Photo of Anna-Maria Jealous, Authentic Essence Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Anna-Maria Jealous, Authentic Essence Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
My focus is on the authentic self and the healing of trauma and grief. I also focus on managing and resolving anxiety and depression, discovering meaning and purpose, and evolving relationship communications and dynamics. My approach is wholistic and my base theoretical orientations are Humanistic and Existential. Mindfulness is continually present with specific Psychodynamic approaches.
My focus is on the authentic self and the healing of trauma and grief. I also focus on managing and resolving anxiety and depression, discovering meaning and purpose, and evolving relationship communications and dynamics. My approach is wholistic and my base theoretical orientations are Humanistic and Existential. Mindfulness is continually present with specific Psychodynamic approaches.
(541) 625-1893 View (541) 625-1893
Photo of Rachel Abel (Family Solutions), Pre-Licensed Professional in Ashland, OR
Rachel Abel (Family Solutions)
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, MS, QMHP
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Therapy can be a bridge to get you from where you are to where you want to be. Help is on the way! Let's work together to assist you or your child to develop awareness for feelings and thoughts and learn how to manage and cope as well as thrive. I meet you where you are. If you are feeling anxiety, depression or having issues related to trauma exposure we can work together on your journey to wellness and improved mental health.
Therapy can be a bridge to get you from where you are to where you want to be. Help is on the way! Let's work together to assist you or your child to develop awareness for feelings and thoughts and learn how to manage and cope as well as thrive. I meet you where you are. If you are feeling anxiety, depression or having issues related to trauma exposure we can work together on your journey to wellness and improved mental health.
(541) 854-3038 View (541) 854-3038
Photo of Stephen K Tardiff, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ashland, OR
Stephen K Tardiff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, anger, self-esteem, body image, bullying, social media stressors, challenging relationships, work and/or school burn out, trauma, or any other issue that is affecting your life?
Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, anger, self-esteem, body image, bullying, social media stressors, challenging relationships, work and/or school burn out, trauma, or any other issue that is affecting your life?
(206) 202-7123 View (206) 202-7123
Photo of FourEight Transitions (Chris Kovash), Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
FourEight Transitions (Chris Kovash)
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
We specialize in treating trauma, anxiety, acute and chronic stress, depression and dysfunctional or intrusive thoughts that cause excessive daily struggle.
Currently accepting new clients. We promise to return all calls and emails and if FourEight isn't the right fit for your needs, help you identify a care approach that does, free of charge. We strive to be your partner on the path to wellness!
We specialize in treating trauma, anxiety, acute and chronic stress, depression and dysfunctional or intrusive thoughts that cause excessive daily struggle.
Currently accepting new clients. We promise to return all calls and emails and if FourEight isn't the right fit for your needs, help you identify a care approach that does, free of charge. We strive to be your partner on the path to wellness!
(541) 230-7509 View (541) 230-7509
Photo of Bo Christal, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Bo Christal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
I have experience with: Individual Counseling Couples Therapy Career Counseling Anxiety Depression Substance Abuse Parenting skills Case Management I have worked in: Outpatient Therapy Community Health Centers Psychiatric Hospitals Crisis Stabilization Nursing Homes Mental Health Insurance Companies.
Counseling is a challenging avenue to pursue. Usually at moments of confusion, loss, even desperation. Having been in the field for over 20 years, I can admit I don't have 1 answer. However, having that amount of professional (and considerable personal) experience, I've accumulated quite a tool box. It may not guide you to immediate enlightenment, but it will help with the journey. I hope to hear from you.
I have experience with: Individual Counseling Couples Therapy Career Counseling Anxiety Depression Substance Abuse Parenting skills Case Management I have worked in: Outpatient Therapy Community Health Centers Psychiatric Hospitals Crisis Stabilization Nursing Homes Mental Health Insurance Companies.
Counseling is a challenging avenue to pursue. Usually at moments of confusion, loss, even desperation. Having been in the field for over 20 years, I can admit I don't have 1 answer. However, having that amount of professional (and considerable personal) experience, I've accumulated quite a tool box. It may not guide you to immediate enlightenment, but it will help with the journey. I hope to hear from you.
(541) 256-3032 View (541) 256-3032
Photo of Janiece Anjali Pllc, Mental Health Counselor in Ashland, OR
Janiece Anjali Pllc
Mental Health Counselor, MEd, MA, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Waitlist for new clients
Seeking counseling is a responsible way to take care of what matters most. As Toni Morrison told us, "It's good when you've got a woman who is a friend of your mind." I welcome diverse clients navigating many situations and specialize in recovery and post-traumatic growth from narcissistic abuse, misuse, and relational or social trauma. I also focus on loss, grief, anxiety, depression, adjustments to changes, life stages, and the promises and pitfalls of pursuing an authentic creative life.
Seeking counseling is a responsible way to take care of what matters most. As Toni Morrison told us, "It's good when you've got a woman who is a friend of your mind." I welcome diverse clients navigating many situations and specialize in recovery and post-traumatic growth from narcissistic abuse, misuse, and relational or social trauma. I also focus on loss, grief, anxiety, depression, adjustments to changes, life stages, and the promises and pitfalls of pursuing an authentic creative life.
(425) 615-7529 View (425) 615-7529
Photo of Ami I. Student, Psychologist in Ashland, OR
Ami I. Student
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Although I consider myself a lifelong learner, my name can often throw people. While my last name is "Student," I am actually a licensed, seasoned clinician with extensive training and experience in the field of psychology. I help adults confront a wide range of challenges, such as depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress. I also have expertise in assisting individuals struggling with their physical health, including chronic pain, medical illness, and sleep/insomnia.
Although I consider myself a lifelong learner, my name can often throw people. While my last name is "Student," I am actually a licensed, seasoned clinician with extensive training and experience in the field of psychology. I help adults confront a wide range of challenges, such as depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress. I also have expertise in assisting individuals struggling with their physical health, including chronic pain, medical illness, and sleep/insomnia.
(503) 506-6302 View (503) 506-6302
Photo of Natalye Wise, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Natalye Wise
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I believe each person is innately capable of employing their own strengths and making their own choices toward growth and fulfillment. This often requires a great level of introspection and rediscovering strengths we do not know we have, practicing new skills, and releasing ourselves from lifelong negative beliefs we have held about ourselves and others. I want therapy to empower you. If you struggle with self-confidence or self-worth, my goal is to help you realize you are capable of achieving your own goals. I particularly enjoy working with clients with a history of trauma, anxiety, disordered eating, depression, or shame.
I believe each person is innately capable of employing their own strengths and making their own choices toward growth and fulfillment. This often requires a great level of introspection and rediscovering strengths we do not know we have, practicing new skills, and releasing ourselves from lifelong negative beliefs we have held about ourselves and others. I want therapy to empower you. If you struggle with self-confidence or self-worth, my goal is to help you realize you are capable of achieving your own goals. I particularly enjoy working with clients with a history of trauma, anxiety, disordered eating, depression, or shame.
(458) 232-1997 View (458) 232-1997
Photo of Joanna Ferreira In Fine Feather, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Joanna Ferreira In Fine Feather
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520
Have you ever felt 'not enough,' depressed, anxious, lost in your own reactions, struggling with relationships in your life, experiencing mood changes, being stuck in the loop of unhelpful thoughts, being trapped in the past or afraid of the future, and simply wanting to finally feel at peace with who you are? I believe, it can be helped, and would love to meet you. I offer to lead and support you, in becoming more mindful of your current potential and obstacles, and propose ways of becoming present with your experience daily, in a self-compassionate way. Take the first step into a more present life! It's possible to heal!
Have you ever felt 'not enough,' depressed, anxious, lost in your own reactions, struggling with relationships in your life, experiencing mood changes, being stuck in the loop of unhelpful thoughts, being trapped in the past or afraid of the future, and simply wanting to finally feel at peace with who you are? I believe, it can be helped, and would love to meet you. I offer to lead and support you, in becoming more mindful of your current potential and obstacles, and propose ways of becoming present with your experience daily, in a self-compassionate way. Take the first step into a more present life! It's possible to heal!
(541) 403-5198 View (541) 403-5198
Photo of Dan Quinn, Psychologist in Ashland, OR
Dan Quinn
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
If you feel hopeless or unsupported, or you feel depressed or anxious...or if your husband or wife or partner isn't willing or able to talk about problems, I offer professional, supportive, empathic, and good-humored help. I'm a psychologist, researcher, and former clinical supervisor and professor at The Wright Institute, in Berkeley, California, who helps adults and teens facing difficulties and dilemmas, and couples with low to high conflict, including infidelity, who may want to save--or simply improve--their relationship.
If you feel hopeless or unsupported, or you feel depressed or anxious...or if your husband or wife or partner isn't willing or able to talk about problems, I offer professional, supportive, empathic, and good-humored help. I'm a psychologist, researcher, and former clinical supervisor and professor at The Wright Institute, in Berkeley, California, who helps adults and teens facing difficulties and dilemmas, and couples with low to high conflict, including infidelity, who may want to save--or simply improve--their relationship.
(510) 408-6852 View (510) 408-6852
Photo of Autumn Stoutenburgh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ashland, OR
Autumn Stoutenburgh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Come as you are to this space and be accepted. While the goals of therapy for each individual vary, a common goal is to be able to experience a range of emotions and have the tools and skills to cope with them. I am here to support you in this journey, regardless of what place you are starting from. I work with two main groups of people. The first being children aged 1-10 and their families, usually on the topics of neurodivergence (specifically ADHD and OCD), attachment and relationship, foster care and adoption. The second group being adults experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, chronic health challenges, and parenting.
Come as you are to this space and be accepted. While the goals of therapy for each individual vary, a common goal is to be able to experience a range of emotions and have the tools and skills to cope with them. I am here to support you in this journey, regardless of what place you are starting from. I work with two main groups of people. The first being children aged 1-10 and their families, usually on the topics of neurodivergence (specifically ADHD and OCD), attachment and relationship, foster care and adoption. The second group being adults experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, chronic health challenges, and parenting.
(541) 845-8094 View (541) 845-8094
Photo of Toni Richmond, Marriage & Family Therapist in Ashland, OR
Toni Richmond
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
I have been working with children, teens, families and couples for almost 33 years. I provide a safe environment, creating a space for you to feel heard, work on issues brought to the session and manage whatever life lessons need to be learned. I work with clients who have experienced physical & sexual abuse ,grief, loss, separation & divorce, reunification, parenting issues, anger, PTSD, self injurious behaviors, ADHD, domestic violence, depression, critical incidence response, suicide and veterans issues.
I have been working with children, teens, families and couples for almost 33 years. I provide a safe environment, creating a space for you to feel heard, work on issues brought to the session and manage whatever life lessons need to be learned. I work with clients who have experienced physical & sexual abuse ,grief, loss, separation & divorce, reunification, parenting issues, anger, PTSD, self injurious behaviors, ADHD, domestic violence, depression, critical incidence response, suicide and veterans issues.
(541) 663-4860 View (541) 663-4860
Photo of Ashley Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ashland, OR
Ashley Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADCIII
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
I specialize in work with humans with depression, anxiety, Autism Spectrum Disorder, the LGBTQA+ community, and grief.
I believe all of us are doing the best we can with what’s in front of us. I also believe we all deserve support, guidance, and someone to understand our dark moments, our lost moments, our hard-to-figure-out moments. That’s why I’m here. I have worked as a licensed therapist with all types of humans for over 12 years. I’m down to earth, experienced, and hard to surprise. I can both firmly challenge distorted beliefs while also bringing incredible compassion for just how hard things are sometimes. I believe in the necessity of humor and value of creative expression as a way to be heard, especially when you can’t find the right words
I specialize in work with humans with depression, anxiety, Autism Spectrum Disorder, the LGBTQA+ community, and grief.
I believe all of us are doing the best we can with what’s in front of us. I also believe we all deserve support, guidance, and someone to understand our dark moments, our lost moments, our hard-to-figure-out moments. That’s why I’m here. I have worked as a licensed therapist with all types of humans for over 12 years. I’m down to earth, experienced, and hard to surprise. I can both firmly challenge distorted beliefs while also bringing incredible compassion for just how hard things are sometimes. I believe in the necessity of humor and value of creative expression as a way to be heard, especially when you can’t find the right words
View
Photo of Brandon R. Edgar, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Brandon R. Edgar
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Are you feeling "stuck" or "shut down"? Perhaps you're feeling like you are on a never-ending "hamster wheel" and are having trouble making sense or finding purpose in your life. Maybe anxiety or depression are preventing you from engaging with yourself and the world in the way that you would like - more connected, more open and less "closed off." I can offer a safe space for you to process these and more life issues you are facing, freeing you from the burden of bearing them alone and perhaps learning new strategies to cope with life's stresses. Normally you're pretty good at overcoming obstacles but are finding it challenging.
Are you feeling "stuck" or "shut down"? Perhaps you're feeling like you are on a never-ending "hamster wheel" and are having trouble making sense or finding purpose in your life. Maybe anxiety or depression are preventing you from engaging with yourself and the world in the way that you would like - more connected, more open and less "closed off." I can offer a safe space for you to process these and more life issues you are facing, freeing you from the burden of bearing them alone and perhaps learning new strategies to cope with life's stresses. Normally you're pretty good at overcoming obstacles but are finding it challenging.
(458) 204-0648 View (458) 204-0648
Photo of Amanda E.Sloan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ashland, OR
Amanda E.Sloan, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
I treat adults, couples and families learning to cope with marital issues, emotional transitions, addictions, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, anxiety and stage of life concerns.
When you are moving in the right direction, the Universe cooperates. Most of us have set set goals or developed expectations for how we want to live our lives, but sometimes we get stuck along the way. We tend to think that we can sort out these complications on our own or by talking to a close friend. Therapy is an opportunity to tell your story to a professional asking the right questions, providing unbiased perspectives, or shining light on a dark place. I encourage clients to focus on the issues keeping them from experiencing contentment and satisfaction in life.
I treat adults, couples and families learning to cope with marital issues, emotional transitions, addictions, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, anxiety and stage of life concerns.
When you are moving in the right direction, the Universe cooperates. Most of us have set set goals or developed expectations for how we want to live our lives, but sometimes we get stuck along the way. We tend to think that we can sort out these complications on our own or by talking to a close friend. Therapy is an opportunity to tell your story to a professional asking the right questions, providing unbiased perspectives, or shining light on a dark place. I encourage clients to focus on the issues keeping them from experiencing contentment and satisfaction in life.
(541) 248-6127 View (541) 248-6127
Photo of Laurie Hultquist, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
Laurie Hultquist
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
Now accepting new clients- telehealth only. Have you been experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, mood dysregulation, shame, and/or being fully functional and present in your life and relationships? Have you had traumatic experiences and/or are you unsure how or what to change to live the life you want? Do you struggle with communicating effectively to achieve your goals? Low self-esteem? I have worked with people who experience all of these issues and more and would love to talk with you about your goals for therapy.
Now accepting new clients- telehealth only. Have you been experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, mood dysregulation, shame, and/or being fully functional and present in your life and relationships? Have you had traumatic experiences and/or are you unsure how or what to change to live the life you want? Do you struggle with communicating effectively to achieve your goals? Low self-esteem? I have worked with people who experience all of these issues and more and would love to talk with you about your goals for therapy.
(541) 621-3094 View (541) 621-3094
Photo of Resonance LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Ashland, OR
Resonance LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
For those of us who have experienced trauma, we have also experienced a secondary trauma by not having a secure attachment figure or sense of safety to help us co-regulate and repair. Our practice provides an accompanied space where you can feel safe(r) to process trauma and begin the lifelong journey towards healing. We are relational therapists and specialize in working with adult clients of color who have experienced racial trauma, intimate partner violence, sexual trauma, narcissistic abuse, childhood abuse and neglect, complex trauma, transracial adoption and/or adoption-related trauma and anxiety and depression.
For those of us who have experienced trauma, we have also experienced a secondary trauma by not having a secure attachment figure or sense of safety to help us co-regulate and repair. Our practice provides an accompanied space where you can feel safe(r) to process trauma and begin the lifelong journey towards healing. We are relational therapists and specialize in working with adult clients of color who have experienced racial trauma, intimate partner violence, sexual trauma, narcissistic abuse, childhood abuse and neglect, complex trauma, transracial adoption and/or adoption-related trauma and anxiety and depression.
(971) 314-4532 View (971) 314-4532
Photo of April Esry, Licensed Professional Counselor in Ashland, OR
April Esry
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
Waitlist for new clients
Growth and healing is often a process of rebuilding a sense of self, self-worth, shifting patterns and creating new, healthy ways of thinking. Whether you experience anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or struggle with a history of trauma, we can work together to find your path to freedom and happiness. As a multi-modal therapist, I use an array of interventions and tools, partnering with you to achieve your goals. Deep healing takes a lot of courage and I commend you on taking the first step!
Growth and healing is often a process of rebuilding a sense of self, self-worth, shifting patterns and creating new, healthy ways of thinking. Whether you experience anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or struggle with a history of trauma, we can work together to find your path to freedom and happiness. As a multi-modal therapist, I use an array of interventions and tools, partnering with you to achieve your goals. Deep healing takes a lot of courage and I commend you on taking the first step!
(458) 217-1598 View (458) 217-1598
Photo of Ira Winograd, Professional Counselor Associate in Ashland, OR
Ira Winograd
Professional Counselor Associate , MA
Verified Verified
Ashland, OR 97520
I am passionate about coming into the Here and Now with clients and believe in the healing power of being witnessed with presence and loving kindness. Using mindfulness based practices I focus on supporting clients in addressing issues of depression, anxiety, and identity issues. In session I emphasize bringing the client’s attention out of thoughts/stories and into their present moment bodily experience with the understanding that more immediate change can occur this way. I enjoy experiencing the client and counselor relationship as a microcosm of the client’s greater relational life, and an opportunity to do deep healing.
I am passionate about coming into the Here and Now with clients and believe in the healing power of being witnessed with presence and loving kindness. Using mindfulness based practices I focus on supporting clients in addressing issues of depression, anxiety, and identity issues. In session I emphasize bringing the client’s attention out of thoughts/stories and into their present moment bodily experience with the understanding that more immediate change can occur this way. I enjoy experiencing the client and counselor relationship as a microcosm of the client’s greater relational life, and an opportunity to do deep healing.
(541) 329-7283 View (541) 329-7283
Photo of Annie Tomlinson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Ashland, OR
Annie Tomlinson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA CMHC, PCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashland, OR 97520  (Online Only)
I am an eclectic therapist with a broad range who is passionate about ADHD treatment, anxiety, depression, burnout, transitions, and trauma.
I am only accepting cash pay and/or sliding scale clients at this time. I am 100% telehealth. I love working with people ready to step into the next phase of their lives. It can be challenging to find your way through it all and maintain contact with your values and honoring all your parts. I enjoy working with neurodivergents, eccentrics, perfectionists, the highly sensitive, and creatives. I aim to help folks create lives full of supports, joyful purpose, deep relationships, and the confidence to get you through whatever you are facing.
I am an eclectic therapist with a broad range who is passionate about ADHD treatment, anxiety, depression, burnout, transitions, and trauma.
I am only accepting cash pay and/or sliding scale clients at this time. I am 100% telehealth. I love working with people ready to step into the next phase of their lives. It can be challenging to find your way through it all and maintain contact with your values and honoring all your parts. I enjoy working with neurodivergents, eccentrics, perfectionists, the highly sensitive, and creatives. I aim to help folks create lives full of supports, joyful purpose, deep relationships, and the confidence to get you through whatever you are facing.
(541) 576-1431 View (541) 576-1431
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.