Therapists in North Palm Beach, FL

Photo of Jennifer J Hume, Counselor in North Palm Beach, FL
Jennifer J Hume
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, LPC, MCAP
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
I have been counseling professionally since 1999 and offer my clients expertise in treating anxiety, OCD, depression, stress, and trauma, as well as creating more ease, safety, worthiness, and satisfying connections with others. I am a certified EMDR therapist & use EMDR to resolve traumatic or upsetting events from clients' pasts that continue to intrude into their present-day lives. I have trained in parts work (Internal Family Systems, ego state work, parts of self) since 2005, and use it to help people resolve inner conflicts that keep them stuck, and lower their automatic defenses that keep them isolated, angry or avoidant.
I have been counseling professionally since 1999 and offer my clients expertise in treating anxiety, OCD, depression, stress, and trauma, as well as creating more ease, safety, worthiness, and satisfying connections with others. I am a certified EMDR therapist & use EMDR to resolve traumatic or upsetting events from clients' pasts that continue to intrude into their present-day lives. I have trained in parts work (Internal Family Systems, ego state work, parts of self) since 2005, and use it to help people resolve inner conflicts that keep them stuck, and lower their automatic defenses that keep them isolated, angry or avoidant.
(561) 449-2349 View (561) 449-2349
Photo of Marc R Feinberg, Counselor in North Palm Beach, FL
Marc R Feinberg
Counselor, CBC, Coach
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Have you ever felt the desire to break free from issues such as sex addiction, pornography, drug and alcohol dependency, anger, abuse, hatred, self-betrayal, or unforgiveness? Perhaps you have longed to find the right coach or counselor who can guide you towards reclaiming your freedom.
Have you ever felt the desire to break free from issues such as sex addiction, pornography, drug and alcohol dependency, anger, abuse, hatred, self-betrayal, or unforgiveness? Perhaps you have longed to find the right coach or counselor who can guide you towards reclaiming your freedom.
(561) 293-4381 View (561) 293-4381
Photo of Anna S Travers, Counselor in North Palm Beach, FL
Anna S Travers
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Are there changes you are going through making you feel stressed, stuck and unhappy..? As a Licensed Therapist I have extensive experience working with anxiety, low self-esteem, depression and relationship issues and the importance of healthy communication.
Are there changes you are going through making you feel stressed, stuck and unhappy..? As a Licensed Therapist I have extensive experience working with anxiety, low self-esteem, depression and relationship issues and the importance of healthy communication.
(561) 922-9914 View (561) 922-9914
Photo of Allison Trescott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Palm Beach, FL
Allison Trescott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Are you looking to break free of limiting beliefs and behaviors that are no longer serving you? Are you hoping to live a life in accordance with your values so that you can gain self-confidence and experience fulfillment? Do you want the tools to be able to challenge your negative thinking and practice more self-compassion?
Are you looking to break free of limiting beliefs and behaviors that are no longer serving you? Are you hoping to live a life in accordance with your values so that you can gain self-confidence and experience fulfillment? Do you want the tools to be able to challenge your negative thinking and practice more self-compassion?
(561) 564-0131 View (561) 564-0131
Photo of Dr. Townley Peters, Psychologist in North Palm Beach, FL
Dr. Townley Peters
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Telling your story takes tremendous courage. I am constantly humbled and honored to witness those stories. As a psychologist I work from the premise that people are deeply complex and multilayered beings. Our past, our present, and expectations of our future dictate how we navigate life's inevitable challenges. I believe that every person has the ability to have a meaningful, fulfilling life given the right tools and support. Our work will be collaborative and rooted in my genuine care and respect for you as a person.
Telling your story takes tremendous courage. I am constantly humbled and honored to witness those stories. As a psychologist I work from the premise that people are deeply complex and multilayered beings. Our past, our present, and expectations of our future dictate how we navigate life's inevitable challenges. I believe that every person has the ability to have a meaningful, fulfilling life given the right tools and support. Our work will be collaborative and rooted in my genuine care and respect for you as a person.
(561) 264-3903 View (561) 264-3903
Photo of Dr. Sasha (Alexandra) Grigorian, Psychologist in North Palm Beach, FL
Dr. Sasha (Alexandra) Grigorian
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Mental health is equally important to address as our physical health. If we sustained a physical injury or developed a condition, obtaining appropriate treatment would allow for effective recovery and remission. Similarly, experiencing mental health symptoms can profoundly impact many aspects of our lives (e.g., functional impairment, emotional distress). Whether you are experiencing symptoms of a condition or struggling with life stressors, treatment can address these concerns and allow for effective and sustained recovery.
Mental health is equally important to address as our physical health. If we sustained a physical injury or developed a condition, obtaining appropriate treatment would allow for effective recovery and remission. Similarly, experiencing mental health symptoms can profoundly impact many aspects of our lives (e.g., functional impairment, emotional distress). Whether you are experiencing symptoms of a condition or struggling with life stressors, treatment can address these concerns and allow for effective and sustained recovery.
(561) 763-9101 View (561) 763-9101
Photo of Chelsea Giorgetti, Pre-Licensed Professional in North Palm Beach, FL
Chelsea Giorgetti
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, RMHCI
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
I am passionate about helping adolescents and their families who are facing challenges with life transitions, anxiety, depression, peer/school-related issues. With a specialty in autism spectrum disorder, I have experience working with individuals with ASD in both clinical private practice and school-based environments. Collaboratively we will develop healthy coping and problem-solving strategies, improve social and communication skills, and focus on strengths to enhance self-efficacy.
I am passionate about helping adolescents and their families who are facing challenges with life transitions, anxiety, depression, peer/school-related issues. With a specialty in autism spectrum disorder, I have experience working with individuals with ASD in both clinical private practice and school-based environments. Collaboratively we will develop healthy coping and problem-solving strategies, improve social and communication skills, and focus on strengths to enhance self-efficacy.
(561) 658-1597 View (561) 658-1597
Photo of Justin H McManus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Palm Beach, FL
Justin H McManus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAP, SATP, CSAT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Waitlist for new clients
You're not sure how things got so out of control with your unwanted sexual behavior. You have tried time and again to stop acting out sexually only to end up falling again. Maybe your wife caught you and the marriage is in serious danger or possibly you're single and have struggled to have a healthy, fulfilling relationship because of your sexual habits. Either way, you have come to the realization that you can't do this alone.
You're not sure how things got so out of control with your unwanted sexual behavior. You have tried time and again to stop acting out sexually only to end up falling again. Maybe your wife caught you and the marriage is in serious danger or possibly you're single and have struggled to have a healthy, fulfilling relationship because of your sexual habits. Either way, you have come to the realization that you can't do this alone.
(561) 515-5091 View (561) 515-5091
Photo of Megan Gleicher, Pre-Licensed Professional in North Palm Beach, FL
Megan Gleicher
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Welcome! If you made it here, you’re already doing the work! My name is Megan Gleicher, and I am a Registered Clinical Social Work Intern, former teacher, and mom to four amazing kids. As a clinician, I meet people where they are and walk alongside them to where they want to be. My clinical experience includes working with people of all ages, providing individual counseling, group therapy, and creating connections to community-based resources. I have lived eating disorder experience and come from an anti-diet and health at every size (HAES) aligned perspective.
Welcome! If you made it here, you’re already doing the work! My name is Megan Gleicher, and I am a Registered Clinical Social Work Intern, former teacher, and mom to four amazing kids. As a clinician, I meet people where they are and walk alongside them to where they want to be. My clinical experience includes working with people of all ages, providing individual counseling, group therapy, and creating connections to community-based resources. I have lived eating disorder experience and come from an anti-diet and health at every size (HAES) aligned perspective.
(561) 872-2540 View (561) 872-2540
Photo of Debra V Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Palm Beach, FL
Debra V Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408  (Online Only)
You are not broken or damaged! You are a work in progress, learning and growing on life's journey... Do you have trauma from childhood that is affecting your adult relationships? Are you isolating and feeling disconnected? Maybe you have been doing all the “right” things, such as working hard, or starting a family, but still feel like you are "not good enough". Whatever it is that you’re experiencing, you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to enjoy healthy relationships without your past getting in the way. You’re ready to feel more present, connected, and joyful. Most of all, you’re ready to love yourself and your life.
You are not broken or damaged! You are a work in progress, learning and growing on life's journey... Do you have trauma from childhood that is affecting your adult relationships? Are you isolating and feeling disconnected? Maybe you have been doing all the “right” things, such as working hard, or starting a family, but still feel like you are "not good enough". Whatever it is that you’re experiencing, you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to enjoy healthy relationships without your past getting in the way. You’re ready to feel more present, connected, and joyful. Most of all, you’re ready to love yourself and your life.
(561) 658-1927 View (561) 658-1927
Photo of Jim Soda, Counselor in North Palm Beach, FL
Jim Soda
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LAC, CMPC
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Not accepting new clients
Are you looking to focus on interpersonal wellness, specifically with mental health, addiction and sports performance? Are you looking for guidance on how to deal with these issues in the moment and for your future? Do you feel that you have experienced trauma but don't know how to address past issues? Are you looking to increase your abilities with goal setting and increased awareness to perform better at sport and work? If any of these issues are important to you, I would love to help.
Are you looking to focus on interpersonal wellness, specifically with mental health, addiction and sports performance? Are you looking for guidance on how to deal with these issues in the moment and for your future? Do you feel that you have experienced trauma but don't know how to address past issues? Are you looking to increase your abilities with goal setting and increased awareness to perform better at sport and work? If any of these issues are important to you, I would love to help.
(720) 709-2519 View (720) 709-2519
Photo of Karen M Kirk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Palm Beach, FL
Karen M Kirk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408  (Online Only)
I have over eighteen years of experience working with children, adolescents, families, couples, and young adults. I have a strong background in treating severe depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, eating disorders, and symptoms such as sleep and eating problems, self injury, social anxiety, and poor self esteem. I also work with families and couples on resolving conflict and improving communication skills. I have a family centered approach and provide both individual and family therapy.
I have over eighteen years of experience working with children, adolescents, families, couples, and young adults. I have a strong background in treating severe depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, eating disorders, and symptoms such as sleep and eating problems, self injury, social anxiety, and poor self esteem. I also work with families and couples on resolving conflict and improving communication skills. I have a family centered approach and provide both individual and family therapy.
(561) 677-9034 View (561) 677-9034
Photo of Margaret (Mary) Stanley, Pre-Licensed Professional in North Palm Beach, FL
Margaret (Mary) Stanley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, MCAP, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Are you struggling with addiction, anxiety depression after receiving treatment. EMDR can assist with underlying unresolved issues and help in your journey forward. Everyone can obtain personal growth and positive change in ways that are most comfortable to them. Working closely with all clients ensures a specific treatment approach is developed based on your unique needs and therapy goals. The therapy experience will aid in learning about oneself, relationships, and how to strive towards positive changes.
Are you struggling with addiction, anxiety depression after receiving treatment. EMDR can assist with underlying unresolved issues and help in your journey forward. Everyone can obtain personal growth and positive change in ways that are most comfortable to them. Working closely with all clients ensures a specific treatment approach is developed based on your unique needs and therapy goals. The therapy experience will aid in learning about oneself, relationships, and how to strive towards positive changes.
(561) 440-1346 x704 View (561) 440-1346 x704
Photo of Dr. J. Salima Patel in North Palm Beach, FL
Dr. J. Salima Patel
PhD
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Wires crossed? Having trouble communicating with a person/people you love the most? Does the end of the relationship seem imminent? Wait up - cosnsider counseling before cord cutting. My philosophy is to ‘leave no stone unturned.’ In couples/family therapy HEALTHY communication in high conflict situations IS crucial. Family work is artfully dynamic - a science & skill. I’m proficient in both, working objectively with family members (individually &/or as a unit). This allows each person to safely express unmet needs. Being kind & respectful toward each other (I teach that too), is an important non-negotiable…whatever the outcome.
Wires crossed? Having trouble communicating with a person/people you love the most? Does the end of the relationship seem imminent? Wait up - cosnsider counseling before cord cutting. My philosophy is to ‘leave no stone unturned.’ In couples/family therapy HEALTHY communication in high conflict situations IS crucial. Family work is artfully dynamic - a science & skill. I’m proficient in both, working objectively with family members (individually &/or as a unit). This allows each person to safely express unmet needs. Being kind & respectful toward each other (I teach that too), is an important non-negotiable…whatever the outcome.
(561) 342-7861 View (561) 342-7861
Photo of Brandi Cooprider, Counselor in North Palm Beach, FL
Brandi Cooprider
Counselor, MS, LMHC, CPP
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
My name is Brandi, and I'm passionate about helping individuals navigate the complexities of anxiety and attachment issues. I offer virtual and in-person sessions. My journey into mental health advocacy began with my own experiences, where I discovered the transformative power of therapy. This personal insight fuels my commitment to guiding others on their healing journeys. My goal is to help “Just One person every day”. When I'm not in the therapy office, you'll often find me spending time with friends at the gym, enjoying my chef skills, practicing mindfulness, or enjoying quality time outside and with loved ones.
My name is Brandi, and I'm passionate about helping individuals navigate the complexities of anxiety and attachment issues. I offer virtual and in-person sessions. My journey into mental health advocacy began with my own experiences, where I discovered the transformative power of therapy. This personal insight fuels my commitment to guiding others on their healing journeys. My goal is to help “Just One person every day”. When I'm not in the therapy office, you'll often find me spending time with friends at the gym, enjoying my chef skills, practicing mindfulness, or enjoying quality time outside and with loved ones.
(561) 279-3979 View (561) 279-3979
Photo of Jeanette O'Flaherty, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in North Palm Beach, FL
Jeanette O'Flaherty
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, RMHCI, RMFTI
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408  (Online Only)
Are you tired of therapists who just stare back at you and don't give you any feedback? Just a heads up, I'm not that type of therapist. Maybe therapy seems like something you don't "need," but you're sick of venting to your friends and feeling like a burden. Your typical coping skills aren't cutting it and you know something needs to change. You just want to feel better and get some relief, but you're not sure how to get there. You've probably never tried this therapy thing before and didn't like it or you totally don't know what to expect. I get it, I've been there.
Are you tired of therapists who just stare back at you and don't give you any feedback? Just a heads up, I'm not that type of therapist. Maybe therapy seems like something you don't "need," but you're sick of venting to your friends and feeling like a burden. Your typical coping skills aren't cutting it and you know something needs to change. You just want to feel better and get some relief, but you're not sure how to get there. You've probably never tried this therapy thing before and didn't like it or you totally don't know what to expect. I get it, I've been there.
(561) 375-5534 View (561) 375-5534
Photo of Judith Richardson, Counselor in North Palm Beach, FL
Judith Richardson
Counselor, MS, LMHC, MCAP, SAP, QS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
People are goal oriented and seek solutions to feel comfortable and successful. The focus of my counseling is to assist clients in building healthy relationships and a better understanding and acceptance of self. Working together, I will assist you in the continued development of your strengths to create positive change in your life. I work with individuals, couples, and families in developing balance in life, improvement with self and relationships, changing behavioral patterns, maintaining recovery from addictions, and increasing spirituality. I incorporate various techniques allowing the client to identify their goals and be the guide in reaching positive results.
People are goal oriented and seek solutions to feel comfortable and successful. The focus of my counseling is to assist clients in building healthy relationships and a better understanding and acceptance of self. Working together, I will assist you in the continued development of your strengths to create positive change in your life. I work with individuals, couples, and families in developing balance in life, improvement with self and relationships, changing behavioral patterns, maintaining recovery from addictions, and increasing spirituality. I incorporate various techniques allowing the client to identify their goals and be the guide in reaching positive results.
(561) 859-0582 View (561) 859-0582
Photo of Erin McKinney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in North Palm Beach, FL
Erin McKinney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Welcome, I am so glad you are here! I want to acknowledge your courage and celebrate you taking this step for yourself and your family. I am passionate about providing a safe and non-judgmental space to support others in the process of growing into their authentic self. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, EMDR Certified Therapist, and Registered Play Therapist that works with children, teens and adults on many different presenting issues; maternal mental health, trauma, parenting, anxiety, and life transitions. I am also a Qualified Supervisor for Registered interns for their Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) status.
Welcome, I am so glad you are here! I want to acknowledge your courage and celebrate you taking this step for yourself and your family. I am passionate about providing a safe and non-judgmental space to support others in the process of growing into their authentic self. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, EMDR Certified Therapist, and Registered Play Therapist that works with children, teens and adults on many different presenting issues; maternal mental health, trauma, parenting, anxiety, and life transitions. I am also a Qualified Supervisor for Registered interns for their Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) status.
(321) 384-9045 View (321) 384-9045
Photo of Monique Taylor-Lincoln, Counselor in North Palm Beach, FL
Monique Taylor-Lincoln
Counselor, MS, MHC, MFT, LMHC, LMFT, MCAP
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Hello and Welcome to New Beginnings and Horizons. My areas of clinical expertise include mental health counseling, addiction counseling, couples counseling, family therapy, and specific presenting concerns of blended families, depression and anxiety. My personal motto as a Clinician is “Being of Service and Helping others.” I believe strongly in the philosophy of instilling “Hope” to those with whom I am fortunate to cross paths with, because with “Hope” comes possibility. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards change. I look forward to being of service to you.
Hello and Welcome to New Beginnings and Horizons. My areas of clinical expertise include mental health counseling, addiction counseling, couples counseling, family therapy, and specific presenting concerns of blended families, depression and anxiety. My personal motto as a Clinician is “Being of Service and Helping others.” I believe strongly in the philosophy of instilling “Hope” to those with whom I am fortunate to cross paths with, because with “Hope” comes possibility. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards change. I look forward to being of service to you.
(561) 677-9453 View (561) 677-9453
Photo of Behavior Shapes in North Palm Beach, FL
Behavior Shapes
MS, BCBA, IBA
Verified Verified
North Palm Beach, FL 33408
Hello there! My name is Sara Bookspan and I am a Board Certified Behavior Analyst and parent coach. I provide high quality uniquely tailored behavior supports for families looking to build a more harmonious home life.
Hello there! My name is Sara Bookspan and I am a Board Certified Behavior Analyst and parent coach. I provide high quality uniquely tailored behavior supports for families looking to build a more harmonious home life.
(561) 556-5917 View (561) 556-5917

See more therapy options for North Palm Beach

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in North Palm Beach, FL

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in North Palm Beach, FL who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
79% Depression
77% Self Esteem
76% Coping Skills
72% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
63% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
73% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in North Palm Beach, FL see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in North Palm Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.