Photo of Insight Counseling Centers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Nashville, TN
Insight Counseling Centers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MDiv
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37205
We support you in finding the therapist who's right for you! We offer a safe place to address anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, premarital counseling, grief and loss, spiritual abuse, trauma, and stress, among other concerns. We serve individuals, couples, and families of all ages and from diverse backgrounds. Whether you have been struggling with a particular issue for years or you just want to try to make your life a little better, we are here to help.
We support you in finding the therapist who's right for you! We offer a safe place to address anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, premarital counseling, grief and loss, spiritual abuse, trauma, and stress, among other concerns. We serve individuals, couples, and families of all ages and from diverse backgrounds. Whether you have been struggling with a particular issue for years or you just want to try to make your life a little better, we are here to help.
(615) 994-7026 View (615) 994-7026
Photo of Kristena Partridge, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Kristena Partridge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37215
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
(615) 703-8005 View (615) 703-8005
Photo of Lajoya McDonald, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Lajoya McDonald
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37219
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
(629) 356-5535 View (629) 356-5535
Photo of Ira Helderman, Counselor in Nashville, TN
Ira Helderman
Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37212
I have a number of speciality areas (including Depression, Anxiety, Addictions, & Creativity) and have worked in a variety of settings including Vanderbilt University's Psychological and Counseling Center.
Together we will find the right path, and right set of practical tools, to help you overcome obstacles and become your best self. After over a decade-and-a-half working in mental health, I am skilled in the latest, evidence-based therapies available (e.g., Relational Mindfulness and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy). But no single approach works for all people at all times and, remaining flexible, we will create a safe therapeutic environment with the best combination of techniques that works for you. So many different psychotherapies exist today because there is no one approach that works at all times.
I have a number of speciality areas (including Depression, Anxiety, Addictions, & Creativity) and have worked in a variety of settings including Vanderbilt University's Psychological and Counseling Center.
Together we will find the right path, and right set of practical tools, to help you overcome obstacles and become your best self. After over a decade-and-a-half working in mental health, I am skilled in the latest, evidence-based therapies available (e.g., Relational Mindfulness and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy). But no single approach works for all people at all times and, remaining flexible, we will create a safe therapeutic environment with the best combination of techniques that works for you. So many different psychotherapies exist today because there is no one approach that works at all times.
(615) 763-3960 View (615) 763-3960
Photo of Jeffrey L Binder, Psychologist in Nashville, TN
Jeffrey L Binder
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37221  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating relationship problems, anxiety and depression, personality disorders, traumas, life challenges, career issues in the professions, arts and entertainment, and business, and other life challenges.
With over 45 years in clinical practice, treating a wide variety of issues, I appreciate that each person has a unique personal story. I believe that remaining current with relevant scientific findings enhances my clinical work. I also believe that training young therapists at four universities has sharpened my thinking about how to understand each individual, as well as improving my skills in conducting therapy. Over a decade of doing psychotherapy research has deepened my understanding about how psychotherapy works. I tailor my therapeutic approach to your personal situation. We will work together to resolve your problems.
I specialize in treating relationship problems, anxiety and depression, personality disorders, traumas, life challenges, career issues in the professions, arts and entertainment, and business, and other life challenges.
With over 45 years in clinical practice, treating a wide variety of issues, I appreciate that each person has a unique personal story. I believe that remaining current with relevant scientific findings enhances my clinical work. I also believe that training young therapists at four universities has sharpened my thinking about how to understand each individual, as well as improving my skills in conducting therapy. Over a decade of doing psychotherapy research has deepened my understanding about how psychotherapy works. I tailor my therapeutic approach to your personal situation. We will work together to resolve your problems.
(615) 857-6686 View (615) 857-6686
Photo of Diana Teich (Licensed In Tn Ca And Fl), Marriage & Family Therapist in Nashville, TN
Diana Teich (Licensed In Tn Ca And Fl)
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
Waitlist for new clients
Clients come to me because they struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, feeling lost and being stuck in patterns they don't like. Many experienced childhood trauma that has hurt their sense of self. Others come for support during life transitions or because they are grieving. I work with couples and adult family members who have a fear of conflict and tend to give up what they need in their relationships, and also those who fight easily and find conflict escalates quickly.
Clients come to me because they struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, feeling lost and being stuck in patterns they don't like. Many experienced childhood trauma that has hurt their sense of self. Others come for support during life transitions or because they are grieving. I work with couples and adult family members who have a fear of conflict and tend to give up what they need in their relationships, and also those who fight easily and find conflict escalates quickly.
(615) 570-4099 View (615) 570-4099
Photo of Hiawatha Sanford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Hiawatha Sanford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37219
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
(629) 468-3933 View (629) 468-3933
Photo of Natali Efstathiou, Psychologist in Nashville, TN
Natali Efstathiou
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203  (Online Only)
I have experience addressing anxiety, depression, life stress/transitions, identity/self-esteem, and relationship issues.
I have over 10 years of experience in the mental health field in a variety of settings (private practice, community mental health, university counseling center, state hospital, and in-home services). My services include individual, family, and couples/marital therapy. I primarily work with adults and couples. I believe that disturbances of thought, feeling, and behavior are caused by ‘obstacles’ to healthy brain functioning. My role as a therapist is to remove the obstacles that stand in the way of you having 100% of your intellect, wisdom, passion, humor, curiosity, energy, logic, creativity, and joyfulness available to you!
I have experience addressing anxiety, depression, life stress/transitions, identity/self-esteem, and relationship issues.
I have over 10 years of experience in the mental health field in a variety of settings (private practice, community mental health, university counseling center, state hospital, and in-home services). My services include individual, family, and couples/marital therapy. I primarily work with adults and couples. I believe that disturbances of thought, feeling, and behavior are caused by ‘obstacles’ to healthy brain functioning. My role as a therapist is to remove the obstacles that stand in the way of you having 100% of your intellect, wisdom, passion, humor, curiosity, energy, logic, creativity, and joyfulness available to you!
(615) 697-4169 View (615) 697-4169
Photo of Katharine Marie Nicodemus, Psychologist in Nashville, TN
Katharine Marie Nicodemus
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37212  (Online Only)
Specialty areas include anxiety disorders, depression and trauma exposure.
I believe that when a patient comes to see a therapist, they often ask these questions. "Will I feel safe, will I be heard without judgment and can this unknown person be trusted?" The therapeutic relationship is the most profound, protected, and valuable asset created between the psychologist and the patient. I am in awe of my patients courage and their ability to trust, so that the issues grappled with can be explored and understood, and that ultimately they can begin to heal and grow in ways that are both needed and desired.
Specialty areas include anxiety disorders, depression and trauma exposure.
I believe that when a patient comes to see a therapist, they often ask these questions. "Will I feel safe, will I be heard without judgment and can this unknown person be trusted?" The therapeutic relationship is the most profound, protected, and valuable asset created between the psychologist and the patient. I am in awe of my patients courage and their ability to trust, so that the issues grappled with can be explored and understood, and that ultimately they can begin to heal and grow in ways that are both needed and desired.
(904) 474-5190 View (904) 474-5190
Photo of Marvin L. Wilkerson Ch. Ci. Cm.nlp in Nashville, TN
Marvin L. Wilkerson Ch. Ci. Cm.nlp
CH, CI, CMNLP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37215
Hi, Marvin Wilkerson, Consulting & Medical Hypnotist, Master NLP & Esoteric Psychology. I help clients with mental and physical issues causing conflicts in the body & mind. Beliefs from programming, past experiences, can cause undesirable consequences such as anxieties, depression, psychosomatic disorders, habits, illness along with many other discomforts. I work with pain management, confidence, and self-esteem. Through my work, I help you discover your doctor within, the only true path to healing soul/mind/body. As my slogan attests, “A true healer finds joy in each client’s recovery.”® Don’t you deserve a life-change today?
Hi, Marvin Wilkerson, Consulting & Medical Hypnotist, Master NLP & Esoteric Psychology. I help clients with mental and physical issues causing conflicts in the body & mind. Beliefs from programming, past experiences, can cause undesirable consequences such as anxieties, depression, psychosomatic disorders, habits, illness along with many other discomforts. I work with pain management, confidence, and self-esteem. Through my work, I help you discover your doctor within, the only true path to healing soul/mind/body. As my slogan attests, “A true healer finds joy in each client’s recovery.”® Don’t you deserve a life-change today?
(615) 645-1602 View (615) 645-1602
Photo of Truth Reveal Recover Health and Wellness, LLC, Pre-Licensed Professional in Nashville, TN
Truth Reveal Recover Health and Wellness, LLC
Pre-Licensed Professional, AMFT
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37211  (Online Only)
Truth Reveal Recover Health and Wellness, LLC is about healing and restoration. As a therapist, I go along the healing journey with you to help you reach who you see as your true self. There are parts of us that have become oppressed by anxiety, depression, lack of confidence, trauma, amongst other things. The journey of healing begins with you! Let's heal! Allow me on your journey of healing so that you may reveal the truths you need from the traumas that held you captive within yourself. Truth Reveal Recover provides a safe, open and warm space where you can start your healing. Let's Heal!
Truth Reveal Recover Health and Wellness, LLC is about healing and restoration. As a therapist, I go along the healing journey with you to help you reach who you see as your true self. There are parts of us that have become oppressed by anxiety, depression, lack of confidence, trauma, amongst other things. The journey of healing begins with you! Let's heal! Allow me on your journey of healing so that you may reveal the truths you need from the traumas that held you captive within yourself. Truth Reveal Recover provides a safe, open and warm space where you can start your healing. Let's Heal!
(901) 472-3909 View (901) 472-3909
Photo of Anne McKenzie McEntire, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Anne McKenzie McEntire
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37235
I love to work with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, work life balance, codependency, and phase of life stressors. I especially enjoy working with clients who identify as high achieving, perfectionistic, eldest daughters, and medical professionals due to the high potential for burn out. I want to help clients identify their needs and start achieving their goals. I believe in therapy, and its benefits. Let's get you feeling better and living well!
I love to work with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, work life balance, codependency, and phase of life stressors. I especially enjoy working with clients who identify as high achieving, perfectionistic, eldest daughters, and medical professionals due to the high potential for burn out. I want to help clients identify their needs and start achieving their goals. I believe in therapy, and its benefits. Let's get you feeling better and living well!
(615) 205-3395 View (615) 205-3395
Photo of Sarah Gary, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Sarah Gary
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37209
My expertise is focused on substance abuse and trauma and I am able to offer insight into issues surrounding depression, anxiety, mood disorders, religious abuse/shame, relationship issues, and everyday life stressors.
Finding someone you can trust to talk to is tough. My role as a counselor is to create a safe space for people of all backgrounds, classes, orientations and creeds in order to process and receive support. My goal as a counselor is to empower, encourage, and assist my clients in improving their quality of life and making the changes necessary to achieve their goals.
My expertise is focused on substance abuse and trauma and I am able to offer insight into issues surrounding depression, anxiety, mood disorders, religious abuse/shame, relationship issues, and everyday life stressors.
Finding someone you can trust to talk to is tough. My role as a counselor is to create a safe space for people of all backgrounds, classes, orientations and creeds in order to process and receive support. My goal as a counselor is to empower, encourage, and assist my clients in improving their quality of life and making the changes necessary to achieve their goals.
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Photo of Sierra Tuck, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Sierra Tuck
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37204  (Online Only)
In addition to anxiety, I focus on working with clients on depression, gender/non-binary exploration, queer-focused sex therapy, church trauma, OCD, ADHD, navigating ethical non-monogamy and internalized fat phobia.
Living in stressful times can make it feel like mental health has to be on the back burner but I believe in prioritizing joy and rest to endure what seems impossible. Using evidence-based, trauma-informed practices, I work with clients to find their true selves and help strip away external stressors so they feel prepared to take on life. I enjoy helping solo clients and any type of partner arrangement in navigating difficult conversations and establishing boundaries. It is normal for the therapy process to feel a bit intimidating but my sessions are informal and individually tailored. Neurodiverse? You'll be right at home!
In addition to anxiety, I focus on working with clients on depression, gender/non-binary exploration, queer-focused sex therapy, church trauma, OCD, ADHD, navigating ethical non-monogamy and internalized fat phobia.
Living in stressful times can make it feel like mental health has to be on the back burner but I believe in prioritizing joy and rest to endure what seems impossible. Using evidence-based, trauma-informed practices, I work with clients to find their true selves and help strip away external stressors so they feel prepared to take on life. I enjoy helping solo clients and any type of partner arrangement in navigating difficult conversations and establishing boundaries. It is normal for the therapy process to feel a bit intimidating but my sessions are informal and individually tailored. Neurodiverse? You'll be right at home!
(629) 258-8822 View (629) 258-8822
Photo of Donna Lynn Woodson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Nashville, TN
Donna Lynn Woodson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LAPSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37217
My clinical experiences include substance abuse and dependence, depression, anger management, grief, and PTSD.
As a mental health professional, my responsibility is to provide mental health care and counseling services to those in need. A healthier well-being and brighter outlook are the goals for those I service. I enjoy working with adolescents and adults.
My clinical experiences include substance abuse and dependence, depression, anger management, grief, and PTSD.
As a mental health professional, my responsibility is to provide mental health care and counseling services to those in need. A healthier well-being and brighter outlook are the goals for those I service. I enjoy working with adolescents and adults.
(615) 903-8877 x104 View (615) 903-8877 x104
Photo of Nicki Sindle, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Nicki Sindle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP, EMDR II
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
I have extensive experience working with various types of compulsive/addictive behaviors, anxiety, depression, panic, agoraphobia, and trauma.
Asking for help and deciding to begin therapy is a difficult decision, requiring courage and strength. I commend you on taking the first step toward feeling better, self-awareness, and personal growth. My goal is to empower clients to make positive changes in their emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical health. As clients learn to identify & reprocess their negative beliefs, they are able to make personal improvements in lifestyle choices & relationships. I aim to provide a physically and emotionally safe and caring environment for clients to engage in a interactive process to ultimately make the positive changes they wish for.
I have extensive experience working with various types of compulsive/addictive behaviors, anxiety, depression, panic, agoraphobia, and trauma.
Asking for help and deciding to begin therapy is a difficult decision, requiring courage and strength. I commend you on taking the first step toward feeling better, self-awareness, and personal growth. My goal is to empower clients to make positive changes in their emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical health. As clients learn to identify & reprocess their negative beliefs, they are able to make personal improvements in lifestyle choices & relationships. I aim to provide a physically and emotionally safe and caring environment for clients to engage in a interactive process to ultimately make the positive changes they wish for.
(615) 285-3107 View (615) 285-3107
Photo of Patricia McGuire, Licensed Professional Counselor in Nashville, TN
Patricia McGuire
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37207
I help adults from all walks of life who experience anxiety, depression, concerns with their relationship with food/body image, grief, and life transitions.
Are you curious about who are and how you show up in the world? Do you feel stuck in unhelpful patterns? You are not alone. Life can throw unexpected challenges our way and it can feel overwhelming and hopeless. Taking the deep dive into understanding yourself is incredibly brave (and can feel daunting, too!). We each have a unique story that impacts how we relate to ourselves and others. I would be honored to journey with you in your story. Let's dig in and explore your emotions, thoughts, and experiences. Together, we can discover your narratives, strengths, and find insight to help you move through life with more ease.
I help adults from all walks of life who experience anxiety, depression, concerns with their relationship with food/body image, grief, and life transitions.
Are you curious about who are and how you show up in the world? Do you feel stuck in unhelpful patterns? You are not alone. Life can throw unexpected challenges our way and it can feel overwhelming and hopeless. Taking the deep dive into understanding yourself is incredibly brave (and can feel daunting, too!). We each have a unique story that impacts how we relate to ourselves and others. I would be honored to journey with you in your story. Let's dig in and explore your emotions, thoughts, and experiences. Together, we can discover your narratives, strengths, and find insight to help you move through life with more ease.
(629) 209-8538 View (629) 209-8538
Photo of Paula Rampulla, Psychologist in Nashville, TN
Paula Rampulla
Psychologist, PhD, HSP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
I specialize in helping children, adolescent and adults who are dealing with a variety of issues ranging from emotional disturbance and peer relationships to depression, anxiety, and trauma.
I’m a Licensed Psychologist. I obtained my doctorate degree from the University of Salamanca in Spain. I have 13 years of clinical psychology experience working in different clinical settings including student counseling centers, community mental health services, medical clinics and private practice.
I specialize in helping children, adolescent and adults who are dealing with a variety of issues ranging from emotional disturbance and peer relationships to depression, anxiety, and trauma.
I’m a Licensed Psychologist. I obtained my doctorate degree from the University of Salamanca in Spain. I have 13 years of clinical psychology experience working in different clinical settings including student counseling centers, community mental health services, medical clinics and private practice.
(615) 802-5830 View (615) 802-5830
Photo of Chris Roberts in Nashville, TN
Chris Roberts
MA, LPC-MHS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37212
**EVENING APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE** I enjoy working with individuals, marriages, and couples who have the courage to enter the heartache of their past or current struggles, and creatively collaborate to find new ways to thrive and live and love more fully. I have experience with anxiety, depression, anger, grief, marital dissastifaction, OCD, and divorce. As a professional counselor, my goal is to provide a safe and nurturing environment where a person can acknowledge their current limitations and begin to move forward in positive strides.
**EVENING APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE** I enjoy working with individuals, marriages, and couples who have the courage to enter the heartache of their past or current struggles, and creatively collaborate to find new ways to thrive and live and love more fully. I have experience with anxiety, depression, anger, grief, marital dissastifaction, OCD, and divorce. As a professional counselor, my goal is to provide a safe and nurturing environment where a person can acknowledge their current limitations and begin to move forward in positive strides.
(615) 745-3874 View (615) 745-3874
Photo of Katy Odenbaugh in Nashville, TN
Katy Odenbaugh
MSSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
In addition, some of her primary therapeutic focuses are relationship issues, trauma, substance use and addiction, divorce, codependency, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem.
Katy (she/her) is a pre-licensed clinician with experience working with individuals in different stages of life with a wide variety of clinical concerns. She uses a person-centered approach to her work, combining holistic and mindfulness-based techniques.
In addition, some of her primary therapeutic focuses are relationship issues, trauma, substance use and addiction, divorce, codependency, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem.
Katy (she/her) is a pre-licensed clinician with experience working with individuals in different stages of life with a wide variety of clinical concerns. She uses a person-centered approach to her work, combining holistic and mindfulness-based techniques.
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Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.