Photo of Anita Astley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Anita Astley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Anita Astley is the founder and CEO of "Building Healthy Relationships" LLC and published author of “Unfuck Your Life and Relationships" (Simon & Schuster). She is a licensed individual, couples, and family therapist with over 25 years of experience in helping people navigate life's challenges including basic communication issues to depression, anxiety, emotional and physical intimacy issues, separation and divorce, conflict resolution, and infidelity to name a few. Ms.Astley is "solution focused" and believes there is a "solution" to every problem and arriving there successfully is possible through professional guidance & support.
Anita Astley is the founder and CEO of "Building Healthy Relationships" LLC and published author of “Unfuck Your Life and Relationships" (Simon & Schuster). She is a licensed individual, couples, and family therapist with over 25 years of experience in helping people navigate life's challenges including basic communication issues to depression, anxiety, emotional and physical intimacy issues, separation and divorce, conflict resolution, and infidelity to name a few. Ms.Astley is "solution focused" and believes there is a "solution" to every problem and arriving there successfully is possible through professional guidance & support.
(262) 300-7231 View (262) 300-7231
Photo of Sarah Wittmann, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Sarah Wittmann
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53213  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in Wisconsin with over 17 years of experience. I currently enjoy working with adults (18-64) through individual, virtual therapy. I'm trained in behavioral therapies but use an integrative and trauma-informed approach with clients primarily experiencing depression and anxiety. My other areas of focus include general stress management, parenting, relationship stress, adjusting to life transitions, women's mental health, family of origin issues, ADHD, and adoption. I'm down to earth, compassionate, and looking forward to partnering with you.
Hello! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in Wisconsin with over 17 years of experience. I currently enjoy working with adults (18-64) through individual, virtual therapy. I'm trained in behavioral therapies but use an integrative and trauma-informed approach with clients primarily experiencing depression and anxiety. My other areas of focus include general stress management, parenting, relationship stress, adjusting to life transitions, women's mental health, family of origin issues, ADHD, and adoption. I'm down to earth, compassionate, and looking forward to partnering with you.
(262) 393-4507 View (262) 393-4507
Photo of Tammy M Beran, Psychologist in Milwaukee, WI
Tammy M Beran
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53204
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Beran is a licensed Clinical Psychologist who has been providing evidence-based psychological care to individuals for the last 17 years. She received her PhD from the nation’s most highly rated clinical psychology program, UCLA, where she gained extensive experience helping people with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, chronic illness, trauma, and grief. A firm believer that academic knowledge is only part of what makes a quality therapist, Dr. Beran combines her in-depth psychological training with warmth, humor, and affection for her clients.
Dr. Beran is a licensed Clinical Psychologist who has been providing evidence-based psychological care to individuals for the last 17 years. She received her PhD from the nation’s most highly rated clinical psychology program, UCLA, where she gained extensive experience helping people with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, chronic illness, trauma, and grief. A firm believer that academic knowledge is only part of what makes a quality therapist, Dr. Beran combines her in-depth psychological training with warmth, humor, and affection for her clients.
(414) 206-1901 View (414) 206-1901
Photo of Robert Nohr, Psychologist in Milwaukee, WI
Robert Nohr
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53224
Dr. Bob Nohr completed his PhD in clinical psychology at Marquette University and is a licensed psychologist. His primary areas of clinical interest are anxiety, depression, couples therapy, and collaborative divorce/mediation work. His approach combines sharing tools and insights that are research-supported while supporting clients in finding their own solutions based on their unique circumstances and values. He also finds it helpful to explore clients' view of meaning in life and spirituality as these relate to healing and emotional well-being.
Dr. Bob Nohr completed his PhD in clinical psychology at Marquette University and is a licensed psychologist. His primary areas of clinical interest are anxiety, depression, couples therapy, and collaborative divorce/mediation work. His approach combines sharing tools and insights that are research-supported while supporting clients in finding their own solutions based on their unique circumstances and values. He also finds it helpful to explore clients' view of meaning in life and spirituality as these relate to healing and emotional well-being.
(262) 588-4149 View (262) 588-4149
Photo of Garrett Wilk, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Garrett Wilk
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, SAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53211
I am interested in the challenges and advantages of what it means to be highly sensitive or an empath. As a therapist, I am drawn to those who tend to struggle with issues like depression, life transitions/change, worry, anxiety, perfectionism, rumination, social anxiety, self-doubt, shame, and feelings of meaninglessness. I am here to help you through your challenges and provide support. My approach is to non-judgmentally understand what drives the behaviors that seem so difficult to change. I am dedicated to establishing an authentic, intentional, and trusting relationship.
I am interested in the challenges and advantages of what it means to be highly sensitive or an empath. As a therapist, I am drawn to those who tend to struggle with issues like depression, life transitions/change, worry, anxiety, perfectionism, rumination, social anxiety, self-doubt, shame, and feelings of meaninglessness. I am here to help you through your challenges and provide support. My approach is to non-judgmentally understand what drives the behaviors that seem so difficult to change. I am dedicated to establishing an authentic, intentional, and trusting relationship.
(262) 649-7576 View (262) 649-7576
Photo of Tiffany Halbur, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Tiffany Halbur
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53210
While I work with clients of all ages and needs, I spend a lot of time working with teenagers and young adults with depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders. I enjoy providing a safe space for clients of this age range to develop coping skills, discuss identity and self-esteem and address life changes and transitions. I enjoy assisting clients through past and present struggles and bringing both of these together to reach client goals. I believe that it can be difficult to work on the past if there are present day struggles taking precedent and help clients address immediate stressors or symptoms first.
While I work with clients of all ages and needs, I spend a lot of time working with teenagers and young adults with depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders. I enjoy providing a safe space for clients of this age range to develop coping skills, discuss identity and self-esteem and address life changes and transitions. I enjoy assisting clients through past and present struggles and bringing both of these together to reach client goals. I believe that it can be difficult to work on the past if there are present day struggles taking precedent and help clients address immediate stressors or symptoms first.
(414) 251-2094 View (414) 251-2094
Photo of Stacey Sievert, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Stacey Sievert
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53207
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works collaboratively with clients, empowering individuals and families to gain a higher quality of life by finding their own path and re-establishing their sense of purpose. I bring 12 years of therapeutic experience to clients expressing trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationship issues, anger management issues and loss of identity concerns. Through my practice, I help individuals, couples and reduce conflict, improve communication, identify and express their feelings and improve their quality of life.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works collaboratively with clients, empowering individuals and families to gain a higher quality of life by finding their own path and re-establishing their sense of purpose. I bring 12 years of therapeutic experience to clients expressing trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationship issues, anger management issues and loss of identity concerns. Through my practice, I help individuals, couples and reduce conflict, improve communication, identify and express their feelings and improve their quality of life.
(414) 441-5514 View (414) 441-5514
Photo of Andrew W Kane, Psychologist in Milwaukee, WI
Andrew W Kane
Psychologist, PhD, ABAP, ABMPP
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53211
I focus on my favorite professional activity: psychotherapy. I can usually see someone who e-mails or calls within a week. I have worked with thousands of patients since 1972. I especially like working with people who have problems causing anxiety and/or depression. In addition, I have been an expert in over 3,000 civil legal cases, and have co-authored 14 books. The office is informal, and is very confidential, in a residential neighborhood. I can usually take insurance, Medicare, and credit/debit cards. Discount for payment during the session. All sessions are at my office. Email contact to schedule an appointment is preferred.
I focus on my favorite professional activity: psychotherapy. I can usually see someone who e-mails or calls within a week. I have worked with thousands of patients since 1972. I especially like working with people who have problems causing anxiety and/or depression. In addition, I have been an expert in over 3,000 civil legal cases, and have co-authored 14 books. The office is informal, and is very confidential, in a residential neighborhood. I can usually take insurance, Medicare, and credit/debit cards. Discount for payment during the session. All sessions are at my office. Email contact to schedule an appointment is preferred.
(414) 600-1616 View (414) 600-1616
Photo of Brandon Wells, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Brandon Wells
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53211
As a psychotherapist in Milwaukee I offer services in a private comfortable setting designed to meet your unique needs. I treat depression and anxiety in a caring and compassionate manner geared toward empowerment. These issues can be difficult but getting effective help does not have to be. We will work together to achieve your desired results. I have over 27 years of experience treating clients with a wide range of issues. I will personally call you back, set an appointment within a week and help you navigate all insurance and or finacial obstacles.
As a psychotherapist in Milwaukee I offer services in a private comfortable setting designed to meet your unique needs. I treat depression and anxiety in a caring and compassionate manner geared toward empowerment. These issues can be difficult but getting effective help does not have to be. We will work together to achieve your desired results. I have over 27 years of experience treating clients with a wide range of issues. I will personally call you back, set an appointment within a week and help you navigate all insurance and or finacial obstacles.
(414) 369-2963 View (414) 369-2963
Photo of Sarah P. La Follette, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Sarah P. La Follette
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Whether you suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder, relationship troubles, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, therapy can help.
You deserve to be happy. No matter what has happened, or where you've been. We all have troubles, and we all need a little help sometimes. I am here to help you figure things out. You hold the key to getting better. You know yourself better than anyone, but sometimes when we're close to an issue it's hard to see the bigger picture or the best solutions. We will work together in a safe, non-judgmental space.
Whether you suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder, relationship troubles, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, therapy can help.
You deserve to be happy. No matter what has happened, or where you've been. We all have troubles, and we all need a little help sometimes. I am here to help you figure things out. You hold the key to getting better. You know yourself better than anyone, but sometimes when we're close to an issue it's hard to see the bigger picture or the best solutions. We will work together in a safe, non-judgmental space.
(414) 251-1413 View (414) 251-1413
Photo of Frank P Urtz, Psychologist in Milwaukee, WI
Frank P Urtz
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53217
I find that clients who benefit from my services are typically experiencing excessive stress or a personal crisis in their lives. They may struggle with feelings of anxiety, grief, guilt or depression on a periodic or chronic basis; they may face work problems or ongoing health problems that increase their psychological distress; they may also feel confused or disheartened by relationship problems with partners, family members or friends. I am able to assist these clients by helping them understand the underlying source of their problems and by developing realistic alternatives that can help resolve these issues.
I find that clients who benefit from my services are typically experiencing excessive stress or a personal crisis in their lives. They may struggle with feelings of anxiety, grief, guilt or depression on a periodic or chronic basis; they may face work problems or ongoing health problems that increase their psychological distress; they may also feel confused or disheartened by relationship problems with partners, family members or friends. I am able to assist these clients by helping them understand the underlying source of their problems and by developing realistic alternatives that can help resolve these issues.
(414) 905-3075 View (414) 905-3075
Photo of Jaclene Newell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Jaclene Newell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53215
Hello there! :) I am Jaclene Newell (Jac-lean), as the pronunciation name. I am licensed as a licensed professional counselor with a specialization in forensics here in Wisconsin. My great compassion is to bring healing to those who are experiencing life's difficulties and guide my clients through the obstacles life often presents to us. I help many clients including adolescents, couples, adults, and families, to find healthy perceptions of themselves, strengthen their relationships, to become their most radiant selves as they work through their trauma, depression, anxiety, and stressors.
Hello there! :) I am Jaclene Newell (Jac-lean), as the pronunciation name. I am licensed as a licensed professional counselor with a specialization in forensics here in Wisconsin. My great compassion is to bring healing to those who are experiencing life's difficulties and guide my clients through the obstacles life often presents to us. I help many clients including adolescents, couples, adults, and families, to find healthy perceptions of themselves, strengthen their relationships, to become their most radiant selves as they work through their trauma, depression, anxiety, and stressors.
(414) 409-9533 View (414) 409-9533
Photo of Mary Jane M. Demet, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Mary Jane M. Demet
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53202
I enjoy walking a journey of self-discovery with clients who want to have a more meaningful life and enhanced interpersonal relationships. Struggling with depression and anxiety makes life seem overwhelming and change difficult. I can help.
I enjoy walking a journey of self-discovery with clients who want to have a more meaningful life and enhanced interpersonal relationships. Struggling with depression and anxiety makes life seem overwhelming and change difficult. I can help.
(414) 269-5507 View (414) 269-5507
Photo of Claudia Beck Asztalos, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Claudia Beck Asztalos
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53202  (Online Only)
My therapeutic philosophy is that it's not what is wrong with you but what happened to you. I believe that symptoms like anxiety and depression are not signs of weakness but messages to our mind and body telling us that something is not right and needs to be addressed. Maladaptive ways of coping may have once served us by dulling stress or pain but are not working any more, and so we have to learn new, healthier, more adaptive coping skills. I believe both the body and mind work together and are ultimately designed to survive, heal and thrive. Sometimes we just need understanding, validation and support to navigate the process.
My therapeutic philosophy is that it's not what is wrong with you but what happened to you. I believe that symptoms like anxiety and depression are not signs of weakness but messages to our mind and body telling us that something is not right and needs to be addressed. Maladaptive ways of coping may have once served us by dulling stress or pain but are not working any more, and so we have to learn new, healthier, more adaptive coping skills. I believe both the body and mind work together and are ultimately designed to survive, heal and thrive. Sometimes we just need understanding, validation and support to navigate the process.
(414) 626-9606 View (414) 626-9606
Photo of Alev Ildiz, Psychologist in Milwaukee, WI
Alev Ildiz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53217  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My clinical interests include identity development, family and relationship concerns, trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, and substance use.
Sometimes the way you relate to yourself and others no longer aligns with who you truly are, your values or how you envisioned your life. You may feel disconnected from yourself and others. You may feel anxious or misunderstood, and start to question your worth or love. To cope, you wear a mask to hide parts of yourself, which creates feelings of tension within yourself and with others. What if you lived your life according to your values while accepting and expressing your genuine self? I create a judgement free, safe therapeutic space where you can explore, understand and find your authentic self.
My clinical interests include identity development, family and relationship concerns, trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, and substance use.
Sometimes the way you relate to yourself and others no longer aligns with who you truly are, your values or how you envisioned your life. You may feel disconnected from yourself and others. You may feel anxious or misunderstood, and start to question your worth or love. To cope, you wear a mask to hide parts of yourself, which creates feelings of tension within yourself and with others. What if you lived your life according to your values while accepting and expressing your genuine self? I create a judgement free, safe therapeutic space where you can explore, understand and find your authentic self.
(262) 537-5458 View (262) 537-5458
Photo of Rachel Napierala, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Rachel Napierala
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53207
I am a licensed clinical social worker and a certified substance abuse counselor who received my undergraduate and master's degree from the University of WI-Milwaukee. I started providing therapy in 1998 and work with adolescents aged 14 and older, adults and couples. My specialties include depression, anxiety, infertility/adoption concerns; and marriage and family issues. I believe in empowering individuals to identify their strengths and to assist in self-directed change. I have had multiple life experiences that have challenged my wellbeing only to grow stronger as a person. I am the mother of two wonderful children.
I am a licensed clinical social worker and a certified substance abuse counselor who received my undergraduate and master's degree from the University of WI-Milwaukee. I started providing therapy in 1998 and work with adolescents aged 14 and older, adults and couples. My specialties include depression, anxiety, infertility/adoption concerns; and marriage and family issues. I believe in empowering individuals to identify their strengths and to assist in self-directed change. I have had multiple life experiences that have challenged my wellbeing only to grow stronger as a person. I am the mother of two wonderful children.
(414) 509-0468 View (414) 509-0468
Photo of Julia Bratton Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Julia Bratton Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Milwaukee, WI 53202  (Online Only)
As someone who has struggled with anxiety & depression, I get how hard life can be & have tried & true strategies to get you feeling better, in the quickest way possible.
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Unsure of what to do or even what options there are for next steps? I hear you & I get it. I have walked along side individuals in their healing journey for the past 10 years & I'd be honored to walk along side you as you explore who you are & how to be a more full version of yourself, content & at peace within yourself. I work with people who face a variety of challenges in life, from a mental health issue like anxiety or depression to toxic relationships, traumas, & problematic patterns in life. I am direct & non-judgmental, I offer compassion & help you get the solutions for which you are looking.
As someone who has struggled with anxiety & depression, I get how hard life can be & have tried & true strategies to get you feeling better, in the quickest way possible.
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Unsure of what to do or even what options there are for next steps? I hear you & I get it. I have walked along side individuals in their healing journey for the past 10 years & I'd be honored to walk along side you as you explore who you are & how to be a more full version of yourself, content & at peace within yourself. I work with people who face a variety of challenges in life, from a mental health issue like anxiety or depression to toxic relationships, traumas, & problematic patterns in life. I am direct & non-judgmental, I offer compassion & help you get the solutions for which you are looking.
(414) 269-5853 View (414) 269-5853
Photo of Karen Loka, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Karen Loka
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53215
My name is Karen Loka, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in the Eau Claire, WI area, working with clients in MN, WI and IA via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in depression, anxiety, stress, pain management, difficulty sleeping, and grief and loss. I use Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectic Behavioral Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help my clients navigate a forward path. I have found my style of therapy is best suited to adults that are dealing with transitional and chronic health challenges to develop a more positive outlook on life.
My name is Karen Loka, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in the Eau Claire, WI area, working with clients in MN, WI and IA via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in depression, anxiety, stress, pain management, difficulty sleeping, and grief and loss. I use Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectic Behavioral Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help my clients navigate a forward path. I have found my style of therapy is best suited to adults that are dealing with transitional and chronic health challenges to develop a more positive outlook on life.
(414) 240-1328 View (414) 240-1328
Photo of Molly Wilcox Yahr, Licensed Professional Counselor in Milwaukee, WI
Molly Wilcox Yahr
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Have you been feeling out of control, exhausted, and isolated by anxiety and depression? Do you find yourself struggling to maintain healthy relationships and boundaries? Are you tired of hating your body and obsessing about food? Do thoughts of food and weight consume you? If you can relate to any of these questions, therapy can help. I can help you overcome the challenges you are facing.
Have you been feeling out of control, exhausted, and isolated by anxiety and depression? Do you find yourself struggling to maintain healthy relationships and boundaries? Are you tired of hating your body and obsessing about food? Do thoughts of food and weight consume you? If you can relate to any of these questions, therapy can help. I can help you overcome the challenges you are facing.
(262) 300-4055 View (262) 300-4055
Photo of Kathleen V. Phillipson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Milwaukee, WI
Kathleen V. Phillipson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Milwaukee, WI 53207
Kathleen V. Phillipson is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Wisconsin who has been practicing since 2008. Kathleen draws from personal life experience which helps her to empathize as she works together with client to handle life stressors such as trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, anger, and relationship difficulties. Kathleen has a special interest in attachment and how early childhood experiences affect later life functioning and the ability to maintain healthy relationships.
Kathleen V. Phillipson is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Wisconsin who has been practicing since 2008. Kathleen draws from personal life experience which helps her to empathize as she works together with client to handle life stressors such as trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, anger, and relationship difficulties. Kathleen has a special interest in attachment and how early childhood experiences affect later life functioning and the ability to maintain healthy relationships.
(414) 485-9450 View (414) 485-9450
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.