Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists in Soquel, CA

Photo of Patrick Joseph Purcell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Patrick Joseph Purcell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Soquel, CA 95073  (Online Only)
This is my passion and my clients feel at ease with me quickly with my empathy and humor. I help relationship stress, anxiety, PTSD, neurodiversity, grief, recovery from child and narcissistic abuse, finding their true authentic self and passion. I use client-centered Rogers, Kohut, EMDR, Beck and Ellis CBT, DBT. ACT, Jung... I am a Christian and I also respect people with other faiths or no faith. I help therapists, interns too.I am 72 years old and I have been married for 48 years to my beautiful wife singer Christina Purcell and we did individual and couple therapy too. We write songs such as the songs on her CD "Love's Calling."
This is my passion and my clients feel at ease with me quickly with my empathy and humor. I help relationship stress, anxiety, PTSD, neurodiversity, grief, recovery from child and narcissistic abuse, finding their true authentic self and passion. I use client-centered Rogers, Kohut, EMDR, Beck and Ellis CBT, DBT. ACT, Jung... I am a Christian and I also respect people with other faiths or no faith. I help therapists, interns too.I am 72 years old and I have been married for 48 years to my beautiful wife singer Christina Purcell and we did individual and couple therapy too. We write songs such as the songs on her CD "Love's Calling."
(831) 219-2362 View (831) 219-2362
Photo of Rebecca Zalona, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Soquel, CA
Rebecca Zalona
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Soquel, CA 95073
Whether challenged by relationships, life transitions, overcoming limiting self beliefs - we all have an ideal version of ourself we would like to live up to. Anxiety, depression, unprocessed trauma from the past can plague our present. How free do you want to be? Let's collaborate to uncover and discover your own inherent strength. The therapeutic process involves unpacking and exploring the barriers stopping us from living our most fulfilling dynamic life. As a clinician, I bring accountability, structure, humor, and enthusiasm - you just bring your whole self and we are sure to have a therapeutic experience.
Whether challenged by relationships, life transitions, overcoming limiting self beliefs - we all have an ideal version of ourself we would like to live up to. Anxiety, depression, unprocessed trauma from the past can plague our present. How free do you want to be? Let's collaborate to uncover and discover your own inherent strength. The therapeutic process involves unpacking and exploring the barriers stopping us from living our most fulfilling dynamic life. As a clinician, I bring accountability, structure, humor, and enthusiasm - you just bring your whole self and we are sure to have a therapeutic experience.
(831) 249-0743 View (831) 249-0743
Photo of Tiffany Kostigen Mumper, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Tiffany Kostigen Mumper
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Soquel, CA 95073
Taking the step, having the courage, to reach out for support is extremely brave. You absolutely deserve it and you do not have to face your challenges alone. I am here as a guide, a support, and a resource for accompanying you in facing whatever obstacles have been leaving you feeling depleted, overwhelmed, hopeless or exhausted. Whether or not you are managing depression, anxiety, a major life transition, loss and grief, or looking for someone to work through a recent or past traumatic event, I am here to help. I am here to offer you relief from trying to figure out a way to cope or overcome it alone.
Taking the step, having the courage, to reach out for support is extremely brave. You absolutely deserve it and you do not have to face your challenges alone. I am here as a guide, a support, and a resource for accompanying you in facing whatever obstacles have been leaving you feeling depleted, overwhelmed, hopeless or exhausted. Whether or not you are managing depression, anxiety, a major life transition, loss and grief, or looking for someone to work through a recent or past traumatic event, I am here to help. I am here to offer you relief from trying to figure out a way to cope or overcome it alone.
(831) 346-1968 View (831) 346-1968
Photo of Lauren Rosenthal, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Lauren Rosenthal
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CMMT
Verified Verified
Soquel, CA 95073
All walks of life experience challenges, hardships, and discomfort. While it is human nature to want to avoid the discomfort, fix the pain, and escape the hardships, our attempts to do so often lead to more suffering and intensify our sense of fear and helplessness. Yet when we feel connected with our true selves, I believe we all have the power to make positive changes in our lives. With compassion and understanding, I strive to meet my clients where they are along life’s journey, providing tools and resources to help navigate the best path forward.
All walks of life experience challenges, hardships, and discomfort. While it is human nature to want to avoid the discomfort, fix the pain, and escape the hardships, our attempts to do so often lead to more suffering and intensify our sense of fear and helplessness. Yet when we feel connected with our true selves, I believe we all have the power to make positive changes in our lives. With compassion and understanding, I strive to meet my clients where they are along life’s journey, providing tools and resources to help navigate the best path forward.
(831) 273-4921 View (831) 273-4921
Photo of Lusijah Sutherland Darrow, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Lusijah Sutherland Darrow
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CP
Verified Verified
Soquel, CA 95073  (Online Only)
I am passionate about using therapeutic approaches that engage body, heart, mind, and soul to support transformative change. My work is client centered. I foster connection with and amplification of the client's inner wise mind and personal strengths to facilitate growth and healing. I've benefited from a life-long spiritual practice and diverse life experience and I bring a calm presence and a deep understanding of the human condition into my work with clients.
I am passionate about using therapeutic approaches that engage body, heart, mind, and soul to support transformative change. My work is client centered. I foster connection with and amplification of the client's inner wise mind and personal strengths to facilitate growth and healing. I've benefited from a life-long spiritual practice and diverse life experience and I bring a calm presence and a deep understanding of the human condition into my work with clients.
(650) 681-2188 View (650) 681-2188
Photo of Mary Karver, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Mary Karver
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Soquel, CA 95073
Therapy is an amazing placebo. You do not NEED a therapist to learn, transform, and grow your awareness of yourself. I firmly believe whatever it is you are seeking to learn, change, or make peace with, you can do it. The benefit of working with a trained therapist who sees you, gives your sense of agency and innate wisdom the respect it deserves, and offers an outside perspective on your experience informed by evidenced-based theory and practice, is that the pace of growth is greatly accelerated.
Therapy is an amazing placebo. You do not NEED a therapist to learn, transform, and grow your awareness of yourself. I firmly believe whatever it is you are seeking to learn, change, or make peace with, you can do it. The benefit of working with a trained therapist who sees you, gives your sense of agency and innate wisdom the respect it deserves, and offers an outside perspective on your experience informed by evidenced-based theory and practice, is that the pace of growth is greatly accelerated.
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Photo of Elizabeth Kovacevich, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Elizabeth Kovacevich
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Soquel, CA 95073
For over 30 years I have been helping my clients to discover new ways to deal with their problems and to begin thriving rather than merely surviving in their lives. My greatest strength is moving people from crisis to change. My openness and forthright style with clients provide them the opportunity for understanding, personal growth, and change. I view therapy as an educational as well as therapeutic experience. My style is primarily interactive. I am supportive, caring and process oriented. I have extensive experience with mental health, hospitals and schools. I love working with people in all stages and ages of their lives!
For over 30 years I have been helping my clients to discover new ways to deal with their problems and to begin thriving rather than merely surviving in their lives. My greatest strength is moving people from crisis to change. My openness and forthright style with clients provide them the opportunity for understanding, personal growth, and change. I view therapy as an educational as well as therapeutic experience. My style is primarily interactive. I am supportive, caring and process oriented. I have extensive experience with mental health, hospitals and schools. I love working with people in all stages and ages of their lives!
(831) 272-4983 View (831) 272-4983
Photo of Monika Martynska, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Monika Martynska
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Soquel, CA 95073
Congratulations for taking a step towards creating change. Finding a therapist can be challenging and it is important to find one who is right for you. I offer a free introductory session which we use to get to know each other. Clients often come into my office feeling hopeless or nervous, but usually leave feeling more hopeful and relaxed. I love to see people grow and thrive with the support of therapy. My style is warm, empathic, and collaborative. In our work together we draw on your strengths and wisdom and my goal is to empower you to create a more joyful and fulfilling life.
Congratulations for taking a step towards creating change. Finding a therapist can be challenging and it is important to find one who is right for you. I offer a free introductory session which we use to get to know each other. Clients often come into my office feeling hopeless or nervous, but usually leave feeling more hopeful and relaxed. I love to see people grow and thrive with the support of therapy. My style is warm, empathic, and collaborative. In our work together we draw on your strengths and wisdom and my goal is to empower you to create a more joyful and fulfilling life.
(831) 539-0596 View (831) 539-0596
Photo of Catherine Hausman, Psychologist in Soquel, CA
Catherine Hausman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Soquel, CA 95073  (Online Only)
It takes courage to reach out to find a therapist! My therapy approach involves creating an alliance where you (the client) bring your own experience, emotions, and strengths, and I bring my academic background (PhD with an emphasis in trauma and PTSD) with many years of therapy training and experience to the table, and together we work toward understanding the challenges that you face, improving symptoms, and building resilience.
It takes courage to reach out to find a therapist! My therapy approach involves creating an alliance where you (the client) bring your own experience, emotions, and strengths, and I bring my academic background (PhD with an emphasis in trauma and PTSD) with many years of therapy training and experience to the table, and together we work toward understanding the challenges that you face, improving symptoms, and building resilience.
(408) 542-0742 View (408) 542-0742
Photo of Lorraine Cahn, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Lorraine Cahn
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Soquel, CA 95073
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in various forms of therapy, including, but not limited to--CBT, DBT, EMDR and Somatic.
I enjoy helping people set and meet their own goals. I am eager to meet you where you are and take you to where you want to go.
I specialize in various forms of therapy, including, but not limited to--CBT, DBT, EMDR and Somatic.
I enjoy helping people set and meet their own goals. I am eager to meet you where you are and take you to where you want to go.
(831) 216-1080 View (831) 216-1080
Photo of Claire Wilkinson Girczyc, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Claire Wilkinson Girczyc
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Soquel, CA 95073
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel stuck, unhappy, and dissatisfied? Having problems in relationships? Does each day feel like too much to handle? Take the first step toward making positive change in your life by calling to schedule an appointment. Working together, we can identify your goals and desires, recognize and capitalize on your strengths, find strategies to relieve your stress and anxiety, improve your mood, reinvigorate your relationships, and increase your life satisfaction. I provide caring, supportive, non-judgmental, confidential therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples in welcoming, comfortable offices, Monday through Friday.
Do you feel stuck, unhappy, and dissatisfied? Having problems in relationships? Does each day feel like too much to handle? Take the first step toward making positive change in your life by calling to schedule an appointment. Working together, we can identify your goals and desires, recognize and capitalize on your strengths, find strategies to relieve your stress and anxiety, improve your mood, reinvigorate your relationships, and increase your life satisfaction. I provide caring, supportive, non-judgmental, confidential therapy for adults, teens, children, and couples in welcoming, comfortable offices, Monday through Friday.
(650) 753-6234 View (650) 753-6234

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kimberly Lin Chilvers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Kimberly Lin Chilvers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Capitola, CA 95010  (Online Only)
I utilize EMDR as well as well elements of CBT and DBT to reprocess trauma, identify strengths, reframe stuck patterns.
Kim Chilvers (she/her) is an LMFT with over 20 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families. Her specialties include people in the midst of life transitions, including adults and adolescents, as well as people struggling with the effects of trauma, depression, and anxiety. Kim uses EMDR and other evidence based interventions including, to help clients develop coping skills, a better understanding of relationships and work towards achieving life goals, in a safe, non-judgment space. She takes a humble and curious approach to the diverse cultural and gender experiences of her clients.
I utilize EMDR as well as well elements of CBT and DBT to reprocess trauma, identify strengths, reframe stuck patterns.
Kim Chilvers (she/her) is an LMFT with over 20 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families. Her specialties include people in the midst of life transitions, including adults and adolescents, as well as people struggling with the effects of trauma, depression, and anxiety. Kim uses EMDR and other evidence based interventions including, to help clients develop coping skills, a better understanding of relationships and work towards achieving life goals, in a safe, non-judgment space. She takes a humble and curious approach to the diverse cultural and gender experiences of her clients.
(831) 851-1535 View (831) 851-1535
Photo of Persephone B. Gonzalez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Persephone B. Gonzalez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Capitola, CA 95010
She is trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, as well as current studies in Relational Gestalt Therapy.
Persephone Gonzalez, LMFT, has worked extensively with the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, providing intensive, long and short-term psychotherapy in both English and Spanish. Her specialties include complex trauma, major depression, anxiety, substance abuse and dependence, issues of gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, sexuality and intimacy. Her practice has focused on adolescents and young adults, in addition to adults and families including non-monogamy, polyamory, open relationships, and other relationships styles.
She is trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, as well as current studies in Relational Gestalt Therapy.
Persephone Gonzalez, LMFT, has worked extensively with the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, providing intensive, long and short-term psychotherapy in both English and Spanish. Her specialties include complex trauma, major depression, anxiety, substance abuse and dependence, issues of gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, sexuality and intimacy. Her practice has focused on adolescents and young adults, in addition to adults and families including non-monogamy, polyamory, open relationships, and other relationships styles.
(831) 226-8566 View (831) 226-8566
Photo of Gail Susan Lewis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Gail Susan Lewis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Capitola, CA 95010
This helps us to become the best version of ourselves and to create the life of our dreams! I specialize in ● EMDR - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ● DBT ● Addictions/Recovery using Evidenced Based Modalities.
Feeling confused? Having difficulty making decisions? Do you feel stuck in your life and not sure what direction to go in? Are you feeling blocked by old traumatic experiences? Are you finding it difficult to break free from unhealthy addictive patterns? Are you frustrated with your relationships? When we live with constant stress and have not healed from childhood or adult trauma, the stress hormone cortisol is released and continually bathes our nervous system with the needed energy for “fight or flight”. We find ourselves often “triggered” by memories and overwhelming feelings.
This helps us to become the best version of ourselves and to create the life of our dreams! I specialize in ● EMDR - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ● DBT ● Addictions/Recovery using Evidenced Based Modalities.
Feeling confused? Having difficulty making decisions? Do you feel stuck in your life and not sure what direction to go in? Are you feeling blocked by old traumatic experiences? Are you finding it difficult to break free from unhealthy addictive patterns? Are you frustrated with your relationships? When we live with constant stress and have not healed from childhood or adult trauma, the stress hormone cortisol is released and continually bathes our nervous system with the needed energy for “fight or flight”. We find ourselves often “triggered” by memories and overwhelming feelings.
(831) 603-4745 View (831) 603-4745
Photo of Taria Joy Mac Millan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Taria Joy Mac Millan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Capitola, CA 95010
I am trained in Mahayana Buddhist principles, trauma-informed practices such as positive discipline, CBT, DBT, EMDR, and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction.
I invite you to join me on a journey of inner discovery! I will gently guide, empower and inspire you to build up your inner strength - and diminish the blocks that inhibit your positive energy and potential. We will develop awareness into the stories, patterns and core beliefs that are causing you suffering and holding you back.
I am trained in Mahayana Buddhist principles, trauma-informed practices such as positive discipline, CBT, DBT, EMDR, and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction.
I invite you to join me on a journey of inner discovery! I will gently guide, empower and inspire you to build up your inner strength - and diminish the blocks that inhibit your positive energy and potential. We will develop awareness into the stories, patterns and core beliefs that are causing you suffering and holding you back.
(831) 226-8946 View (831) 226-8946
Photo of Katharina Schoellhammer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Katharina Schoellhammer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, #106720
Verified Verified
Capitola, CA 95010
I use a collaborative approach that involves gentleness and humor, drawing from different modalities including CBT, DBT, mindfulness, and Attachment Theory among others.
Welcome, it takes courage to seek help when life’s challenges seem overwhelming. This process offers an opportunity for growth, healing, and self-discovery, as I assist you with connecting to your own wisdom and compassion. I can help you explore barriers to greater contentment, fulfillment, and joy, while increasing coping skills to manage life’s inevitable stressors. Some of the issues I work with include mood and anxiety concerns, trauma, grief/loss, stress, relationship issues, life transitions, LGBTQ+ issues, and healing from dysfunctional upbringings.
I use a collaborative approach that involves gentleness and humor, drawing from different modalities including CBT, DBT, mindfulness, and Attachment Theory among others.
Welcome, it takes courage to seek help when life’s challenges seem overwhelming. This process offers an opportunity for growth, healing, and self-discovery, as I assist you with connecting to your own wisdom and compassion. I can help you explore barriers to greater contentment, fulfillment, and joy, while increasing coping skills to manage life’s inevitable stressors. Some of the issues I work with include mood and anxiety concerns, trauma, grief/loss, stress, relationship issues, life transitions, LGBTQ+ issues, and healing from dysfunctional upbringings.
(831) 661-9710 View (831) 661-9710
Photo of Charese Allen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Soquel, CA
Charese Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Capitola, CA 95010
I am a strong advocate for the use of evidenced based treatments and am trained in the following: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Exposure Therapy including Prolonged Exposure Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), and Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention.
I believe the purpose of therapy is to create a safe and validating environment where people can focus on creating a "life worth living". I help facilitate this journey by focusing on both acceptance and change in a warm, interactive and thoughtful fashion. If you are someone who is struggling to manage your emotions and behaviors because of anxiety, depression, or trauma we can work together to define the life you want and overcome the obstacles to it.
I am a strong advocate for the use of evidenced based treatments and am trained in the following: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Exposure Therapy including Prolonged Exposure Therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), and Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention.
I believe the purpose of therapy is to create a safe and validating environment where people can focus on creating a "life worth living". I help facilitate this journey by focusing on both acceptance and change in a warm, interactive and thoughtful fashion. If you are someone who is struggling to manage your emotions and behaviors because of anxiety, depression, or trauma we can work together to define the life you want and overcome the obstacles to it.
(510) 876-4191 View (510) 876-4191
Photo of The Mindful Lemon, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
The Mindful Lemon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95062  (Online Only)
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
(831) 276-0279 View (831) 276-0279
Photo of Sylvie Stein, Marriage & Family Therapist in Soquel, CA
Sylvie Stein
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Hi there! My name's Sylvie and my pronouns are she/her and they/them. As a therapist, I am tender with people, tough on systems, and committed to our collective liberation. I've been a mental health worker for over eight years in schools, at a crisis center, and as a family therapist. I'm particularly experienced in and passionate about working with trauma in its many forms, and partnering with you to transform harm into what serves you, your beloved relationships, and the world you want to see. I offer individual counseling with youth and adults and relationship counseling with loved ones of all kinds.
Hi there! My name's Sylvie and my pronouns are she/her and they/them. As a therapist, I am tender with people, tough on systems, and committed to our collective liberation. I've been a mental health worker for over eight years in schools, at a crisis center, and as a family therapist. I'm particularly experienced in and passionate about working with trauma in its many forms, and partnering with you to transform harm into what serves you, your beloved relationships, and the world you want to see. I offer individual counseling with youth and adults and relationship counseling with loved ones of all kinds.
(408) 766-2985 View (408) 766-2985
Photo of Shannon M Healer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Soquel, CA
Shannon M Healer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Cruz, CA 95065
Hello and welcome! You have taken the first step toward becoming a better version of yourself. It's not easy to reach out for help, yet here you are. I'm glad you landed here. I am ready to listen with an open heart and mind to help guide you on your journey. I offer tools that we can practice in the office together, and ones that you can take with you to help you navigate in the world.
Hello and welcome! You have taken the first step toward becoming a better version of yourself. It's not easy to reach out for help, yet here you are. I'm glad you landed here. I am ready to listen with an open heart and mind to help guide you on your journey. I offer tools that we can practice in the office together, and ones that you can take with you to help you navigate in the world.
(831) 401-4234 View (831) 401-4234
Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists

Who is DBT for?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is designed for people who experience extreme emotional suffering because they lack the skills of emotion regulation and distress tolerance. The basic affliction can underlie a wide range of conditions, from borderline and other personality disorders to PTSD and treatment-resistant anxiety and depression. The therapy is helpful to those whose emotional reactivity is so intense it is disruptive to everyday functioning and leads to frequent crises.

Why do people need DBT?

The ability to regulate emotions is a core psychological skill that enables people to function in life and pay attention to the world outside themselves; it is consistently associated with well-being. DBT is designed to help people learn how to manage and regulate their emotions. Originally developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder whose extreme emotional suffering led to self-harming behavior and suicide attempts, the therapy is now applied to other conditions involving emotion dysregulation, particularly when other treatments have failed.

What happens in DBT?

Individuals meet weekly with their therapist to discuss their experiences relating to moods, behavior, and skills. Using checklists they maintain, they review emotional experiences and positive practices they engage in. The diaries help individuals discern what led up to a specific problem encountered, this is followed by discussion of the consequences of their actions. In addition, individuals may meet in class-like small groups to learn skills such as mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance.

How long does DBT last?

Because it is intended to establish long-lasting behavioral change among those with persistent problems, DBT is designed to last six months to a year. DBT includes both weekly sessions of individual therapy and weekly skills-training sessions conducted in small groups. Studies of DBT have documented improvement within a year of treatment, particularly in controlling self-harmful behavior; nevertheless, individuals may require therapy for several years.