Therapists in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA

Photo of Hanna Jeong, Pre-Licensed Professional in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Hanna Jeong
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I draw on interventions from ACT, CBT, DBT, CPT, mindfulness and psychodynamic theory.
We all deserve a safe, compassionate space to process and explore, whether we are healing from difficult life events or simply taking a pause to reflect on our life. I deeply believe in holistic care, where the biological, psychological, cultural, sexual, and spiritual aspects of a person are given equal consideration and attention. I see my role as an active collaborator and supporter of the client’s goals. I work to build a nonjudgmental relationship where clients can add skills to their toolbox, introspect freely, and gain personal and community empowerment.
I draw on interventions from ACT, CBT, DBT, CPT, mindfulness and psychodynamic theory.
We all deserve a safe, compassionate space to process and explore, whether we are healing from difficult life events or simply taking a pause to reflect on our life. I deeply believe in holistic care, where the biological, psychological, cultural, sexual, and spiritual aspects of a person are given equal consideration and attention. I see my role as an active collaborator and supporter of the client’s goals. I work to build a nonjudgmental relationship where clients can add skills to their toolbox, introspect freely, and gain personal and community empowerment.
(818) 797-7280 View (818) 797-7280
Photo of Ramona Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Ramona Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
This is why I use a variety of approaches such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy), Solution Focused Brief Therapy, and Experiential Therapies (Art, Mindfulness, Narrative, DBT, and Gestalt techniques) in my practice.
My name is Ramona Taylor. I am a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist practicing in both Hawaii and California. I specialize in brief therapy and experiential therapies. I approach therapy with the goal that each session is meaningful and that clients are able to experience noticeable changes in a relatively short time. I work with adult individuals who are suffering from depression, relational problems, anxiety, ADHD, and PTSD. Additionally, I am a Christian therapist with additional training to work with individuals who prefer therapy to integrate their Christian perspective.
This is why I use a variety of approaches such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy), Solution Focused Brief Therapy, and Experiential Therapies (Art, Mindfulness, Narrative, DBT, and Gestalt techniques) in my practice.
My name is Ramona Taylor. I am a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist practicing in both Hawaii and California. I specialize in brief therapy and experiential therapies. I approach therapy with the goal that each session is meaningful and that clients are able to experience noticeable changes in a relatively short time. I work with adult individuals who are suffering from depression, relational problems, anxiety, ADHD, and PTSD. Additionally, I am a Christian therapist with additional training to work with individuals who prefer therapy to integrate their Christian perspective.
(747) 252-5215 View (747) 252-5215
Photo of Michelle Smith Enriquez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Michelle Smith Enriquez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCATP, ADHD, DBT
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
I have 24 years of experience working in the mental health field and I am certified in DBT, Anxiety and ADHD.
I am dedicated to providing my clients with compassionate care and we can work together to build on a good life and personal growth. I strive to empower individuals, families, and caregivers. My goal is to show you and encourage you to apply positive and healthy coping mechanisms when dealing with daily stress, life’s challenges, and your own unique struggles and with Solution-focused therapy, we can develop a concrete goal and various solutions for personal growth and improving life quality.
I have 24 years of experience working in the mental health field and I am certified in DBT, Anxiety and ADHD.
I am dedicated to providing my clients with compassionate care and we can work together to build on a good life and personal growth. I strive to empower individuals, families, and caregivers. My goal is to show you and encourage you to apply positive and healthy coping mechanisms when dealing with daily stress, life’s challenges, and your own unique struggles and with Solution-focused therapy, we can develop a concrete goal and various solutions for personal growth and improving life quality.
(909) 479-5514 View (909) 479-5514
Photo of Kacey Klein, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Kacey Klein
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
I use an eclectic approach with elements of DBT, cognitive behavioral therapy, and strengths-based therapy to help my clients meet their individual goals.
You are taking the first step in improving your emotional and mental health. Although difficult at first, it can feel easy in a safe, positive, therapeutic setting. In my office, therapy is a team effort and a journey we go through side by side. We work together, drawing on your unique needs, capacities and personal stories to build on your strengths, achieve peace of mind, and reach your goals. Peace of mind is different for each person. I work with you to help you find and sustain it. With my honest approach to therapy, I can help you discover your authentic self and answers to life's challenges.
I use an eclectic approach with elements of DBT, cognitive behavioral therapy, and strengths-based therapy to help my clients meet their individual goals.
You are taking the first step in improving your emotional and mental health. Although difficult at first, it can feel easy in a safe, positive, therapeutic setting. In my office, therapy is a team effort and a journey we go through side by side. We work together, drawing on your unique needs, capacities and personal stories to build on your strengths, achieve peace of mind, and reach your goals. Peace of mind is different for each person. I work with you to help you find and sustain it. With my honest approach to therapy, I can help you discover your authentic self and answers to life's challenges.
(760) 990-7080 View (760) 990-7080
Photo of Roxana Alessio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Roxana Alessio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
I specialize in Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy-EMDR, DBT, CBT and solution-focused therapies.
Life can be hard at times and sometimes we need someone to help us figure things out, help us see our strengths, or just to be there and provide nonjudgmental listening. As an LCSW at Transcendence Psychological Services, that is what I do. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, couples, and families. I treat those struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, grief, loss, relationship issues, and trauma. I see the importance of promoting healing and growth. I work collaboratively with my clients to help them meet their goals and focus on increasing self-acceptance, assertiveness, and fulfillment.
I specialize in Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy-EMDR, DBT, CBT and solution-focused therapies.
Life can be hard at times and sometimes we need someone to help us figure things out, help us see our strengths, or just to be there and provide nonjudgmental listening. As an LCSW at Transcendence Psychological Services, that is what I do. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, couples, and families. I treat those struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, grief, loss, relationship issues, and trauma. I see the importance of promoting healing and growth. I work collaboratively with my clients to help them meet their goals and focus on increasing self-acceptance, assertiveness, and fulfillment.
(559) 354-3861 View (559) 354-3861
Photo of Carson Oberst, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Carson Oberst
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Life is a continual process of establishing and reestablishing various identities for ourselves, and sometimes that gets messy or confusing. Sometimes the ways we think and behave become incongruent with what we want and value. Sometimes we have a hard time knowing what we want and value. Sometimes external events or unforeseen challenges disrupt what we envisioned for ourselves and the future. It can feel tricky to navigate issues of identity development, change, grief, loss, anxiety, decision-making, relationship stress, disillusionment, and life transitions alone. But that's what therapy is for.
Life is a continual process of establishing and reestablishing various identities for ourselves, and sometimes that gets messy or confusing. Sometimes the ways we think and behave become incongruent with what we want and value. Sometimes we have a hard time knowing what we want and value. Sometimes external events or unforeseen challenges disrupt what we envisioned for ourselves and the future. It can feel tricky to navigate issues of identity development, change, grief, loss, anxiety, decision-making, relationship stress, disillusionment, and life transitions alone. But that's what therapy is for.
(415) 915-2208 View (415) 915-2208
Photo of Nate Hinerman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Nate Hinerman
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
Nate Hinerman, PhD, LMFT, is Dean of Undergraduate Programs at Golden Gate University, San Francisco, where he is also a tenured Professor of Psychology, as well as the Chair of the Psychology Department. He is also on the faculty at the University of San Francisco, teaching in the Nursing School, and in the Religious Studies Department. He serves as Chair of the San Francisco End of Life Network, a community-based support and education group for hospice and palliative care professionals and patients, now in its 23rd year (www.sfeol.org).
Nate Hinerman, PhD, LMFT, is Dean of Undergraduate Programs at Golden Gate University, San Francisco, where he is also a tenured Professor of Psychology, as well as the Chair of the Psychology Department. He is also on the faculty at the University of San Francisco, teaching in the Nursing School, and in the Religious Studies Department. He serves as Chair of the San Francisco End of Life Network, a community-based support and education group for hospice and palliative care professionals and patients, now in its 23rd year (www.sfeol.org).
(628) 215-8084 View (628) 215-8084
Photo of Aida Colocho, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Aida Colocho
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
My name is Aida Colocho, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I offer individuals that are struggling with issues ranging from depression, anxiety, divorce, trauma, and emotional support; a treatment approach that focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused, motivational interviewing, and exploration of self. My theoretical approach is cognitive, behavioral and humanistic.
My name is Aida Colocho, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I offer individuals that are struggling with issues ranging from depression, anxiety, divorce, trauma, and emotional support; a treatment approach that focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused, motivational interviewing, and exploration of self. My theoretical approach is cognitive, behavioral and humanistic.
(213) 561-6630 View (213) 561-6630
Photo of Janice E Cheng, Psychologist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Janice E Cheng
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Want to work on some difficult issues? Depressed, anxious, angry, uncertain or confused? Are there perhaps relationship issues? I provide a warm, caring and safe environment to work on your problems and I have an eclectic approach to psychotherapy. Together we can strive to achieve healing, stability, growth and happiness.
Want to work on some difficult issues? Depressed, anxious, angry, uncertain or confused? Are there perhaps relationship issues? I provide a warm, caring and safe environment to work on your problems and I have an eclectic approach to psychotherapy. Together we can strive to achieve healing, stability, growth and happiness.
(415) 963-3548 View (415) 963-3548
Photo of Lindsay Durgan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Lindsay Durgan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating clients with clinical depression, anxiety, or PTSD and stress the importance of addressing these challenges within the context of a healing therapeutic relationship. While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other evidence-based approaches are valuable tools for change, I recognize the profound impact of relational dynamics only my client's mental health. They may have experienced significant trauma or adversity in their lives, contributing to their current struggles with mood disorders and anxiety. Despite their difficulties, they possess a willingness to engage in a healing relationship.
I specialize in treating clients with clinical depression, anxiety, or PTSD and stress the importance of addressing these challenges within the context of a healing therapeutic relationship. While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other evidence-based approaches are valuable tools for change, I recognize the profound impact of relational dynamics only my client's mental health. They may have experienced significant trauma or adversity in their lives, contributing to their current struggles with mood disorders and anxiety. Despite their difficulties, they possess a willingness to engage in a healing relationship.
(415) 688-2198 View (415) 688-2198
Photo of Matthew Moreno, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Matthew Moreno
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
In addition to working extensively with anxiety issues, I specialize in helping clients improve their relationships with their partners/spouses. I wholeheartedly welcome both straight and LGBT clients into my practice. I often tell clients that everything makes perfect sense (ie. the problems they share and how they react), and all we need to do is find the right pieces of the puzzle to help them understand. It is from this understanding that relief and solutions arise. By truly understanding what anxiety is and isn't, we learn how to navigate it so it doesn't control our lives.
In addition to working extensively with anxiety issues, I specialize in helping clients improve their relationships with their partners/spouses. I wholeheartedly welcome both straight and LGBT clients into my practice. I often tell clients that everything makes perfect sense (ie. the problems they share and how they react), and all we need to do is find the right pieces of the puzzle to help them understand. It is from this understanding that relief and solutions arise. By truly understanding what anxiety is and isn't, we learn how to navigate it so it doesn't control our lives.
(415) 675-1848 View (415) 675-1848
Photo of Greg Bodin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Greg Bodin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
Anxiety is something you’ve struggled with for a long time. While you seem to be functioning OK on the outside, inside you’re dealing with feelings of dread, catastrophic thoughts that you can’t seem to stop, and constantly feeling like you need to plan for what could go wrong. The good news is that therapy can help you struggle less with anxiety. You and I will work together to help you relate to anxiety more effectively and focus on building a full and vital life.
Anxiety is something you’ve struggled with for a long time. While you seem to be functioning OK on the outside, inside you’re dealing with feelings of dread, catastrophic thoughts that you can’t seem to stop, and constantly feeling like you need to plan for what could go wrong. The good news is that therapy can help you struggle less with anxiety. You and I will work together to help you relate to anxiety more effectively and focus on building a full and vital life.
(415) 942-8794 View (415) 942-8794
Brown Therapy Center
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
We work with a diverse population of adult individuals, couples, and special interest groups who may be struggling with any number of mental health challenges related to anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, relationship issues, and substance abuse, among others. We are committed to providing culturally competent care across the spectrum of age, race, gender, sexuality, religion, and background.
We work with a diverse population of adult individuals, couples, and special interest groups who may be struggling with any number of mental health challenges related to anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, relationship issues, and substance abuse, among others. We are committed to providing culturally competent care across the spectrum of age, race, gender, sexuality, religion, and background.
(415) 849-7242 View (415) 849-7242
Photo of David A Martinez, Psychologist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
David A Martinez
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I provide care for clients who reside in California. I work with people who are interested in improving: Depression; Social Anxiety and other specific phobias; Generalized Anxiety; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Panic Disorder; Health behavior (e.g., adherence, coping with chronic illness, managing chronic pain); Smoking cessation; Insomnia; Trauma/PTSD; Issues related to experiences of LGBTQI+; Sexual health; Grief; and Stress.
I provide care for clients who reside in California. I work with people who are interested in improving: Depression; Social Anxiety and other specific phobias; Generalized Anxiety; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Panic Disorder; Health behavior (e.g., adherence, coping with chronic illness, managing chronic pain); Smoking cessation; Insomnia; Trauma/PTSD; Issues related to experiences of LGBTQI+; Sexual health; Grief; and Stress.
(510) 937-3211 View (510) 937-3211
Photo of The Fluent Mind, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
The Fluent Mind
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
As parents and clinicians, we know it is hard to have a unique brain in a typical world. We know you need different navigational tools in these turbulent waters. So, we designed a program based on well-researched therapies for all ages that will strengthen core brain functions - attention, memory, processing speed and problem-solving - and increase social skills. For parents, we work together to find the right community supports and develop the skills you need as a parent to support a calm and thriving family life.
As parents and clinicians, we know it is hard to have a unique brain in a typical world. We know you need different navigational tools in these turbulent waters. So, we designed a program based on well-researched therapies for all ages that will strengthen core brain functions - attention, memory, processing speed and problem-solving - and increase social skills. For parents, we work together to find the right community supports and develop the skills you need as a parent to support a calm and thriving family life.
(415) 944-5813 View (415) 944-5813
Photo of Rosie Sofen, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Rosie Sofen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
Many of us experience mental health challenges at some point in our lives. Perhaps you’re struggling with your relationship with food and your body, caught in a cycle of restricting, binging, and purging. Maybe you’re feeling consumed by anxiety, or you’re faced with navigating tough family relationships. Sometimes, we can cope well enough with our existing support systems and internal tools. Other times, we need support in order to heal. I believe we each have the innate capacity for resilience, and that given the opportunity, we can access that resilience. My goal is to help you harness your own strength in the process of healing.
Many of us experience mental health challenges at some point in our lives. Perhaps you’re struggling with your relationship with food and your body, caught in a cycle of restricting, binging, and purging. Maybe you’re feeling consumed by anxiety, or you’re faced with navigating tough family relationships. Sometimes, we can cope well enough with our existing support systems and internal tools. Other times, we need support in order to heal. I believe we each have the innate capacity for resilience, and that given the opportunity, we can access that resilience. My goal is to help you harness your own strength in the process of healing.
(510) 327-3451 View (510) 327-3451
Photo of Graham (Woo) Holoch, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Graham (Woo) Holoch
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
I specialize in working with teenagers, young adults, adult couples, and families with a member or members on the ASD, and/or diagnosed with ADHD. I am dedicated to supporting neurodiverse folx in identifying and engaging with their goals. My areas of experience include transitioning life stages, "failure to launch" syndrome, social skills, finding community, anxiety, depression, supporting people diagnosed and undiagnosed with ADHD, and the nuanced experience of being on the Autism Spectrum.
I specialize in working with teenagers, young adults, adult couples, and families with a member or members on the ASD, and/or diagnosed with ADHD. I am dedicated to supporting neurodiverse folx in identifying and engaging with their goals. My areas of experience include transitioning life stages, "failure to launch" syndrome, social skills, finding community, anxiety, depression, supporting people diagnosed and undiagnosed with ADHD, and the nuanced experience of being on the Autism Spectrum.
(415) 548-7954 View (415) 548-7954
Photo of Alexis J McLeod-Hall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Alexis J McLeod-Hall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
I will provide a safe, non-judgmental, authentic and confidential space for you to be your true self. Depending on your goals and aspirations, our time together may be between 3 months to 12 months. If we need more time, that's okay too! I use a wide range of modalities and theories to understand you deeper, your behaviors, pivotal life situations, and help you discover and heal. Our first session is $160 and up to 70mins. Ongoing sessions are 60 mins for psychotherapy ($145), 45-60 mins for coaching using Solution Focused Therapy($145), and 45 mins for PTSD treatment ($160).
I will provide a safe, non-judgmental, authentic and confidential space for you to be your true self. Depending on your goals and aspirations, our time together may be between 3 months to 12 months. If we need more time, that's okay too! I use a wide range of modalities and theories to understand you deeper, your behaviors, pivotal life situations, and help you discover and heal. Our first session is $160 and up to 70mins. Ongoing sessions are 60 mins for psychotherapy ($145), 45-60 mins for coaching using Solution Focused Therapy($145), and 45 mins for PTSD treatment ($160).
(415) 727-5962 View (415) 727-5962
Photo of Tamie Cox, Pre-Licensed Professional in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Tamie Cox
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117
My Goal is to support clients in exploring their past and present to uncover unhealthy patterns that may cause distress and stops them from creating the changes they seek. We will collaborate together to create strategies and solutions based on a holistic, cognitive, and psychodynamic approach that supports you in meeting your personal and professional goals, as well as creating lasting change in your life.
My Goal is to support clients in exploring their past and present to uncover unhealthy patterns that may cause distress and stops them from creating the changes they seek. We will collaborate together to create strategies and solutions based on a holistic, cognitive, and psychodynamic approach that supports you in meeting your personal and professional goals, as well as creating lasting change in your life.
(530) 278-6932 View (530) 278-6932
Photo of Emily O'Rourke-Mills, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
Emily O'Rourke-Mills
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
It takes immense bravery and courage to approach the big questions in life. I love my work because I am humbled by the resilience, grace and humor I get to witness as people navigate these big questions. Often, the clients I work with have some difficulty seeing these qualities in themselves due to trauma, family patterns, sociocultural stressors. I want to walk with you to explore the questions leading you to seek therapy and explore the strengths that come with asking those questions while helping you develop strategies to take care of yourself.
It takes immense bravery and courage to approach the big questions in life. I love my work because I am humbled by the resilience, grace and humor I get to witness as people navigate these big questions. Often, the clients I work with have some difficulty seeing these qualities in themselves due to trauma, family patterns, sociocultural stressors. I want to walk with you to explore the questions leading you to seek therapy and explore the strengths that come with asking those questions while helping you develop strategies to take care of yourself.
(970) 366-4385 View (970) 366-4385

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Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists

Who is DBT for?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is designed for people who experience extreme emotional suffering because they lack the skills of emotion regulation and distress tolerance. The basic affliction can underlie a wide range of conditions, from borderline and other personality disorders to PTSD and treatment-resistant anxiety and depression. The therapy is helpful to those whose emotional reactivity is so intense it is disruptive to everyday functioning and leads to frequent crises.

Why do people need DBT?

The ability to regulate emotions is a core psychological skill that enables people to function in life and pay attention to the world outside themselves; it is consistently associated with well-being. DBT is designed to help people learn how to manage and regulate their emotions. Originally developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder whose extreme emotional suffering led to self-harming behavior and suicide attempts, the therapy is now applied to other conditions involving emotion dysregulation, particularly when other treatments have failed.

What happens in DBT?

Individuals meet weekly with their therapist to discuss their experiences relating to moods, behavior, and skills. Using checklists they maintain, they review emotional experiences and positive practices they engage in. The diaries help individuals discern what led up to a specific problem encountered, this is followed by discussion of the consequences of their actions. In addition, individuals may meet in class-like small groups to learn skills such as mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance.

How long does DBT last?

Because it is intended to establish long-lasting behavioral change among those with persistent problems, DBT is designed to last six months to a year. DBT includes both weekly sessions of individual therapy and weekly skills-training sessions conducted in small groups. Studies of DBT have documented improvement within a year of treatment, particularly in controlling self-harmful behavior; nevertheless, individuals may require therapy for several years.