Therapists in Tucson, AZ

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Zamora Counseling
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85745
Am I the right therapist for You? While you are here researching the best therapist for you, please consider the following five benefits of my practice: 1. Counseling for a wide range of issues such as: Depression, Anxiety, Marriage, Divorce, Parenting, Relationships. 2. Individual, Couples, and Teen/Adolescent Therapy. 3. 14 Years Experience in Tucson, AZ. 4. Bilingual: I am fluent in English and Spanish 5. Convenient Location: My practice is just minutes from I-10/Downtown Tucson.
Am I the right therapist for You? While you are here researching the best therapist for you, please consider the following five benefits of my practice: 1. Counseling for a wide range of issues such as: Depression, Anxiety, Marriage, Divorce, Parenting, Relationships. 2. Individual, Couples, and Teen/Adolescent Therapy. 3. 14 Years Experience in Tucson, AZ. 4. Bilingual: I am fluent in English and Spanish 5. Convenient Location: My practice is just minutes from I-10/Downtown Tucson.
(520) 366-8089 View (520) 366-8089
Photo of Rashida Hays, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Rashida Hays
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85715
Your ability to look within is what empowers you to change. I am available to be of service to one seeking help to feel better, choose healthy decisions, and understand the importance of setting healthy boundaries order to move from a place of poor emotional health to good emotional health. In order to improve connections with family, friends, and co-workers. With the goal to replace sadness, anxiety, and frustration with happiness and peace in order to create hopefulness towards the future.
Your ability to look within is what empowers you to change. I am available to be of service to one seeking help to feel better, choose healthy decisions, and understand the importance of setting healthy boundaries order to move from a place of poor emotional health to good emotional health. In order to improve connections with family, friends, and co-workers. With the goal to replace sadness, anxiety, and frustration with happiness and peace in order to create hopefulness towards the future.
(520) 391-9487 View (520) 391-9487
Photo of Holly Hansen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Holly Hansen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85749
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about working with people who are dealing with symptoms of trauma/abuse, and other issues related to identity development and self-worth. My approach in therapy is warm, genuine, person-centered (as opposed to symptom-centered) and collaborative. Starting from a place of compassion and self-acceptance is essential for real change to occur. I provide a safe space for clients to explore the deepest aspects of themselves. To create a sense of safety, I listen without judgment, interact with genuineness, provide empathic reflection and feedback, and treat clients with respect and unconditional positive regard.
I am passionate about working with people who are dealing with symptoms of trauma/abuse, and other issues related to identity development and self-worth. My approach in therapy is warm, genuine, person-centered (as opposed to symptom-centered) and collaborative. Starting from a place of compassion and self-acceptance is essential for real change to occur. I provide a safe space for clients to explore the deepest aspects of themselves. To create a sense of safety, I listen without judgment, interact with genuineness, provide empathic reflection and feedback, and treat clients with respect and unconditional positive regard.
(520) 214-6035 View (520) 214-6035
Photo of Alden Carroll Counseling , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Alden Carroll Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85705
Are you tired of feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, feeling burnt out, or being too hard on yourself? Would you like to have the ability to better balance your emotions and stress as well as improve your relationship with yourself and others? If so, I’d love to support you! In the 24 years I’ve worked in mental health, I’ve seen my clients transform their lives to feel more centered and confidant by implementing the simple tools and insights I can teach you. I support people experiencing anxiety, burn out, depression, fertility issues, relationship and communication challenges, and unresolved trauma.
Are you tired of feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, feeling burnt out, or being too hard on yourself? Would you like to have the ability to better balance your emotions and stress as well as improve your relationship with yourself and others? If so, I’d love to support you! In the 24 years I’ve worked in mental health, I’ve seen my clients transform their lives to feel more centered and confidant by implementing the simple tools and insights I can teach you. I support people experiencing anxiety, burn out, depression, fertility issues, relationship and communication challenges, and unresolved trauma.
(520) 447-4309 View (520) 447-4309
Photo of Britta Homelvig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Britta Homelvig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85716
Britta is a master’s level social worker who brings 14 years of experience working with individuals looking to enhance their lives. Her background includes an array of nonprofit work, primarily with adults, who come from diverse backgrounds and are often impacted by systems of oppression. Cultural humility and ongoing antiracist education underpin her work. Britta’s approach is collaborative, warm, and recognizes that individuals are walking, talking products of their environments.
Britta is a master’s level social worker who brings 14 years of experience working with individuals looking to enhance their lives. Her background includes an array of nonprofit work, primarily with adults, who come from diverse backgrounds and are often impacted by systems of oppression. Cultural humility and ongoing antiracist education underpin her work. Britta’s approach is collaborative, warm, and recognizes that individuals are walking, talking products of their environments.
(520) 335-3806 View (520) 335-3806
Photo of Patricia L. Pritchett, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Patricia L. Pritchett
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CLC, CCTP, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85741
Waitlist for new clients
Are you anxious, always irritated or feel guilty for no reason? Do mood swings cause problems in your life? Do you keep making the same mistakes over and over? Sadly, many people manage the symptoms with prescriptions, street drugs, or alcohol, often resulting in making things worse. These treatments are meant to be temporary, and never really solve the problem. As the drugs become less effective their lives spiral out of control. These people feel increasingly anxious, hopeless and finally start pushing away friends and loved ones. Isolation becomes the norm, and loneliness takes over. But it doesnt have to be this way!
Are you anxious, always irritated or feel guilty for no reason? Do mood swings cause problems in your life? Do you keep making the same mistakes over and over? Sadly, many people manage the symptoms with prescriptions, street drugs, or alcohol, often resulting in making things worse. These treatments are meant to be temporary, and never really solve the problem. As the drugs become less effective their lives spiral out of control. These people feel increasingly anxious, hopeless and finally start pushing away friends and loved ones. Isolation becomes the norm, and loneliness takes over. But it doesnt have to be this way!
(602) 691-7629 View (602) 691-7629
Photo of Nicole Moore, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Nicole Moore
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85715  (Online Only)
It is with immense warmth and gratitude that I extend a heartfelt welcome to you as you embark on this journey of healing, growth and transformation. My mission is to provide a secure, inclusive and non-judgmental environment where you can reach your full potential. Whether you're striving to cultivate your own individual growth, seeking assistance in mending wounds from your past, working to have a stronger partnership or aiming to empower your adolescent's journey towards a thriving life, I am here.
It is with immense warmth and gratitude that I extend a heartfelt welcome to you as you embark on this journey of healing, growth and transformation. My mission is to provide a secure, inclusive and non-judgmental environment where you can reach your full potential. Whether you're striving to cultivate your own individual growth, seeking assistance in mending wounds from your past, working to have a stronger partnership or aiming to empower your adolescent's journey towards a thriving life, I am here.
(520) 210-3842 View (520) 210-3842
Photo of Wen Chi Chien, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Wen Chi Chien
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85718  (Online Only)
Do you feel like a hamster on the wheel, no matter how you try, you just don't feel good enough? The truth is that "YOU are Powerful Beyond Measure!" All you need to do is to learn how to tap into your Inner Power! Being a psychotherapist and life coach for more than 25 years, I understand how you feel. I have helped thousands of people successfully recover from severe anxiety, depression, trauma and addiction.
Do you feel like a hamster on the wheel, no matter how you try, you just don't feel good enough? The truth is that "YOU are Powerful Beyond Measure!" All you need to do is to learn how to tap into your Inner Power! Being a psychotherapist and life coach for more than 25 years, I understand how you feel. I have helped thousands of people successfully recover from severe anxiety, depression, trauma and addiction.
(520) 438-7162 View (520) 438-7162
Photo of Priscilla W. Reynolds, LCSW, PLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Priscilla W. Reynolds, LCSW, PLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PLC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85741
I practice from a positive client-centered focus. I treat relationship and communication issues. Issues with depression and anxiety. Women's issues along with any trauma issues. I work with adolescents, children and families. I also accept a sliding fee scale for those with no insurance or for those who do not want to use their insurance.
I practice from a positive client-centered focus. I treat relationship and communication issues. Issues with depression and anxiety. Women's issues along with any trauma issues. I work with adolescents, children and families. I also accept a sliding fee scale for those with no insurance or for those who do not want to use their insurance.
(520) 955-5025 View (520) 955-5025
Photo of Evelyn Garcia, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Evelyn Garcia
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85710  (Online Only)
Being able to seek out help is difficult and there are so many thoughts of “will this help?” which is completely valid. It is scary but seeking help can also be empowering and a sign of strength. I strongly believe in building from your strengths and resilient qualities. My priority is providing a safe space to feel heard, understood, and validated without judgment. The focus of our sessions will entail compassion, empathy, and reflection.
Being able to seek out help is difficult and there are so many thoughts of “will this help?” which is completely valid. It is scary but seeking help can also be empowering and a sign of strength. I strongly believe in building from your strengths and resilient qualities. My priority is providing a safe space to feel heard, understood, and validated without judgment. The focus of our sessions will entail compassion, empathy, and reflection.
(520) 492-1535 View (520) 492-1535
Photo of Robyn Beale, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Robyn Beale
Counselor, MA, LAC, CPT
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85712
Navigating challenges in our lives can often manifest as sadness, anxiety, worry about the future, and ways of coping that no longer serve us. Do you find yourself replaying past conversations or anticipating future interactions? Have you experienced grief from the loss of a loved one? Do you feel your past trauma is creating your future? Getting to the root of our issues not only allows healing, but for transformation into the best version of you. I use a non-judgmental and person-centered approach to create a safe space for you to be able to explore the root of your trauma, with curiosity and compassion.
Navigating challenges in our lives can often manifest as sadness, anxiety, worry about the future, and ways of coping that no longer serve us. Do you find yourself replaying past conversations or anticipating future interactions? Have you experienced grief from the loss of a loved one? Do you feel your past trauma is creating your future? Getting to the root of our issues not only allows healing, but for transformation into the best version of you. I use a non-judgmental and person-centered approach to create a safe space for you to be able to explore the root of your trauma, with curiosity and compassion.
(520) 346-4405 View (520) 346-4405
Photo of Michael Biuso, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Michael Biuso
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85716
At the core of my practice is loving-kindness, the genuine wish for you to be happy. Ideal clients seek relief from anxiety, non-suicidal depression, and a lack of meaning. They grapple with life transitions, craving self-understanding and growth. Open to exploring their beliefs, they aspire to live authentically, fostering meaningful connections, and are committed to positive change.
At the core of my practice is loving-kindness, the genuine wish for you to be happy. Ideal clients seek relief from anxiety, non-suicidal depression, and a lack of meaning. They grapple with life transitions, craving self-understanding and growth. Open to exploring their beliefs, they aspire to live authentically, fostering meaningful connections, and are committed to positive change.
(520) 636-0399 View (520) 636-0399
Photo of Celeste Hannah, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tucson, AZ
Celeste Hannah
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MAS, LAMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85715
Not accepting new clients
Every human being has a story. These stories shape how we live, the relationships we form, and the goals we work toward. Sometimes these stories can be painful or weigh us down, creating frustration and shame that impact our lives. I welcome all stories into my office, and look forward to creating connections with the humans who bear them. I am a marriage and family therapist who fell in love with trauma work, so I offer a well-rounded perspective, whether we work individually or systemically.
Every human being has a story. These stories shape how we live, the relationships we form, and the goals we work toward. Sometimes these stories can be painful or weigh us down, creating frustration and shame that impact our lives. I welcome all stories into my office, and look forward to creating connections with the humans who bear them. I am a marriage and family therapist who fell in love with trauma work, so I offer a well-rounded perspective, whether we work individually or systemically.
(520) 341-5690 View (520) 341-5690
Photo of Nick Basalyga, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Nick Basalyga
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85705
Nick is a licensed social worker who specializes in working with individuals, couples, and families who have been impacted by substance use and process addictions, mental health, grief and loss, and life transitions. He utilizes CBT, DBT, and family systems theory to inform his approach that is open, warm, and collaborative. He works to help clients increase understanding and empathy towards themselves and others, identify and repattern conditioned thoughts and behaviors, and cultivate skills to navigate through change. Nick earned his masters degree in social work from New York University, and has over 10 years of field experience
Nick is a licensed social worker who specializes in working with individuals, couples, and families who have been impacted by substance use and process addictions, mental health, grief and loss, and life transitions. He utilizes CBT, DBT, and family systems theory to inform his approach that is open, warm, and collaborative. He works to help clients increase understanding and empathy towards themselves and others, identify and repattern conditioned thoughts and behaviors, and cultivate skills to navigate through change. Nick earned his masters degree in social work from New York University, and has over 10 years of field experience
(928) 455-8843 View (928) 455-8843
Photo of Linda J Denniston Jungian Depth Psychotherapy, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Linda J Denniston Jungian Depth Psychotherapy
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85749
Calling Creatives, therapists and artistic souls in search of not only solving your immediate personal problems, but exploring the underlying psychological and spiritual issues which may be contributing to these problems. A Jungian depth psychology approach to life issues and the suffering your symptoms bring, can be transformative and healing. Individuation is the process of becoming who you are meant to be, accepting your true nature. I'll help you get there as you connect to and stay grounded in your authentic Self, discover/recover lost parts of yourself, and create a life that has meaning for you.
Calling Creatives, therapists and artistic souls in search of not only solving your immediate personal problems, but exploring the underlying psychological and spiritual issues which may be contributing to these problems. A Jungian depth psychology approach to life issues and the suffering your symptoms bring, can be transformative and healing. Individuation is the process of becoming who you are meant to be, accepting your true nature. I'll help you get there as you connect to and stay grounded in your authentic Self, discover/recover lost parts of yourself, and create a life that has meaning for you.
(520) 394-4806 View (520) 394-4806
Photo of Wendy White, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Wendy White, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85716
I work with patients dealing with depression, anxiety, grief, past trauma, relationships, communication and assertiveness issues. I have 20+ years EMDR therapy experience, guided imagery and relaxation techniques; I have a strong focus on mindfulness, present moment and increased self awareness as well as the cultivation self compassion.
I work with patients dealing with depression, anxiety, grief, past trauma, relationships, communication and assertiveness issues. I have 20+ years EMDR therapy experience, guided imagery and relaxation techniques; I have a strong focus on mindfulness, present moment and increased self awareness as well as the cultivation self compassion.
(520) 224-3926 View (520) 224-3926
Photo of Amanda L Manzer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Amanda L Manzer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85716
With a deep-seated belief that human connection is both essential for survival and instrumental in achieving personal growth, I have dedicated my career to understanding and fostering this connection through my specialization in Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP), attachment theory, existentialism, and a multisystemic approach, particularly when working with children. My journey in the field of mental health has been fueled by an innate curiosity about the human experience, leading me to the profound realization that people need people to not only survive but to truly thrive.
With a deep-seated belief that human connection is both essential for survival and instrumental in achieving personal growth, I have dedicated my career to understanding and fostering this connection through my specialization in Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP), attachment theory, existentialism, and a multisystemic approach, particularly when working with children. My journey in the field of mental health has been fueled by an innate curiosity about the human experience, leading me to the profound realization that people need people to not only survive but to truly thrive.
(585) 632-4945 View (585) 632-4945
Photo of Joseph Jaworek, Art Therapist in Tucson, AZ
Joseph Jaworek
Art Therapist, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85701
Together let’s set some goals around how you can live creatively. Discover more of your potential and open yourself to the artist’s way of determining success. Individual 90 minute sessions focus on connecting you to your creative spirit. I have over 15 years experience working in hospitals, private practice and community settings bringing about everyday creativity when you need it most. I promise to be there for you in your creative journey. My goal is to help you grow from your challenges, heal from your pain, and move forward to where you want to be in your life.
Together let’s set some goals around how you can live creatively. Discover more of your potential and open yourself to the artist’s way of determining success. Individual 90 minute sessions focus on connecting you to your creative spirit. I have over 15 years experience working in hospitals, private practice and community settings bringing about everyday creativity when you need it most. I promise to be there for you in your creative journey. My goal is to help you grow from your challenges, heal from your pain, and move forward to where you want to be in your life.
(520) 900-1406 View (520) 900-1406
Photo of Evan C Bush @ Entune Behavioral Health, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Evan C Bush @ Entune Behavioral Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CRC
Verified Verified
Tucson, AZ 85715  (Online Only)
My clients are often grappling with the complexities of interpersonal relationships, struggling with issues like anger management, depression, or anxiety. They might be dealing with the weight of a chronic illness, substance abuse, or navigating mid-life transitions. They crave understanding, seeking relief from emotional turmoil and a path towards fulfillment. They desire to enhance communication, find inner peace, and rebuild self-esteem. Their goal is not just to cope but to thrive, embracing a life filled with purpose, connection, and joy.
My clients are often grappling with the complexities of interpersonal relationships, struggling with issues like anger management, depression, or anxiety. They might be dealing with the weight of a chronic illness, substance abuse, or navigating mid-life transitions. They crave understanding, seeking relief from emotional turmoil and a path towards fulfillment. They desire to enhance communication, find inner peace, and rebuild self-esteem. Their goal is not just to cope but to thrive, embracing a life filled with purpose, connection, and joy.
(520) 254-6774 View (520) 254-6774
Photo of Caitlin O'Hanlon, Counselor in Tucson, AZ
Caitlin O'Hanlon
Counselor, MEd, LAC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tucson, AZ 85742
Taking the first steps to begin counseling can be hard, and searching for a counselor can be overwhelming. I am ready to walk with you through your counseling journey. I believe that everyone has their own strengths, and my goal is to help you discover ways to grow and build on those strengths. I will always work to create a safe and inclusive environment for anyone who comes in, as well as form an authentic and trusting relationship.
Taking the first steps to begin counseling can be hard, and searching for a counselor can be overwhelming. I am ready to walk with you through your counseling journey. I believe that everyone has their own strengths, and my goal is to help you discover ways to grow and build on those strengths. I will always work to create a safe and inclusive environment for anyone who comes in, as well as form an authentic and trusting relationship.
(520) 355-1516 x702 View (520) 355-1516 x702

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tucson, AZ

900+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Tucson, AZ who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
67% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
67% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Tucson, AZ see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tucson?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.