of Kathy Carter, Licensed Master Social Worker in Katy, TX
Kathy Carter
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW, LCDC, CTP, CCST, CAGCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77494
Trauma and PTSD leaves us feeling broken, damaged, and disconnected from our true selves. It also often leads us to self-medicate with alcohol, drugs, or other substances. You're someone who takes care of others, but still finding yourself falling short, feeling exhausted and unsure what to do. You work hard and thrive in many areas of your life, yet peace escapes you, you feel empty and sometimes hopeless. But you are ready to make a change. You're ready to feel empowered and hopeful. You're ready to work hard and take your life back. My extensive training in trauma, EMDR and substance abuse will help you heal!
Trauma and PTSD leaves us feeling broken, damaged, and disconnected from our true selves. It also often leads us to self-medicate with alcohol, drugs, or other substances. You're someone who takes care of others, but still finding yourself falling short, feeling exhausted and unsure what to do. You work hard and thrive in many areas of your life, yet peace escapes you, you feel empty and sometimes hopeless. But you are ready to make a change. You're ready to feel empowered and hopeful. You're ready to work hard and take your life back. My extensive training in trauma, EMDR and substance abuse will help you heal!
(281) 915-0486 View (281) 915-0486
Photo of Sara Tanner, LPC-Associate in Katy, TX
Sara Tanner
LPC-Associate
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77450
I truly enjoy working and partnering with individuals who seek to enhance their well-being. Dealing with life's many trials can create a confusing environment for us and processing those tough emotions and feelings can be difficult. I am here to walk with you and assist you through your journey. I am considered a trauma therapist through the life span and particularly work with individuals struggling with PTSD and the effects of trauma in addition to working with children who have experienced trauma.
I truly enjoy working and partnering with individuals who seek to enhance their well-being. Dealing with life's many trials can create a confusing environment for us and processing those tough emotions and feelings can be difficult. I am here to walk with you and assist you through your journey. I am considered a trauma therapist through the life span and particularly work with individuals struggling with PTSD and the effects of trauma in addition to working with children who have experienced trauma.
(832) 219-6823 View (832) 219-6823
Photo of Ailyne Juarez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Katy, TX
Ailyne Juarez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katy, TX 77493  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Therapy should provide a safe space for people to be themselves without fear of judgement. I love working with people who are recovering from trauma, struggling with life transitions, or dealing with anxiety or depression. I provide a positive learning environment where teens and adults can learn how to manage difficult emotions.
Therapy should provide a safe space for people to be themselves without fear of judgement. I love working with people who are recovering from trauma, struggling with life transitions, or dealing with anxiety or depression. I provide a positive learning environment where teens and adults can learn how to manage difficult emotions.
(281) 305-1044 View (281) 305-1044
Photo of Catherine Hein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Katy, TX
Catherine Hein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Katy, TX 77494
I work from a strengths and integrated perspective focusing on the whole person: mind, body and spirit. I view therapy as a sacred journey in which you and I will work collaboratively to identify what goals you want to achieve through the therapy process. I often use humor to connect with my clients. I will provide you with a compassionate, supportive, and non-judgemental safe space in which we can openly talk about whatever brings you to my office.
I work from a strengths and integrated perspective focusing on the whole person: mind, body and spirit. I view therapy as a sacred journey in which you and I will work collaboratively to identify what goals you want to achieve through the therapy process. I often use humor to connect with my clients. I will provide you with a compassionate, supportive, and non-judgemental safe space in which we can openly talk about whatever brings you to my office.
(832) 786-2393 View (832) 786-2393

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Katy, TX

700+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Katy, TX who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Self Esteem
75% Coping Skills
72% Relationship Issues
69% Stress
64% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
77% Cigna and Evernorth
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Katy, TX see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Katy?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.