Therapists in Denver, CO

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Photo of Ashley Vacante Goodwin, Registered Psychotherapist in Denver, CO
Ashley Vacante Goodwin
Registered Psychotherapist, MS, EdS, NCSP
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80206
Finding the right support for your child can be a difficult and overwhelming task. Do you have questions about your student's academic ability or if their needs are being appropriately met in school? Students who have learning differences such as gifted and talented, twice exceptional, dyslexia and other learning disabilities, may not always receive what they need both academically and social emotionally. As a trained and nationally certified school psychologist, I have a thorough understanding of how children process information, barriers to learning, appropriate interventions and supports offered in the schools.
Finding the right support for your child can be a difficult and overwhelming task. Do you have questions about your student's academic ability or if their needs are being appropriately met in school? Students who have learning differences such as gifted and talented, twice exceptional, dyslexia and other learning disabilities, may not always receive what they need both academically and social emotionally. As a trained and nationally certified school psychologist, I have a thorough understanding of how children process information, barriers to learning, appropriate interventions and supports offered in the schools.
(720) 408-6195 x3 View (720) 408-6195 x3
Photo of Meagan Grasmick, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Meagan Grasmick
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80221  (Online Only)
When providing therapy, my goal is for us to develop a trusting therapeutic relationship in which our work together leads to you living a life with increased meaning and fulfillment. This can involve navigating through barriers such as depression, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, problematic/compulsive behaviors, lack of direction, etc. Often this includes identifying barriers, personal values that really matter, stories we tell ourselves that are no longer serving helpful purposes, deepening understandings of ourselves and relationships, and implementing strategies that improve quality of life.
When providing therapy, my goal is for us to develop a trusting therapeutic relationship in which our work together leads to you living a life with increased meaning and fulfillment. This can involve navigating through barriers such as depression, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, problematic/compulsive behaviors, lack of direction, etc. Often this includes identifying barriers, personal values that really matter, stories we tell ourselves that are no longer serving helpful purposes, deepening understandings of ourselves and relationships, and implementing strategies that improve quality of life.
(720) 358-8574 View (720) 358-8574
Photo of Alissa Naomi Zucker, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Denver, CO
Alissa Naomi Zucker
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LAC , MA
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80224
My name is Alissa Zucker MA, LAC and I have been working in Substance Use disorder services for the last 10 years. I received my Bachelor's degree in Psychology from Metropolitan State College in 2008 and a Master's Degree in Applied Psychology from Regis University in 2015. Alissa is a Licensed Addiction Counselor in the State of Colorado and has passed both the NCAC II and MAC exams to be Nationally recognized as proficient in Addiction Counseling and Mental Health.
My name is Alissa Zucker MA, LAC and I have been working in Substance Use disorder services for the last 10 years. I received my Bachelor's degree in Psychology from Metropolitan State College in 2008 and a Master's Degree in Applied Psychology from Regis University in 2015. Alissa is a Licensed Addiction Counselor in the State of Colorado and has passed both the NCAC II and MAC exams to be Nationally recognized as proficient in Addiction Counseling and Mental Health.
(720) 730-6386 View (720) 730-6386
Photo of Lou Ashcraft, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Lou Ashcraft
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80218  (Online Only)
I know finding the right fit for a therapist can be a bit like shopping for a sofa: try a bunch before finding the one that makes you want to rest and stay a while. I’ll offer a few details that might make this process feel a little more directive. I am a licensed professional counselor and a marriage and family therapist candidate. My work is relational at its core, whether I am working with individuals, or larger units. Those who seem to get the most out of working with me are in touch with their internal emotional landscapes and interested in being active participants in their healing.
I know finding the right fit for a therapist can be a bit like shopping for a sofa: try a bunch before finding the one that makes you want to rest and stay a while. I’ll offer a few details that might make this process feel a little more directive. I am a licensed professional counselor and a marriage and family therapist candidate. My work is relational at its core, whether I am working with individuals, or larger units. Those who seem to get the most out of working with me are in touch with their internal emotional landscapes and interested in being active participants in their healing.
(720) 704-4067 View (720) 704-4067
Photo of Jessica Bartels, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Jessica Bartels
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80231
I am licensed clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience. I earned my Doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology from the University of Denver in 2010 and have since remained committed to staying up-to-date with the latest developments in the field through continuing education courses. I enjoy working with clients to help achieve a better understanding of themselves and improve their overall quality of life.
I am licensed clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience. I earned my Doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology from the University of Denver in 2010 and have since remained committed to staying up-to-date with the latest developments in the field through continuing education courses. I enjoy working with clients to help achieve a better understanding of themselves and improve their overall quality of life.
(720) 782-8405 View (720) 782-8405
Photo of Marissa Tabak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Marissa Tabak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80220  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck, empty or disconnected? You may be working harder than necessary because you are fighting against patterns that you've developed over a lifetime. If you find yourself getting stuck in the same patterns, there is a way to break free. Can you imagine feeling at peace about your past and having hope and excitement for your future? At times, we all need help reconnecting with our strengths deep inside of us. If you are ready to move through difficult issues - and if you're committed to breaking the cycle - contact me to take the first step.
Are you feeling stuck, empty or disconnected? You may be working harder than necessary because you are fighting against patterns that you've developed over a lifetime. If you find yourself getting stuck in the same patterns, there is a way to break free. Can you imagine feeling at peace about your past and having hope and excitement for your future? At times, we all need help reconnecting with our strengths deep inside of us. If you are ready to move through difficult issues - and if you're committed to breaking the cycle - contact me to take the first step.
(720) 790-6360 View (720) 790-6360
Photo of Eric R Crowley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Eric R Crowley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
I work with couples and individuals who are struggling to overcome habitual patterns of behavior that are preventing them from experiencing a satisfying connection with each other and themselves. If you and your partner have experienced betrayal, addiction issues or have simply allowed your relationship to become stagnant, I can help you find your way back to a secure and fulfilling bond. I use a blend of therapeutic techniques including Brainspotting to help you first understand and then have a new experience of yourself and your partner.
I work with couples and individuals who are struggling to overcome habitual patterns of behavior that are preventing them from experiencing a satisfying connection with each other and themselves. If you and your partner have experienced betrayal, addiction issues or have simply allowed your relationship to become stagnant, I can help you find your way back to a secure and fulfilling bond. I use a blend of therapeutic techniques including Brainspotting to help you first understand and then have a new experience of yourself and your partner.
(720) 575-2389 View (720) 575-2389
Photo of Laurel Cepero, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Denver, CO
Laurel Cepero
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80210
I combine my experience as a trauma-informed yoga and mindfulness instructor with my knowledge of evidence-based counseling and love of experiential education. I work holistically to meet you where you are and incorporate creative interventions, somatic awareness, and immediacy in sessions. We will explore how you move through the world with your unique experiences, strengths, and identities and establish goals for therapy together. My practice focuses on older teens, adult women, and genderqueer individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, identity exploration, and the impact of trauma.
I combine my experience as a trauma-informed yoga and mindfulness instructor with my knowledge of evidence-based counseling and love of experiential education. I work holistically to meet you where you are and incorporate creative interventions, somatic awareness, and immediacy in sessions. We will explore how you move through the world with your unique experiences, strengths, and identities and establish goals for therapy together. My practice focuses on older teens, adult women, and genderqueer individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, identity exploration, and the impact of trauma.
(720) 713-6930 View (720) 713-6930
Photo of Margaret M. Meyer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Margaret M. Meyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CHHC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80210
Do you feel like you are falling apart? Maybe you've tried telling yourself that if you just ignore what is troubling you it will go away. Or maybe you've tried to numb the pain by using alcohol. drugs. food. exercise. Even throwing yourself into work. Unfortunately, these strategies only last so long before your body starts to shut down. Maybe now you your mind won't shut off. You can't relax. Your sleep is disrupted. Maybe now it's time to talk to a professional. I specialize in treating high achieving adults suffering from mild to severe anxiety, clinical depression and/or a problematic relationship with food or alcohol.
Do you feel like you are falling apart? Maybe you've tried telling yourself that if you just ignore what is troubling you it will go away. Or maybe you've tried to numb the pain by using alcohol. drugs. food. exercise. Even throwing yourself into work. Unfortunately, these strategies only last so long before your body starts to shut down. Maybe now you your mind won't shut off. You can't relax. Your sleep is disrupted. Maybe now it's time to talk to a professional. I specialize in treating high achieving adults suffering from mild to severe anxiety, clinical depression and/or a problematic relationship with food or alcohol.
(720) 640-4789 View (720) 640-4789
Photo of Jon Frederick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Jon Frederick
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80209  (Online Only)
If you are struggling with painful emotions, interpersonal problems, or difficult life transitions, I am here to help. You will find that I work hard to understand you and to help you better understand yourself and your relationships. I believe that every person has an inner potential for healthy growth and development, and my role as a counselor is to facilitate that growth. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental space to share and better understand your thoughts, feelings, and challenges. I see clients by telehealth throughout Colorado.
If you are struggling with painful emotions, interpersonal problems, or difficult life transitions, I am here to help. You will find that I work hard to understand you and to help you better understand yourself and your relationships. I believe that every person has an inner potential for healthy growth and development, and my role as a counselor is to facilitate that growth. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental space to share and better understand your thoughts, feelings, and challenges. I see clients by telehealth throughout Colorado.
(720) 802-0406 View (720) 802-0406
Photo of Corinne Votaw-Freer, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Corinne Votaw-Freer
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80237  (Online Only)
I'm Corinne, a Denver-based LGBTQIA+ affirming therapist and licensed psychologist currently accepting new clients in Colorado. I have extensive experience working with teens (14+), adults, and older adults. Before starting my practice, I worked in several LGBTQIA+ centers, providing affirming care, group treatment, and community outreach programs.
I'm Corinne, a Denver-based LGBTQIA+ affirming therapist and licensed psychologist currently accepting new clients in Colorado. I have extensive experience working with teens (14+), adults, and older adults. Before starting my practice, I worked in several LGBTQIA+ centers, providing affirming care, group treatment, and community outreach programs.
(720) 573-0137 View (720) 573-0137
Photo of Danielle Mohr, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Danielle Mohr
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80211
Dr. Danielle Mohr is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist at Wolff Child Psychology. She earned her M.S. and Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology from Colorado State University. Her graduate training focused on assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD, learning disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and mood and behavioral concerns. Dr. Mohr completed her pre-doctoral internship at Community Reach Center, in Adams County, Colorado, and a post-doctoral fellowship in clinical child psychology at the University of California at Davis Medical Center.
Dr. Danielle Mohr is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist at Wolff Child Psychology. She earned her M.S. and Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology from Colorado State University. Her graduate training focused on assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD, learning disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and mood and behavioral concerns. Dr. Mohr completed her pre-doctoral internship at Community Reach Center, in Adams County, Colorado, and a post-doctoral fellowship in clinical child psychology at the University of California at Davis Medical Center.
(720) 730-5784 View (720) 730-5784
Photo of Dorothy Moon, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Dorothy Moon
Psychologist, PsyD, EMDR, EFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
Life can be challenging. Sometimes we have difficulty making sense of our experiences, whether it’s something painful that has happened to us, an unhelpful coping style we are struggling to change, or thoughts we’ve internalized that keep us down. My passion is to help you gain awareness within yourself, to identify and understand your emotions and beliefs, so that you can start making changes that count. I will empower you to navigate through anxiety, sadness, challenging relationships, and traumatic experiences so that you can create a life that is meaningful and in line with your values.
Life can be challenging. Sometimes we have difficulty making sense of our experiences, whether it’s something painful that has happened to us, an unhelpful coping style we are struggling to change, or thoughts we’ve internalized that keep us down. My passion is to help you gain awareness within yourself, to identify and understand your emotions and beliefs, so that you can start making changes that count. I will empower you to navigate through anxiety, sadness, challenging relationships, and traumatic experiences so that you can create a life that is meaningful and in line with your values.
(720) 675-7123 View (720) 675-7123
Photo of Oliver Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Oliver Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80231  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! My name is Zari and I am a Licensed professional counselor that will help you identify, understand, and work through whatever problems you are facing. I have worked with a range of populations, more specifically adults, young and old, feeling burdened by a variety of issues such as depression, anxiety, mood instability, trauma, low self esteem, identity development, relationships, family conflict, grief, parenting issues, and other life challenges that one may feel is keeping them stuck.
Hi! My name is Zari and I am a Licensed professional counselor that will help you identify, understand, and work through whatever problems you are facing. I have worked with a range of populations, more specifically adults, young and old, feeling burdened by a variety of issues such as depression, anxiety, mood instability, trauma, low self esteem, identity development, relationships, family conflict, grief, parenting issues, and other life challenges that one may feel is keeping them stuck.
(720) 636-7246 View (720) 636-7246
Photo of Amanda Doll Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Amanda Doll Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80202  (Online Only)
I believe everyone can benefit from therapy - from seeking support for a life transition; to exploring and healing trauma; to identifying and optimizing your patterns for greater satisfaction in your day to day life and relationships. We all thrive when we are seen and heard for who we truly are, in a non-judgmental and caring setting. I became a therapist because I am genuinely curious and interested in people, getting to know each person's unique experiences, and supporting them to heal and thrive. I strive to create a safe and welcoming space where you can feel comfortable to be yourself; allowing you to explore, grow and heal.
I believe everyone can benefit from therapy - from seeking support for a life transition; to exploring and healing trauma; to identifying and optimizing your patterns for greater satisfaction in your day to day life and relationships. We all thrive when we are seen and heard for who we truly are, in a non-judgmental and caring setting. I became a therapist because I am genuinely curious and interested in people, getting to know each person's unique experiences, and supporting them to heal and thrive. I strive to create a safe and welcoming space where you can feel comfortable to be yourself; allowing you to explore, grow and heal.
(720) 784-5694 View (720) 784-5694
Photo of Carly Partridge, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Denver, CO
Carly Partridge
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80206
As a counselor, I believe that the therapeutic relationship is paramount and creating a safe space where clients feel comfortable and seen is my priority. I understand that making the decision to come to therapy can often be difficult. I believe that you are the expert on your own life, and it is my role to provide guidance and encouragement as we make sense of your story. I will support you with care and intention as we move towards accomplishing your goals together.
As a counselor, I believe that the therapeutic relationship is paramount and creating a safe space where clients feel comfortable and seen is my priority. I understand that making the decision to come to therapy can often be difficult. I believe that you are the expert on your own life, and it is my role to provide guidance and encouragement as we make sense of your story. I will support you with care and intention as we move towards accomplishing your goals together.
(720) 782-8703 View (720) 782-8703
Photo of Robin Eskey, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Robin Eskey
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246
I appreciate the courage it takes to reach out for help when you are feeling overwhelmed, troubled, or just plain stuck in your life. And I believe that making the decision to seek help during those times indicates true strength of character. I offer a therapeutic practice that is based on mutual respect, and is focused on helping you live life to its' fullest by meeting the goals you bring with you to therapy.
I appreciate the courage it takes to reach out for help when you are feeling overwhelmed, troubled, or just plain stuck in your life. And I believe that making the decision to seek help during those times indicates true strength of character. I offer a therapeutic practice that is based on mutual respect, and is focused on helping you live life to its' fullest by meeting the goals you bring with you to therapy.
(303) 835-0713 View (303) 835-0713
Photo of Sara A Koval, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Sara A Koval
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80224
I have a passion for working with individuals who want to see positive change in their lives. Struggles with mood, anxiety, trauma, or addiction symptoms often get in the way of making these positive changes. I want to work with you to develop a plan to address these issues and develop strategies that work for you to reach your goals.
I have a passion for working with individuals who want to see positive change in their lives. Struggles with mood, anxiety, trauma, or addiction symptoms often get in the way of making these positive changes. I want to work with you to develop a plan to address these issues and develop strategies that work for you to reach your goals.
(303) 529-6877 View (303) 529-6877
Photo of Chris Kalamon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Chris Kalamon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80226  (Online Only)
When you look in the mirror, do you see the person you want to be? Or have you fallen off track and need some help regaining your balance? I am a skilled licensed therapist who is committed to assisting my clients recapture their balance. My method is relaxed and respectful. My ideal clients are high functioning adults seeking results. They are generally successful and happy in their lives but are stuck and seeking extra support around specific goals, because even the best fall down sometimes. I help clients meet their most important needs and master the art of living, which includes balancing work, relationships and play.
When you look in the mirror, do you see the person you want to be? Or have you fallen off track and need some help regaining your balance? I am a skilled licensed therapist who is committed to assisting my clients recapture their balance. My method is relaxed and respectful. My ideal clients are high functioning adults seeking results. They are generally successful and happy in their lives but are stuck and seeking extra support around specific goals, because even the best fall down sometimes. I help clients meet their most important needs and master the art of living, which includes balancing work, relationships and play.
(303) 900-7129 View (303) 900-7129
Photo of Aimee Potter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Aimee Potter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246  (Online Only)
I am passionate about working with youth, children, families, Veterans, and disenfranchised populations, whom often are unable to access mental health services, to increase their functioning and healthy maintenance of their relationships. I have skills working with abuse/neglect, substance use, trauma, domestic violence, and mental illness. I grew up in Chicago, and I am committed to providing a service to my community, to better the lives of the individuals struggling.
I am passionate about working with youth, children, families, Veterans, and disenfranchised populations, whom often are unable to access mental health services, to increase their functioning and healthy maintenance of their relationships. I have skills working with abuse/neglect, substance use, trauma, domestic violence, and mental illness. I grew up in Chicago, and I am committed to providing a service to my community, to better the lives of the individuals struggling.
(720) 770-3591 View (720) 770-3591

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Denver, CO

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Denver, CO who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
62% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Denver, CO see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Denver?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.